Superficial_3rdexam_BIO117

8:02 AM

SUPERFICIAL, CHRISTINE H I-BSMBI

Pledge of Honesty

I pledge upon my honor that I answered this exam without direct help from any human
being. I used published or printed references such as my own class notes, books, articles and
other online materials. I did not ask any human person for answers or for assistance in finding
answers to the questions.

____________________

Signature

TEST I. Multiple choice.

1. A
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. D
8. A
9. C
10. C
11. A
12. C
13. A
14. D
15. A
TEST II. Fill in the blanks.

1. 5’-3’
2. 5’
3. 3’
4. 3’
5. 5’
6. 5-GCGGATT-3’
7. IDENTICAL
8. PRIMER
9. LAGGING
10. 3’
11. ORGANELLES
12. TRANSCRIPTION
13. TRANSFER RNA
14. CODING SEQUENCE
15. POLYMERASE
16. RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)
17. MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)
18. MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)
19. CODONS
20. TRANSCRIBED
21. TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)
22. CODON
23. PROTEINS
24. POLYPEPTIDE
25. CODE
26. SEQUENCE
27. AMINO ACID
28. RIBISOMAL RNA
29. SMALL
30. LARGE
31. AMINO ACID
32. FATTY ACIDS
33. ALCOHOL
34. FATTY ACIDS
35. ACETYL CoA
36. ACETYL CoA
TEST III. Essay

1. Cholesterol has two types. The HDL or high density lipoprotein and LDL or low density
lipoprotein, where LDL is known as “bad” cholesterol while HDL is known as “good”
cholesterol. LDL is said to be bad cholesterol because it builds the fatty acids into the
arteries that may cause a clogging of the blood and later on leads to the slow flowing of
the blood. It may also trigger or causes some diseases like heart attack, stroke and
peripheral artery disease or PAD. On the other hand, HDL is considered to be good
cholesterol because it takes the bad cholesterol out of the blood and keeps it away from
building up in the arteries. Unlike LDL, HDL helps to prevent the risk of heart attack,
stroke and peripheral artery disease or PAD. Too much cholesterol can lead a dysfunction
in the cell. So better not to take too much cholesterol to helps the cells function well.
2. The cytoskeleton is the source of strength in the cell and it has a many functions. If there
are plenty of filaments in the cytoskeleton, it will maintain the shape of the cell well and
it will become strong enough and not easily breakdown or damage. The benefit of having
a multiple types of motor and multiple types of filaments is that they provide mechanical
strength to the cell. This also helps cell to make a network that can connect all the
different parts of the cell together. Network needs to be composed of different and plenty
of fibers and each of these fibers are in need especially in connecting the cell to each
other. Communication and connection in the cell is very important and essential
especially in terms of their functions. For example, a fiber is used in holding organelles to
connecting in the other organelles; a strong force must be present for the connection to be
performed. Filaments or specifically the intermediate filaments are the most responsible
in it.
3. An electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water. They are
essential for a number of bodily functions. All humans need electrolytes to survive.
Sodium, Potassium and Chloride is important in the fluid to nerve impulse because
Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid. It is responsible for ½ of the osmotic
pressure that exist between the interior of the cells and its environment, while Potassium
is the major intracellular cation that helps establish the resting membrane potential in
neurons and muscle fibers. And lastly, Chloride is the extracellular anions that
contributes mostly in the osmotic pressure gradient between ICF and ECF and plays the
important role in maintaining proper hydration.
4. PAMPs are molecular components highly conserved within a class of microbes, they
carry an essential function for fitness or survival. Plants recognize a wide range of
PAMPs, mostly of them derived from structural components of bacterial cell while many
are derived from microorganisms and activate the innate immune system. It is the first
line of defense in plants. Effectors are proteins expressed by plant pathogens to aid
infection of the plant.