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Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
To study the variations, in current flowing in a circuit containing a LDR,
because of a variation:-
(a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.
(Keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance).
(b) In the distance of a incandescent lamp, (of fixed power), used to
‘illuminate’ the LDR.
Theory
1.) LDR and its characteristics When light is incident on it, a photon is
absorbed and thereby it excites an electron from valence band into
conduction band. Due to such new electrons coming up in conduction band
area, the electrical resistance of the device decreases. Thus the LDR or
photo-conductive transducer has the resistance which is the inverse
function of radiation intensity.
Sensitivity
The sensitivity of a photo detector is the relationship between the light
falling on the device and the resulting output signal. In the case of a
photocell, one is dealing with the relationship between the incident light and
the corresponding resistance of the cell.
Spectral Response
Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a photoconductive cell is
dependent on the wavelength (color) of the incident light. Each
photoconductor material type has its own unique spectral response curve
or plot of the relative response of the photocell versus wavelength of light.
Materials Required:
• Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
• Connecting Wires
• Source of different power rating (bulbs)
• Bulb Holder
• Metre scale
• Multi Meter
• Battery
Circuit Diagram
Procedure:
Choose a specific position for the source and mount it using a holder, make
sure it is stable.
Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and connect it to the holder as
shown in the figure.
Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the multimeter in series.
Set the multimeter to ohm section and select suitable range and measure
the resistance with a bulb on.
Similarly switch to current section and move to micro ampere in the
multimeter. This gives the value of the current.
Repeat these steps with different power sources at different distances and
note down observations
Observations
The experiment has been conducted by using various sources with
different power ratings. Voltage of the battery = 6 V
Application :-
Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs are used for the
mid infrared spectral region. GeCu photoconductors are among the best
farinfrared detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy and
infrared spectroscopy.
Analog Applications
· Camera Exposure Control
· Auto Slide Focus - dual cell
· Photocopy Machines - density of toner
· Colorimetric Test Equipment
· Densitometer
· Electronic Scales - dual cell
· Automatic Gain Control – modulated light source
· Automated Rear View Mirror
Digital Applications
· Automatic Headlight Dimmer
· Night Light Control
· Oil Burner Flame Out
· Street Light Control
· Position Sensor
Conclusion
The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of light and hence
there is an increase in the flow of current.
There is an increase in the current as the distance from the source
decreases.
The intensity decreases as the distance from the source increases
The error lies within the experimental limit.
References
NCERT physics class XII
Art of Electronics by paul worowitz
www.wikipedia.com/
www.electronics2000.co.uk/links/education-hobby/
www.ecelab.com/