Hosted by:

I Wayan Suweca

MS5019 – FEM 1

Design Process
Synthesis
Design Design Feasibility study with
need specifications collecting design information

Analysis

Design Design
Design Design Analysis
analysis, Design concept-
documentation evaluation model
optimization ualization

CAD + CAE

Process Production Quality

Production Packaging Shipping
planning planning control

Design and
procurement
of new tools

CAM Order Marketing

materials

NC/CNC/
DNC Pro- Product Life Cycle
gramming

Manufacturing Process

MS5019 – FEM 2

1
 1.1. Introduction
The Finite Element Method (FEM) is an versatile
and powerful mathematical tool that has wide
applications in a multitude of physical problems
such as stress analysis, fluid flow, heat transfer,
acoustics, aero-elasticity, micro-fluidics, MEMS
(Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems), electrical
and magnetic fields, electrostatic coupling and
many others.

MS5019 – FEM 3

A. Formal Definition of FEA:

An approximate mathematical analysis tool to study
the behavior of a continua (or a system) to an external
influence such as stress or strain, heat, pressure,
temperature, fluid velocity, magnetic field, etc.

This involves generating a mathematical formulation

of the physical process followed by a numerical
solution of the mathematics model.

MS5019 – FEM 4

2
B. History of FEA:
z Hyper-static structure Navier 1819
z Energy theorem Maxwell 1864
Castigliano 1878
z Approximation method Ritz 1908
Galerkin 1915
z Approximation by “finite elements” Courant 1940
z Matrix method:
Levy & Garvey 1953
Force method in aircraft industry
z Modern FEM
− Force method Argyrys-Denke 1955
− Displacement method Argyris-Turner 1956
Figure 1-1(a) Historical background to modern FEM, after J.F. Imbert [2]
MS5019 – FEM 5

Engineers Mathematicians
Trial functions Finite differences
Richardson 1910
Variational Weighted Liebman 1918
methods residuals Southwell 1940
Rayleigh 1870 Gauss 1795
Ritz 1909 Galerkin 1915
Biezeno-Koch 1923

Structural analogue Piecewise continous

substitution trial function
Hrenikoff 1941 Courant 1943
McHenry 1943 Prager-Synge 1947
Newmark 1949
Direct continuum Variational finite
elements differences
Argyris 1955 Varga 1962
Turner et al1. 1956

Modern FEM
Figure 1-1(b) Historical background to modern FEM, after O.C. Zienkiewics [3]
MS5019 – FEM 6

3
C. Basic Concept:
Division of a given domain into a set of simple sub-
domains called finite elements accompanied with
polynomial approximations of solution over each
element in terms of nodal values.
Assembly of element equation with inter-element
continuity of solution and balance of force is
considered.

MS5019 – FEM 7

1.2. Basic Illustration

A. Circumference:
Se
He θ
θ R
R R

1. FE Discretization
• Each line segment is an element
• Collection of these line segments is called a “mesh”
• Element are connected at nodes
2. Element equations
H e = 2 R sin( θ2 )
MS5019 – FEM 8

4
 3. Assembly of equations and solution
n
P = ∑ He
e =1

2π π π
For θ = , H e = 2 R sin( ), P = 2nR sin( )
n n n

4. Assembly of equations and solution

• As n → ∞, P = 2πR
1 sin(πx)
• If x =
⇒ P = 2R
n x
• n→∞ ⇒ x→0
⎡ ⎛ sin(πx) ⎞ ⎤ ⎢ ⎛ cos(πx) ⎞ ⎥
• ∴ lim ⎢⎣ 2 R ⎜⎝ ⎟ = ⎢ 2πR ⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎥ = 2πR
x→0 x ⎠ ⎥⎦ lim
x →0 ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ n P nEe

1 2,5E-16 6,283185307
5. Error Estimation
⎡π ⎛ π ⎞⎤
10 6,18034 0,10284542
Error, Ee = Se − H e = 2 R ⎢ − sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ 100 6,28215 0,001033492
⎣ n ⎝ n ⎠⎦
1000 6,28317 1,03354E-05
Total Error = nEe = ( 2πR − P ) 10000 6,28319 1,03354E-07

MS5019 – FEM 9

B. Frame Structure:

(a) Real structure (b) Discretized structure

Figure 1-2 Example of discretization of a frame structure by FEM

MS5019 – FEM 10

5
 C. Continuous problem:

(b) Discrete model

(a) Continuous problem

Figure 1-3 Descritization of an elasticity 2D continuous problem by FEM

MS5019 – FEM 11

1.3. General Step in the FEM

Step 1 Discretize and Select Dividing the body into an equivalent system of
Element Types finite elements with associated nodes and
choosing the most appropriate element type.

Step 2 Select a displacement Choosing a displacement function within each

function element

Step 3 Define the strain- Both relationships are necessary for deriving the
displacement and stress- equations for each element.
strain relationship

Step 4 Derive the element stiffness Based on the concept of stiffness influence
matrix and equations coefficients (direct equilibrium method, work or
energy method, weighted residual method.)

MS5019 – FEM 12

6
 Step 5 Assemble the element
equations to obtain the
global equations and
introduce boundary
conditions
Step 6 Solve for the unknown
degrees of freedom (or
generalized displacements)
Step 7 Solve for the element strains For the structural stress-analysis problem, strains
and stresses
Step 8 Interpret the results
Individual element equations generated in step 4
is added together using a method of
superposition (called the direct stiffness
method).
Global equations obtained from step 5 is a set of
simultaneous algebric equations. These
equations can be solved by using an elimination
method (Gauss’s method) or an iterative method
(Gauss-Seidel, etc.)
and stress (or moment and force) can be
obtained.
The final goal is to interpret and analyse the
results for use in the design/analysis process.

MS5019 – FEM 13

Level of Nodal Defor. Work of Stiffness Nodal

Formulation Displ. Energy Ext. forces Matrix Forces

Element ⎧di ⎫
vj ⎪ ⎪
d = ⎨d j ⎬ e 1 eT e e
U = 2 d K d ℑe = d e F e Ke Fe
T
i e j uj ⎪d ⎪
⎩ k⎭
k

Assemblage
⎧ d1 ⎫
⎪M⎪ U = 12 dT Kd ℑ=d F T
K F
Global
⎧u j ⎫ ⎪ ⎪
i e j d j = ⎨v j ⎬ ⎪di ⎪
⎩ ⎭ Virtual Work Principle Linear Equation
⎪ ⎪
k ⎪M⎪ ∀δ d ≠ 0 System
⎪ ⎪
d = ⎨d j ⎬
⎪⋅⎪ δU =δℑ Kd=F
⎪ ⎪ δ d T K d = δd T F
⎪d k ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪⋅⎪
n : total number of nodes ⎪⎩d n ⎪⎭ Solution d
MS5019 – FEM 14

7
 Class Name Geometry
Point
0D
element

Truss
1D element
(Line
Ele-
ment) Frame
element

Figure 1-4 (a) Different type of elements

MS5019 – FEM 15

Class Name Geometry

Elasticity 2D
(tin) shell
2D
(Plan Bending
Ele- plate
ment)

Coque

Figure 1-4 (b) Different type of elements

MS5019 – FEM 16

8
 Class Name Geometry

Torus
axisymetric
Axi-
symet
ric Coque
axisymetric

Figure 1-4 (c) Different type of elements

MS5019 – FEM 17

Class Name Geometry

3D Volume
(Volu
me
Ele-
Thick Coque
ment)

Gap element that have stiffness

Special Element
only for compression direction.

Figure 1-4 (d) Different type of elements

MS5019 – FEM 18

9
1.4. Analysis Type
Analysis Linear Non-linear
z Linear static Static Non-linear
Kq = F
Static
z Initial stability Non-linear stability

[ K + λK G ] X = F
z Modal Non-linear dynamic
[K − λM ] X = 0, λ = ω 2

z Dynamic response Direct integration step by step

Dynamic
&& + Cq& + Kq = F (t )
Mq
− Modal superposition
− Direct integration step by step
MS5019 – FEM 19

1.5. Computer Code • Assemblage

• Restraints
Start
Sub program for
K, F matrix calculation
Input Data

Solution LES
Element’s
FE modeling
Library
q
Element
Characteristics Element’s stress
calculation
Figure 1-7
Ke, Fe Print Result Simplified flowchart
for static analysis
(displacement method)
End
MS5019 – FEM 20

10
1.6. Application
‰ Structural areas:
z Stress analysis, including truss and frame analysis both for
structural and non-structural concentration problems typically
associated with holes, fillets, or other changes in geometry in
a body.
z Buckling problem
z Vibration analysis

‰ Non-structural problems:
z Heat transfer
z Fluid flow, including seepage thtough porous media
z Distribution of electric or magnetic potemtial
MS5019 – FEM 21

MS5019 – FEM 22

11
MS5019 – FEM 23

MS5019 – FEM 24

12
MS5019 – FEM 25

MS5019 – FEM 26

13
MS5019 – FEM 27

References:
1. Logan, D.L., 1992, A First Course in the Finite Element
Method, PWS-KENT Publishing Co., Boston.
2. Imbert, J.F.,1984, Analyse des Structures par
Elements Finis, 2nd Ed., Cepadues.
3. Zienkiewics, O.C., 1977, The Finite Eelement Method,
3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, London.

MS5019 – FEM 28

14