Philippine Revolution (1896-1898)

“The Philippine Revolution is one of the most important events in the country’s
history”
 common goal: to resist colonialism

Birth of Philippine Nationalism

1. Opening of the Philippines in International trade
2. Opening of Suez Canal
3. Influx of liberal Ideas from Europe
4. Liberal administration of Gov. Gen Carlos Maria Dela Torre
5. Secularization Controversy
6. Cavite Mutiny
7. Execution of Gomburza

Causes of The Philippine Revolution

1. Abuses of The Spanish Officials
2. Failure of Spain to grant the reforms asked by the people
3. Persecution of the oppressed people
4. Racial prejudice and discrimination against the people
5. Desire to regain Independence
THE REVOLUTION BEGINS:
1896 Revolution Started after Spanish authorities discovered the
“Katipunan”
Bonifacio gathered his men in the hills of Balintawak

First Battle of the REVOLUTION

 San Juan Del Monte at August 30, 1896
 Pinaglabanan – name of place where the bloody battle happened
  Bonifacio’s 1,000-armed men vs 100 Spanish riflemen and artilarry
 Battle of Pinaglabanan

THE SPREAD OF ARMED RESISTANCE TO SPAIN

 Governor General Ramon Blanco – placed eight provinces under martial law
 Manila, Laguna, Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, and
Nueva Ecija
SPANISH REIGN OF TERROR
 Great number of Filipinos were executed at Luneta
 most notable of them was rizal

KKK: the secret organization that initiated the revolt

 Andres Bonifacio - was the Supreme of the Katipunan (KKK)
 Inspiration from Dr. Jose Rizal
 Rizal’s arrest and deportation to Dapitan paved way for aggressive reform
 Rizal refused to participate
 Membership grew to an estimated 100,000 by august 1896

A series of bloody revolts

 ‘Cry of Pugad Lawin’ - nationwide revolt
 Battle of Manila 1896 - Planned an attack on Manila but was defeated
 Battle of Imus September 1896 - decisive victory for the Filipino
revolutionaries
 Battles of Binakbayan, Cavite, (Nov 9-11, 1896) – Greatest Victory of
Filipinos but many died including his friend Candido Tirona

Internal struggles, conflicts, and a surprising turn of events

 Alongside the Spanish authorities, Katipuneros were soon fighting amongst
themselves
 The Katipunan divided into two councils, namely the Magdiwang and
Magdalo
 Aguinaldo vs Bonifacio
 Bonifacio lost 29 fights due to lack of military leadership and strategy
 Aguinaldo gained popularity and prestige, especially in Binakbayan
 Tejeros Convention - March 22, 1897 To settle the leadership dispute
 Pamahalaang mapanghimagsik – replace Katipunan; initiated
by the Magdalo
 Magdiwang on the other hand wants to retain the Katipunan
 Bonifacio lost to Aguinaldo
 Bonifacio Defies The Government
 Having lost his leadership, Bonifacio insisted that he was still
the leader of the revolution and ignored everything agreed
upon in Tejeros
 General Emilio Aguinaldo, as the president, ordered the arrest
of Bonifacio
 Bonifacio lost the fight in Limbon and was captured with his
men and his wife while Cicario, his brother, was killed
 Execution of Bonifacio
 Bonifacio was stabbed in the larynx but was taken alive
 Bonifacio was transported to Naic in a hammock
 Despite lack of evidence, the brothers werefound guilty of
treason and sedition
 Gen Emilio Aguinaldo commuted the sentence of deportation
to Bonifacio but generals Mariano Noriel and Pio Del Pilar went
against his decision
 At May 10, the brothers were killed at the foot of mount
Nagpatong buried in a shallow grave marked only with twigs
 Biak-na-Bato Constitution/Republic
 The succession of defeats of the Katipunan could also be
attributed due to conflict within the organization
 Aguinaldo moved northwards from town to town until they
finally settled in Biak-na-Bato
 Republic of Biak-na Bato was established with the following
members:
 o President – Emilio Aguinaldo
o Vice Pres – Mariano Trias
o Secretary of foreign affairs – Antonio Montenegro
o Secretary of treasury – Baldomero Aguinaldo
o Secretary of war – Emiliano Reigo de Dios
 Pact of Biak-na-Bato
 Primo de Rivera declared “I can take Biak-na-Bato. Any army
can capture it. But I cannot end the rebellion”. He offered the
branch of peach to the revolutionaries
 Pedro Paterno volunteered to be the mediator between the
two and traveled between Manila an Biak-na-Bato for four
months
 The pact was signed with the following agenda:
1. The surrender of Emilio Aguinaldo and the rest of the
revolutionary corps
2. Amnesty for those who participated in the revolution
3. Exile to Hong Kong for the revolutionary leadership
4. Payment by the Spanish government to the
revolutionaries in installments: 400,000 pesos upon
leaving the country, 200,000 pesos upon the declaration
of general amnesty
 Aguinaldo goes on exile in Honk Kong
 Katipunan forces retreated to the mountain in the face of the
Spanish attacks
 Aguinaldo entered the accord with the Spaniards, agreeing to
exile in Hong Kong in exchange for 400,000 pesos
 The money was used to buy weapon for his troops
 The revolution continues
 Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming from almost every
Spanish governed province
 Aguinaldo and his men were convinced that the Spaniards
would never give the rest of the money as condition of
surrender
 They also believed that Spain reneged their commitment on
her promise of amnesty
  The exiles renewed their commitment for complete
independence
 Role of Filipino women in the revolution
 Filipino women played a significant role in the Philippine
Revolution as freedom fighters, war nurses, and makers of the
Philippine flag.
 The First Filipino women to loon high in the revolution was
Melchora Aquino or Tandang sora who gained the title of
Grand Old Woman of Balintawak
 Notable people includes:
o Gregoria Montoya (Kawit, Cavite) – Joan of Arc of Cavite
o Agueda Kahabagn – Tagalog Joan of Arc
o Teresa Magbanua – Joan of Arc of the Visayas
o Trinidad Tecson (Bulacan) – Mother of Biak-na-Bato
o Nazaria Lagos – Florence Nightingale of Panay
o Patrocinia Gamboa – Heroine of Jaro

References:
Matic T. (n.d.). A History of the Filipino Revolts (From the Tagalog Perspective).
Retrieved from:
https://www.1898miniaturas.com/en/article/history-filipino-revolt/
Valdeavilla R. (2018). The History of the Philippine Revolution. retrieved from:
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-history-of-
the-philippine-revolution/
Augustyn et. al. (2016). Philippine Revolution. retrieved from:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Philippine-Revolution
Lacandula, C. M., & Corpuz, L. N. (2010). Philippine History. Plaridel, Bulacan:
TCS Publishing House.