RED DE MONITOREO DE LA CALIDAD DEL AIRE

FASE 4 - Evaluar Herramientas de Modelación Orientadas al Diseño de RMCA

Presentado por:

REYNEL RAMÍREZ PEÑALOZA COD: 1098687472

NERCY ESPERANZA DAZA COD: 1058965443

ELKIN GUSTAVO MORANTES COD: 1096946143

BRAYAN DAMIÁN SALAZAR COD: 1101757535

YULEIS RUBIO COD: 1082471245

GRUPO: 358055_3

Presentado a:

MARCO ANDRÉS GUEVARA

TUTOR

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS PECUARIAS Y DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE- ECAPMA

INGENIERÍA AMBIENTAL

NOVIEMBRE 10 DE 2019
B-Cuadro descriptivo y comparativo siguiendo los modelos:

MODELO DESCRIPCION TIPO(SI ES ESCALA OBJETO

LAGRANGIANA (MICROESCAL (METEOROROLOGICO,
O EURELIANA) A, BASE DE DATOS, CFD,
MESOESCALA, O DE CALIDAD DEL
MACROSCALA AIRE)
The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research
and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) provides
data beginning in 1980. It was introduced to replace Lagrangian Macro Scale Meteorological
MERRA-2 the original MERRA dataset because of the advances
made in the assimilation system that enable
assimilation of modern hyperspectral radiance and
microwave observations, along with GPS-Radio
Occultation datasets.
The HYSPLIT model is a complete system for
computing simple air parcel trajectories, as well as
complex transport, dispersion, chemical
transformation, and deposition simulations.
HYSPLIT continues to be one of the most extensively It’s a hybrid
used atmospheric transport and dispersion models in between Macro Scale Meteorological
the atmospheric sciences community. A common Lagrangian and
application is a back trajectory analysis to determine Eulerian Method.
the origin of air masses and establish source-receptor
HYSPLIT relationships. HYSPLIT has also been used in a
variety of simulations describing the atmospheric
transport, dispersion, and deposition of pollutants and
hazardous materials. Some examples of the
applications include tracking and forecasting the
release of radioactive material, wildfire smoke,
windblown dust, pollutants from various stationary
and mobile emission sources, allergens and volcanic
ash.

Copernicus The Earth Observation Copernicus program is the Lagrangian Macro Scale CFD
most ambitious program in history, designed to
 provide accurate, up-to-date and easily accessible
information to improve environmental management,
understand and mitigate the effects of climate change
and ensure citizen security. Copernicus is the new
name of the program for the Global Monitoring of the
Environment and Security, formerly known as
GMES.

The ESA is responsible for coordinating the

distribution of data collected by more than 30
satellites, while the EEA will be responsible for the
information collected by sensors on land or airborne.
Five Sentinel mission families are being developed to
meet the needs of the Copernicus program, and the
first of these will go into orbit in the spring of 2014.
The Sentinel satellites will provide a unique set of
observations, beginning with the Sentinel radar
images. 1, able to observe the surface of the Earth in
any weather condition, day or night.

Sentinel-2 will take high resolution optical images to

monitor the surface of our planet, and Sentinel-3 will
transport several instruments to carry out a long series
of studies of the Earth and its oceans. Sentinel-4 and
Sentinel-5 will measure the composition of the
atmosphere from the geostationary orbit and a polar
orbit, respectively. The Copernicus Space
Component will be completed with its land segment,
which will allow distributing the data collected by the
Sentinel satellites and the Collaborating Missions to
the user community.
Envimet ENVI_MET V4 is a holistic three-dimensional non- Eulerian Microscale Meteorological and
hydrostatic model for the simulation of surface-plant- database
air interactions not only limited to, but very often used
to simulate urban environments and to asses the
effects of green architecture visions. It is designed for
 microscale with a typical horizontal resolution from
0.5 to 5 metres and a typical time frame of 24 to 48
hours with a time step of 1 to 5 seconds. This
resolution allows to analyze small-scale interactions
between individual buildings, surfaces and plants.
WRF The WRF model (Skamarock et al, 2005) is Eulerian Mesoscale Meteorological
characterized, not only for being one of the numerical
models of weather prediction that is most used
worldwide in the forecast offices, but also for being
widely used in the research field Ruiz , 2008) in
various universities (Michalakes et al., 2004).
Given the behavior of the atmosphere in conditions of
convective instability and
The dynamic dynamics of convective systems, both
in its beginning and in its evolution, Interest to
evaluate the performance of mesoscale models in
high resolution, in order to improve the prediction of
them (Dillon et al., 2011)

WRF-CHEM The WRF / Chem model has a modular structure that Eulerian Mesoscale Meteorological and air
allows to consider a variety of coupled physical- quality
chemical processes such as transport, deposition,
emission, chemical transformation, interaction with
aerosols, photolysis processes, radiative transfer, etc.
(Peckham et al., 2010). Its applications in different
fields allow explaining past episodes, evaluating the
potential effects of different emission reduction
strategies or making forecasts of air quality,
considering the interaction between chemistry and
high-resolution meteorology. Recently, the WRF /
Chem model has been used to determine the
concentration of ozone in topographically complex
regions (Schürmann et al., 2009), obtaining the
spatio-temporal variation of pollutants for different
emission scenarios (Ying et al., 2009), estimate the
 transport and deposition of acidic and toxic
substances (Meiyun et al., 2008), etc.
OPENFOAM software comes from the imperial Lagrangian MesoScale CFD and engineering
OpenFOAM collage of London in 1960, where the strength is the
research in terms of fluid mechanics, it is free and
open source CFD software.

It is a program with a wide range of features, therefore

can simulate a number of things ranging from
turbulent flows in automotive aerodynamics to fire
and fire suppression, processes involving
combustion, chemical reactions, heat transfers,
liquids, films. Etc.
OpenFOAM is constituted by a large base library,
which offers the basic capabilities of the code:
-Tensioner and field operations.

-Discretization of partial differential equations using

a human-readable syntax.

-Solution of linear systems.

-Solution of ordinary differential equations.

-Automatic Parallelization of high level operations.

-Dynamic mesh

-General physical models.

-Porous media models.

-Rheological models.

-Models of compressible / thermal flows

 -Chemical and kinetic reaction models.

-Tracking methods of Lagrangian particles.

-Models of radioactive heat transfer.

-Turbulence models.

-Simulation by means of the Navier-Stokes equations.

-Simulation of large eddies (LES) and simulation of

separate eddies (DES, DDES, etc.).
Fluent The ANSYS FLUENT software has a number of
physical modeling features that are needed to model
flows, turbulences, heat transfers and reactions for
industrial applications ranging from airflow over the
wing of an aircraft to combustion in an oven, from
bubble columns to oil platforms, from blood flow to
semiconductor manufacturing, and from the design of
a clean room to wastewater treatment plants. To
expand its scope, special models have been used that
give software the ability to model combustion Lagrangian Mesoscale CFD
systems within cylinders, aeroacoustic models,
turbomachinery and multiphase models.

FLUENT is divided into three main tools called

modules: pre-processor (creation of geometry and
meshing), processor and post-processor. Both the pre-
processor and the post-processor are provided with a
graphical interface.

AERMOD AERMOD is a Gaussian pen model in steady state Gaussians Microscale Air quality
that simulates the dispersion of pollutants in the air
and their deposition; performs its calculations taking
into account the characteristics of the land and the
presence of buildings near the source of emission,
 which can affect the dispersion of the boom; uses
weather data from the upper atmospheric layer. It is a
regulatory model of the United States EPA and is
considered the latest generation model.
Calpuff is a Gaussian model of volute (not of plume),
in a non-stationary state that performs its calculations
taking the meteorological data of the upper
CALPUFF atmospheric layer. It considers the irregularities of the
terrain on which the dispersion occurs and includes Gaussians Mesoscale Air Quality
the possibility of modeling the dispersion of primary
and secondary pollutants, obtaining reliable results
for distances of up to 100 km.

The CMAQ model (Community multiscale air quality

model) is a model of regional air quality.

The core of the CMAQ is the CCTM (Chemical

CMAQ transport modeling system), which models through Lagrangian Macroscale Air Quality
finite volumes (Yamartino-Blackman cubic scheme,
Bott scheme, and picewise parabolic method) to solve
the transport of pollutants, and various chemical
models

(CB4, RADM2) to solve the reactive term.

The program WinMISKAM is a combination of a
user-friendly interface (Ingenieurbüro Lohmeyer
GmbH & Co. KG) and the computational program
WinMISKAM MISKAM (Dr. Eichhorn, University of Meteorological and air
Gaussians Microscale quality
Mainz). MISKAM (Microscale climatic and
dispersion model) is a three-dimensional
nonhydrostatic flow and dispersion model for
microscale prediction of wind distributions and
concentrations in urban areas. The simulation of
building influence and other barriers on the flow
properties is made possible by rectangular block
structures.

The user-friendly interface of WinMISKAM

generates the necessary files for the calculations and
provides the visual implementation of buildings and
sources as well as the definition of the computational
grid on screen. The digitized data is transferred by
WinMISKAM into the computational grid.
WinMISKAM allows the computation of single cases
as well as the automated batch processing of multiple
cases. A computation of statistical values on the basis
of given wind statistics result in the calculated
concentration fields. A homogeneous background
concentration or the background concentration
caused by road networks calculated with the program
PROKAS can be taken into consideration. The
concentrations of NO2, benzene, soot and particulate
matter (PM 10) are calculated as a result of the traffic
on the road networks.
c. Conclusiones sobre cuál es el mejor modelo a utilizar complementario a la RMCA diseñada en la
Fase 2., y como se utilizaría el modelo seleccionado acoplado con la RMCA.

FLUENT MODEL: The fluid software contains the extensive physical modeling capabilities necessary to
model flow, turbulence, heat transfer and reactions for industrial applications. This model was chosen
because the problem of atmospheric emissions is drunk due to the high fluidity of vehicles and industries
that are in Bogotá and that is on the rise. It is the main cause of all emissions.

Application:

Modeling of the dispersion found and analyzed for PM2.5, PM10, PST, of different pollutants such as COx,
O3, NO2 and SO2 in the urban area of Bogotá, Colombia, using fluent

The modeling of air pollutants in the city of Bogotá will be possible because it has the advantage of
integrating the meteorology and chemical transport processes of pollutants into the atmosphere;

Due to the accuracy of the numerical models, in the work of phase 2 the simulation of the dispersion of
contaminant material analyzed in the area of the different air quality stations in Bogotá, Colombia is done
using a numerical modeling tool as is Fluent, a program based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

CFD modeling seeks to respond to the following needs:

▪ Identify areas of greatest environmental impact

▪ Identify and evaluate the effectiveness of pollution control policies

▪ Selection of the most suitable sites to locate air quality monitoring stations

▪ Predict meteorological phenomena and pollution episodes

▪ Identify emission sources

▪ Determination of emission factors

Advances in measurement technologies and computing have allowed the development of more complex
mathematical and computational models that help to understand atmospheric phenomena and air quality.

It remains to validate the information obtained using this model and compare it against the results reported
by the region's air quality monitoring network and with the results produced by RMCA to demonstrate that
air quality modeling using Fluet (CFD) is a tool that provides results close to reality and that can become
one of the most used models to study the behavior of particles.

The AERMOD EPA USA model is used to find the distribution of pollutants in a plume horizontally and
vertically following a normal type behavior called Gaussian distribution (U.S. EPA, 2004). Dispersion
algorithms are incorporated to consider differences in the terrain dimensions in the domain (complex
terrain). For its operation, the model must be fed by three sources of information: an input file of flows and
data from the source (s), a meteorological file and a digital topography file.

For the City of Bogotá, a possible range of emission sources must be determined. Each of the different
values of the emission rates are independent data that are used to power the software, together with the
meteorological and topographic information of the study area. Each emission rate value generates a
modeling result that is interpreted accordingly, such as: "does not exceed the standard at any point,"
"exceeds the standard by one point," "exceeds the standard by two," "exceeds the rule in two or more points.
 Referencias Bibliográficas

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E. Martín, M. Meis, F. Varas.(2017). Introducción a OpenFoam. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

Recuperado de: http://www.dma.uvigo.es/files/cursos/openfoam/sesion1.pdf

Ministerio de ambiente, vivienda y desarrollo territorial (2010). Manual de diseño de sistemas de

vigilancia de la calidad del aire. Bogotá D.C. Recuperado de
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https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2099/7815/acta14.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y