IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

DESIGN PROCESS OF CSTR FOR PRODUCTION OF

FURFURALDEHYDE

Wordu A. A1, Anthony O.J2

1
Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu, Porthacourt,
Rivers State, Nigeria
2
Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu, Porthacourt,
Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract
A realistic academic cum industrial Isothermal continuous stirred tank reactor design, feed rate 11.51 kgs-1 furfuraldehyde
productions is presented. Principles of material balance and heat generated per unit volume equations were performed on the
reactor system to derive model equations applied in obtaining the reactor functional parameters. Mechanical concepts of the
reactor and the economics of the design were considered. The functional parameters of the reactor were computed using efficient
mat-lab program version 7.7 as shown. The hydrolysis and dehydration reaction of xylan and xylose respectively to furfural is
endothermic; a heating jacket is incorporated to account for the supply and maintenance of heat liberated.

Keywords: Isothermal-CSTR, furfuradehyde, material-energy equations, mechanical aspects, functional-parameters.

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1. INTRODUCTION Furfural is produced from polysaccharide hemi-cellulose,

Design is a creative activity that integrates the elements of
art and science to create something new or retrofit for
existence. Some agricultural wastes [e.g peanuts seed shell]
in Nigeria were subjected to titrimetric analysis for presence
of furfural and results were Positive to varying degrees
[Wordu and Akaranta, 1989]. The study gave obvious
contributions to the local content of the economy [Nigerian
Local Content Act, 2004], by designing full-scale reactor for
the production of furfural.
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor design is complemented
with thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, fluid mechanics,
heat transfer, mass transfer and economics as well as
mechanical aspects.The perfect mixing is attained by the
effect of a stirrer in the reactor which ensures contents of the
reactor are properly mixed so that the temperature and
concentration of the content are the same at the product
stream and in the reactor. Furfural ( i.e a heterocyclic
compound with an aldehyde group chemical formula is
C5 H 4O2 ) is an organic compound derived from variety of
agricultural by-products including corncobs, Oat hulls,
wheat bran’s, wood, sugarcane bagasse.
(or pentonsans) a polymer of sugar by biphasic reaction with
H 2 SO4 in the present of heat (Rong et al, 2012). The hemi
cellulose is heated in the presence of H 2 SO4 , it undergoes
hydrolysis to yield sugar of five carbon atom called xylose
(pentose). The xylose is heated in the presence of H 2 SO4
at the same condition; it dehydrates or undergoes cyclo-
dehydration losing three water molecules to become
furfural.The furfural and water evaporates out and are
separated upon condensation.
2. MATERIALS AND METHOD
2.1 Rate Law, Kinetics and Process Chemistry
Furfural is produced from polysaccharide hemi-cellulose,
(or pentonsans) a polymer of sugar by biphasic reaction with
H 2 SO4 in the present of heat (Rong et al, 2012). The hemi
cellulose is heated in the presence of H 2 SO4 , it undergoes
hydrolysis to yield sugar of five carbon atom called xylose
(pentose). The xylose is heated in the presence of H 2 SO4
at the same condition; it dehydrates or undergoes cyclo-
dehydration losing three water molecules to become
furfural.

The furfural and water evaporates out and are separated

upon condensation

The reaction that yield furfural from the above mentioned

materials in introduction is a series first order reaction under
Fig1: Molecular structure, IUPAC name furar-2- same condition of a mineral acid and heat which are
carbaldehyde; other names are furan, furfuraldehyde, 2- hydrolysis of the pentosans to pentose and dehydration of
furaldehyde, pyromucic aldehyde. the pentose to furfural [4]

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Chemical Reaction of Furfural Production Rate of reactants loss due to chemical reaction =  ri VR
 , Hcl
Pentonsans + water  pentose (1)
Substituting all the above into

Fi , o  Fi , o 1  X i    ri VR 
 Hcl
d
C5H8O4 + H2O 1
 C5 H10O5 (CiV )
dt
 FA,O 1  X A    rA V R  (C AV )
 , Hcl
d
Pentose  furfural + water (2) F A,O (6)
dt
 , Hcl
C5 H 10 O5  C5 H 4O2 + 3H 2 O Assumptions for the reactor;
 The feed is well stirred or properly mixed.
Kinetic Scheme for Furfural Production [4], [7]
 Neglecting the inflow rate of catalyst and solvent.
Pentosan  pentose 
1 k 2 k
furfural
 Steady state operation.
Let, Pentosan = A, Pentose=B, Furfural=C
 Isothermal and non-adiabatic system.
rXylan dC A
Rate of Pentosan hydrolysis: = =  k1C A  Constant density system.
dt
 Cylindrical tank with hemispherical head.
dC B
Rate of Pentose reaction [9]: rXylose = = Applying the assumptions where necessary into equation (1)
dt gives;
k1C A  k 2 C B (3)
FA,O  FA,O 1  X A    rA VR
dCC
Rate of furfural formation: rfurfural = = k2CB (4)
dt F A,O X A
FA,O  FA,O  FA,O X A   rA VR V R 
 rA 
(7)
 E A ,i
k i  A0,i H 2 SO4 % i 
m

RT (5) Taking the rate with respect to furfural formation

ri   k i Ci [9]  rA  rC  k2CB (8)

3. METHOD Where: CB  CB,O 1  X A  (9)

3.1 Development of Reactor Model
for constant density system [9]
From material balance equation which applies the principle
of mass conservation is the starting point of reactor
CB,O  CA Since it’s a series reaction
design.The principle states that:

Rate of reactant flow into element of volume = Rate of Substituting (9) into (8):
reactant flow out of element of volume + Rate of reactant
loss due to chemical reaction within element of volume +  rA  k2CA 1  X A  (10)
Rate of accumulation of reactant in element of volume [9].
Substituting (3) into (4) :
Rate of reactant flow into element volume = Fi ,o
FA,O X A
VR  (11)
k2C A 1  X A 
Rate of reactant flow out of element of volume (with respect
to fractional conversion) = Fi ,o 1  X i 

Rate of accumulation of reactant within element of volume VR  Volume of the reactor m 3 

d
= (CiV ) 3.2 Length of Reactor LR
dt
Volume of a cylinder is given as:
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V  r 2 L (12) Q  H r FA,O X A (22)

Equating (12) to (11) : Substituting (22) and (11) into (21):

r 2 H 
FA,O X A
HR 
FA,O X A
(13) qR  H r X Ak1CA 1  X A  (23)
k2C A 1  X A  , r k2C A 1  X A 
2

3.7 Heating Jacket Design

LR  Length of reactor m 3.7.1 Mass Flow Rate of Heating Fluid
Q
3.3 Dimension of Reactor Head m w 
C pw T
DR (24)
LH  (14)
2
Where: T  T1  T2
3
DR
VH   (15) 3.7.2 Jacket Dimension
12
Height of jacket:

Where: VH  Volume of reactor head m 3  , LH  Length HR

Hj 
of reactor head m 2 (25)

3.4 Resident time distribution (RTD) Space time  

Let the pitch P j between the spiral baffles be 0.2m
  : Numbers of Spiracles:
VR
 (16) Hj
vo Ns 
Pj
(26)
FA,O
vo  (17) Length of Jacket:
CA
L j  N sDR
Substituting (11) and (9) into (5): (27)

XA 3.7.3 Velocity through Channel u  :

 (18)
k 2 (1  X A )
m w
3.5 Space-Velocity s  u
A j
(28)
1
Sv  (19)
 3.7.4 Film Heat Transfer Coefficient for the Jacket
Reynolds number (Re):
Substituting (18) into (19):
ud e
k 1  X A  Re 
Sv  2 (20)  (29)
XA
Prandtl number (Pr):
3.6 Heat Generation per Volume of Reactor
Q Cp
qR  (21) Pr 
VR k

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h j de Np P
Where:  0.023Re 0.8 Pr 0.33  (40)
k Fr m
n D 5 st 
3

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient: Where:

a  log Re
h j hd m (41)
Uo  b
h j  hd
(30)
Further simplification can be made at low and high
Where: Reynolds number;

1 If Re10 ; the flow is laminar and density is no longer a

hd  factor then;
fd (31)
Np
3.8 Mechanical Design Equations  kL (42)
Re
3.8.1 Stirrer Design
nD 2 st 
For this work, radial turbine stirrer with 6 blades is used for Substituting (26) into (22): N p  k L (43)
the two reactors. 
Length of stirrer Lst  : Lst  LR  C Substituting (24) into (22): P  k L n 2 D 3 st  (44)
(32)
If Re104 , the flow regime is transitional or turbulent and
Stirrer clearance C  : C  to DR
1 1 the power consumption is independent of Reynolds number
(33)
2 6 and viscosity is no longer a factor

1 1 N p  kT
Stirrer Diameter Dst  : Dst 
(45)
to DR (34)
2 4
Substituting (38) into (37):

Stirrer blade-width W  : W  to Dst

1 1
4 6
(35) P  kT D5 st n3 (46)

3.8.2 Standard Plate Thickness [10]:

Wall baffles B  : B  1 1
to DR (36)
PR DR
10 12
t c
SE j  0.6 PR
P  [10]: N P (47)
Power consumption  (37)
n D 5 st 
p 3

3.9 Solution Techniques

Where N p  f Re, Fr , S1  S n  3.9.1 Operational Parameters Flow Rate
Design production rate = 4,535,929.1kg per annum.
nD 2 st 
Re  (38) From (1.1) and (1.2):132kg. kmol−1 Of Pentosan yields

150kg. kmol−1 of Pentose, also

n 2 Dst 150kg. kmol−1 Of Pentose yield 96kg. kmol−1 of furfural

Fr  (39)
g
Therefore: 4,535,926.1kg Of furfural will require
When Re 300 , Froude number becomes a factor to 6,236,902.5kg (G) of raw feed (Pentosan)
determine power consumption
Expressing in kg.s-1 :

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6,236,902.5kg kg Kinetic Parameters:

= 0.197  0.2
3600 24  365 s Table 1: Physical properties data [12], [13]
PROPERTIES VALUES
Molecular weight of Pentosan  A : Molar Mass 96.08gmol-1
Appearance Colourless oily
C5 H 8 O4  12  5  1  8  16  4 Odour Almond-like
Density 1.16g.ml-1 at 200C
MMA = 132kg. kmol−1 ,
Melting Point -37oC, (-35oF, 236K)
Boiling Point 162oC, (324oF, 435K)
G
FAO  Solubility in water 83g.L-1
MM A , Flash Point 62oC, 144oF, 335K
LD50 (toxicity) 300-500mg.kg-1 (oral, mice)
20
Viscosity π D 1.49
0.2 kg s
FAO  Oxygen content. % 33%
132 kg kmol , Freezing point -37.6oC
Auto-ignition 392oC
temperature
kmol Partial heat of solution +2988Cal.mole-1
FAO  1.52  10 3
s in water
Refractive index At 20oC 1.5261
A At 25oC 1.5235
Concentration of feeds: C AO  Density, d4 at 20oC 1.1598g.cm-3
MM A Vapour Density 3.3
Heat of vaporization 42.8Kj.mol-1
Where: Heat Capacity 1.74J.gk
kg 2344Kj.mol-1
 A  1424 Heat of combustion
m3 , Surface tension 40 MN/M
Dielectric constant at 41.9
20oC
1424kg m 3 2.1 – 19.3
C AO  Explosion Limits
132 kg kmol ,
Table 2: Kinetics parameters for the production of furfural
[3]
kmol Pre- Activation Reaction order
C AO  10.79 exponential energy(EA,0) of the
m3 , value(AO,i) J hydronuim
( s 1 ) ( ) concentration
kmol
C A  C A.O 1  X A  in the acid(mi)
3.27  10 14 137 ,300 1.85
Where fractional conversion is 95%: 1.608  1022 211,300 0.06

kmol
CA  10.79(1  0.95) , C A  0.5395

Taking the temperature of the reaction 175 C :
m3
T  175 C  448K
Pressure of Reactor
Hydronuim ion concentration as 0.3% : H    0.03
kmol dm 3
PR  0.01079  0.082atm  448K
dm 3 kmolK J
R  8.314
molK ,
PR  0.4atm  1atm  1.4atm
k1  4.88 105 s 1

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 137 , 300 J
 mol 
 Where: Q  H R F A,O X A
 
k1  0.03
8.314 j 448 K 
1.85
 3.27  1014 s 1    molK   J   3 kmol
, Q   277,604,400   1.09  10  0.95
  211, 300 J   kmol  s
 mol 
 
k 2  0.03
j
 8.314 molK448 K 
 1.608  10 22 s 1  
0.06
J KJ
, Q  287,459.36 C pw  1.851 
At 200 C
s, kgK
k 2  3.00  10 3 s 1

The heating fluid enters the jacket at 200 C and leaves at
Reactor Head Dimension 45 C
Where:
T  T1  T2 ,
DR  6m ,
T  200 C  50 C ,
DR
HH  ,
2 T  150 C  423K ,

6m 287.46 KJ s
HH  , m w 
2 1.851KJ kgK  423K

H H  3m , mw = 0.37 kg. s−1

Jacket Dimension
 rR 3 ,
2
VH 
3 Height of jacket:

VH  0.67  3.142 3 , HR

3
Hj 
2 ,
V H  56.8m 3
1.8m
Heat generated per unit volume [5], [9]: Hj 
2
,
q R  H r X A k 2 C A,O 1  X A 
H j  0.9m
Where: ∆HR = −277,604,400 J. kmol−1
 
Let the pitch P j between the spiral baffles be 0.2m
 J 
  0.95  3.0  10 s  10.79 3 1  0.95
3 1 kmol
q R    277,604,400
 kmol  m Numbers of spiracles:

qR = 426,837.6 J. m3 s−1 Hj
Ns 
Mat lab 7.7 is used to solve the design equations to give the
Pj
,
functional parameters of the reactor such as Volume of
0.9m
reactor, space velocity, space time and length of reactor. Ns 
0.2m ,
3.10 Heating Jacket Design [5],[9]
Mass Flow Rate of Heating Fluid N s  4.5  5

Q Length of Jacket:
m w 
C pw T

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L j  N s DR Where:Cp = 1.939 KJ. kg −1 K −1

, W
L j  5  3.142  6m
k  663.31 10 3
m.K
,
1.939  134.5  10 6
L j  94 .3m Pr 
663.31 10 3
Let, the space between the jacket and the
Area of jacket: Pr  0.39
reactor be b  0.3m
h j de
A j  0.3m  0.2m  0.023Re 0.8 Pr 0.33
, k

A j  0.06m 2 Ignoring correction factor or taking it as 1

h j  0.24
Hydraulic diameter d e  :  0.023856505.5 0.390.33
0.8
3
663.31 10
40.3  0.2  hj = 2597W.m-2K-1
de  ,
20.3  0.2 
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
d e  0.24m h j hd
Uo 
h j  hd
Velocity through channel u  : u  m
A j
Where;

kg 1
0.37 hd 
Where;, ρ = 1000kg. m3 , u s fd
kg
1000 3
 0.06m 2
m Where,
m
u  6.17  10 3 
s m2 C
f d  0.0025
W
Film Heat Transfer Coefficient for the Jacket
1
Reynolds number
(Re) : hd 
0.0025
ud e
Re  hd  400
W
 
m2 C
  134.5  106 Pa.s 1 1 1
  
U o 2597 400
1000 0.48  0.24
Re 
134.5  106 W
U o  346.62
Re  856505.5 m C 1
2

Heat Transfer Area of the Jacket

Cp
Prandlts number
Pr : Pr  k A
Q
U o Tlm
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Take the log mean temperature as arithmetic mean of the Dst

temperatures. W
5
200  50
Tlm  1.5m
2 W 
5
Tlm  125 C
W  0.3m
J Wall baffle
287,459.36
A s DR
W W
346.62  2 1  125 C 10
m C
6m
W
A  6.63m 2
10
Mechanical Design Aspect of the Reactor[1] W  0.6m
Stirrer Design
Power consumption
Stirrer clearance
C  : Re 
nD 2 st 

1
C  DR Using the viscosity of water since the mixture is water-base;
6
ρ = 1424kg. m3
6m
C W  1791.2  10 6 Pa.s
6

C  1.0m n  90r
Taking min

Stirrer length
Lst  The stirrer type is a radial turbine with 6 blades

Lst  H R  C 90  1.5  1424

2

Re  60
1.7912  10  2
Lst  1.8m  1.0m
Re  2,683,117.46
Lst  0.8m
Since Re10 4 , the flow regime is turbulent and the power
Diameter of stirrer
Dst  consumption is independent of the Reynolds number.

DR N P  KT
Dst 
4
Where KT  6.30 (Peters M.S, 2004)
6m
D st 
4 P  K T D 5 st n 3

D st  1.5m
P  6.30 
1424
1000
5

 1.5  90
60
3

Stirrer blade width
W 
P  0.229KW  0.23KW

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Volume of Reactor VS Fractional Conversion

70
Standard Plate Thickness
60
PR DR
t c
SE j  0.6 PR 50

Volume of Reactor(m.3)
40
2
p R  1.4atm  1.013 10 Nm 5
 141,855 pa
30

DR  6m 20

10
S  66,900103 pa
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

E j  0 .6 Fig 1 plot of volume of reactor against fractional conversion

Fractional Conversion

c  0.0032 The plots shows that volume of the reactor increases slowly
at different fractional to a point where there is a rise in the
141,855  6m volume increase till it gets to infinity.
t  0.0032
66,900  103  0.6  0.6  141,855 x 10
5
Heat Generated VS Fractional Conversion
3.5

t  0.024m 3

2.5
Heat Generated(KJ/sec)

Material Selection [1]

2
Based on the following factors;
Corrosion resistant 1.5

Temperature
1
Allowable pressure
Mechanical properties such brittleness, low thermal 0.5
conductivity.
PH 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Heat transfer rate Fractional Conversion

Fig 2 plot of heat generated against fractional conversion

Austenitic stainless steel is selected as the material for
The graph gives a straight line negative graph which shows
constructing and fabrication of the reactor.
that the heat generated is directly proportional to fractional
Carbon steel is selected for the heating jacket conversion
5
Costing of the Reactor[10] 4.5
x 10 Heat Generated per unit volume VS Fractional Conversion
Heat Generated per Unit Volume of Reactor(KJ/m3sec)

Using the correlation chart, the purchase cost is $70,000. In 4

Nigeria equivalent at the exchange rate of 150 naira to $1,
3.5
The purchase cost is 10,500,000 naira.
3

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.5

2
Mat lab (7.7) was used to simulate the reactors parameters
and the results presented on graphs. 1.5

1
The discussion is on the graphs plotted with result of
0.5
simulation using Mat lab. The graphs are;
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Fractional Conversion

Fig 3 plot of Heat generated per unit volume against

fractional conversion
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IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

The graph gives a negative straight line graph which shows The graph for the reactor shows a steady rate till a point the
that the heat generated is directly proportional to fractional rate starts to reduce till it gets to infinity. The graph can be
conversion use as a model to determine the volume of the reactor at any
fractional conversion. This is done by multiplying the flow
0.35
Space Velocity VS Fractional Conversion rate by the area under the curve from the point of the
required fractional conversion.
0.3
-3
x 10 Rate of Reaction VS Fractional Conversion
1.8
0.25
Space Velocity(sec.-1)

1.6
0.2
1.4

0.15 1.2

Rate of Reaction
0.1 1

0.8
0.05
0.6

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.4
Fractional Conversion
Fig 4 Plot of space velocity against fractional conversion 0.2

4
0
x 10 Space Time VS Fractional Conversion 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
3.5 Fractional Conversion
Fig 7 Plot of Rate of reaction against fractional conversion
3

The plot of rate of reaction against fractional conversion for

2.5 the reactor produced a negative straight line graph which
shows that the rate of reaction is directly proportional to
Space Time(sec)

2 fractional conversion.
1.5
5. CONCLUSION
1 The design process accommodates the general principles of
material and heat balances, rate law, kinetics, economics and
0.5 mechanical aspects to bring to bear the designing of the
CSTR of capacity. This is a typical pragmatic design that
0 can be operationalised by private sector.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Fractional Conversion
Fig 5 plot of space time against fractional conversion NOMENCLATURE
The graph shows that the time taken to react one reactor
∆ = Heat
volume of feed increases with the fractional conversion
K1,k2 = Rate constant
slowly to a point, it increases till it goes to infinity.
rxylan = Rate of xylan hydrolysis
x 10
4
Rate of Reaction inverse VS Fractional Conversion rxylosee = Rate of xylose dehydration
7 rfurfural = Rate of furfural hydrolysis
CA= Final concentration of A
6 CB= Final concentration of B
CC= Final concentration of C
5 CAC= Initial concentration of A
Rate of Reaction inverse

CBO= Initial concentration of B

4 CCO= Initial concentration of C
t = Time
3 AOi= Pre-exponential factor
EAi= Activation energy
2 R = Gas constant
T = Temperatue
1 FiO= Initial molar flow rate of specie i
Xi= Fractional conversion of specie i
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
VR= Volume of reactor
Fractional Conversion ri= Initial concentration of C
Fig 6 plot of rate inverse against fractional conversion VR= Volume of reactor
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IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

FAO= Initial molar flow rate of specie [7]. Marcotullio G, (2005) “The chemistry and technology
π = Pie of furfural production in modern lignocelluloses-feedstock
r = Radius bio-refineries”, Arkh Edisioni, Rome. pp 10, 15, 20
LH = Length of reactor [8]. Nevers N, (2005) “Fluid mechanics for chemical
VH = Volume of reactor head engineers” 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, Singapore. Page 565
L = Length [9]. Octave L, (2001) “Chemical reactions engineering” 3rd
RTD = Resident Time Distribution edition, Wiley, New Delhi. Pp 84, 85, 86 Page 127.
τ = Space [10]. Peter M.S, Timmerhans D.K, West E.R, (2004)”Plant
SV = Space velocity of reactor Design and economic for chemical engineers”5th edition,
qR = Heat generated per unit volume of reactor McGraw-Hill, Singapore. PP 536, 539, 597.
LST = Length of stirrer [11]. Smith R, (2008) “Chemical process design and
C = Clearance of stirrer integration”, 3rd edition, Wiley, Singapore. Pp 78, 97
DSt = Diameter of stirrer [12]. H. E. Hoydonckx, W. M. Van Rhijn, W. Van Rhijn, D.
B = Wall baffle E. De Vos, P. A. Jacobs "Furfural and Derivatives" in
P = Power Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2007,
NP = Power number Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
n = Number of revolution doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_119.p029
ρ = Density [13]. Perry and Green, (1998); Perry’s Chemical Engineers
f = Function Handbook, 7th ed., McGraw Hill, New York, PP. 23-4, 5.
R e = Reynold number
fr = Froude number BIOGRAPHY
Sn = Reactor dimension number Animia A. Wordu (PhD) was a Senior
μ = Viscosity Process Technologist with many years of
m = Mass flow rate industrial experience with the Port Harcourt
∆HR = Heat of reaction Refining Company, Alesa – Eleme, Port
∆T = Change in Temperature Harcourt, Nigeria; before going for his
Hj = Height of the jacket Doctorate degree with the Rivers State
Lj = Length of the jacket University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu, Port
Pj = Pitch of the spiracles Harcourt, Nigeria. After completion of PhD, was retained as
Aj = Area of heating jacket a Lecturer 1 with the Department of Chemical/
de = Hydraulic diameter Petrochemical Engineering. His researches are majorly
u = Velocity tailored to the Process Industry especially Reactors and
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics.
Pr = Prandlt number
k = Thermal conductivity
hj = Film heat transfer of the heating jacket
hd = Film heat transfer coefficient of dirt
fd = Dirt factor
Uo = Overall transfer coefficient
∆Tlm = Log mean temperature

REFERENCES
[1]. Bhattachanyya B.C, (2005) “Introduction to chemical
equipment design (Mechanical aspect)” 1st Edition, CBS,
New Delhi. PP 29, 39, 246.
[2]. Dimian C.A, (2005) “Integrated Design and Simulation
of chemical processes”, volume 13, 1st Edition, Elsevier Inc.
USA page. 127.
[3]. Dussan K., Girisuta B., Haverty D., Leachy J.J., Hayes
M.H.B “kinetics of levulinic acid and furfural production
from miscanthus x giganteus”.Bioresources technology.
Page 24
[4]. Joseph B. B (2010) “Synthesis of furfural from xylose
and xylan”. Chemsuschem energy and materials 1268-1278.
[5]. Kern, D.Q, (2006) “Process heat transfer”, 1st edition,
McGraw-hill, USA Page 127.
[6]. Manuel A.V., Robeiro da silva, Maria D.M.C., (2012).
Thermochemistry of D-xylose. Journal of chemical
thermodynamics. 58(2013). Pp 20-28

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