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Challenge To Secuitising Cyberspace Pakistan
Challenge To Secuitising Cyberspace Pakistan
Aamna Rafiq
Abstract
Introduction
The author is Research Associate at the Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad. This
research paper is extracted from the author’s M. Phil dissertation (2017) titled
“Securitisation of Cyber threats in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects” submitted at
School of Politics and International Relations (SPIR), Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU),
Islamabad.
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Challenges of Securitising Cyberspace in Pakistan
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Theoretical Framework
4
Richard A Clarke and Robert K Knake, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National
Security and What to Do About It (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2010).
5
Khalil-ur-Rehman Khan, “Cyber Laws in Pakistan,” Supreme Court of Pakistan,
http://supremecourt.gov.pk/ijc/articles/10/1.pdf.
6
Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver, Regions and Powers the Structure of International
Security (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 491.
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Cybersecurity in Pakistan
9
Ibid., 23- 30.
10
“Internet Penetration Rate in Pakistan from 2005 to 2016,” Statista,
https://www.statista.com/statistics/765487/internet-penetration-rate-pakistan/
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Challenges of Securitising Cyberspace in Pakistan
11
“Information Economy Report 2017: Digitalisation, Trade and Development,”
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), October 2,
2017, http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ier2017_en.pdf.
12
“Telecom Indicators,” Pakistan Telecommunication Authority, last updated
February 2018, http://pta.gov.pk/en/telecom-indicators
13
“The Mobile Economy 2018,” GSM Association, February 2018,
https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/wp-content/uploads/2018/2/The-Mobile-
Economy-Global-2018.pdf
14
Government of Pakistan, Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016, August 19,
2016, http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1472635250_246.pdf
15
“Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2017,” International Telecommunication
Union, last modified October 5, 2017, https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/str/D-
STR-GCI.01-2017-PDF-E.pdf.
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In the “Cold Start Doctrine,” India has integrated “cyber warfare” along
with the biological, nuclear, chemical, conventional and sub-conventional
warfare. It involves various tools and techniques to compromise, destroy
and degrade the computer systems at tactical, operational and strategic
levels. Furthermore, it also aims to destroy the critical information passed
and stored in computer systems used for the nuclear Command and Control
(C2).20 In the Joint Doctrine Indian Armed Forces 2017, India included
cyber warfare as an essential component of the “Hybrid or Fifth Generation
Warfare.” This doctrine declared cyberspace as a new domain of future war.
16
“Microsoft Security Intelligence Report (January – March 2017, Volume 22),”
Microsoft, August 17, 2017, https://www.microsoft.com/en-sa/security/Intelligence-
report
17
“Microsoft Malware Infection Index for Asia Pacific,” Microsoft Asia,
https://news.microsoft.com/apac/2016/06/07/malware-infection-index-2016-
highlights-key-threats-undermining-cybersecurity-in-asia-pacific-microsoft-
report/#sm.0001c8j2ld213dupxw82ps93k6pbp
18
Ibid.
19
“Almost all Pakistani Banks Hacked in Security Breach, says FIA Cybercrime
Head,” Dawn, November 6, 2018, https://www.dawn.com/news/1443970.
20
Government of India, Integrated Defence Staff, Indian Army Doctrine 2004,
October 4, 2004,
http://ids.nic.in/indian%20army%20doctrine/indianarmydoctrine_1.doc
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Media Framing
In the last decade, electronic media emerged as one of the key power
brokers and played a substantial role in the social construction of security
threats in Pakistan. The media can bring to light the psychological,
economic, social, cultural and political setting in which cyber securitisations
are introduced. Furthermore, the media is a platform through which the
audience can react towards these securitisations. With respect to the
cybersecurity dynamics in Pakistan, the media becomes a part of the
audience when one uses the phrase “effects in media.” However, “effects of
media” makes it a crucial functional actor with the ability either to play
21
Buzan, Wæver and Wilde, Security, 25-30.
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down or amplify the cyber securitisation moves. This is a point wherein lies
the challenge. Instead of highlighting the growing existential cyber threats,
the media could compel the audience to focus more on human rights
violations and excessive investigative powers instead of positive protective
measures.
Under the PECA 2016, extensive powers have been given to the
investigative officer who is authorised to access, check, use, preserve,
acquire, search, seize, copy and demand data whether content or traffic
which may be necessary to carry out an investigation. Moreover, he is
empowered to call any person for the purpose of investigation whether
charged or containing encrypted information and can demand the
decryption of that information.22 However, the issue of a relevant institution
22
The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act, 2016, section 36 and 32.
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has not been resolved. Presently, there is a heated debate among the state
officials regarding the new cybersecurity agency to be established or which
law enforcement agency should be authorised to work on the matter.
Keeping in view the extensive powers, the Senate Standing Committee on
Information Technology is sceptical about the expertise and capacity of the
FIA.
23
Tahir Amin, “Electronic Cyber Crime Bill 2016: Senate Body against Giving
Unbridled Powers to FIA Officials,” Business Recorder, July 22, 2016.
24
Ministry of Information, Broadcasting and Heritage, Press Information
Department, PR No. 61 First Meeting of IMC for PECA 2016 Rules Held at MOIT
Islamabad, September 8, 2016.
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Conclusion
25
Buzan, Wæver and Wilde, Security, 7-8.
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