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Prod Log
Prod Log
Prod Log
Production Logging
Summary
Production logging deals with the cased hole logging techniques available to
measure / monitor the fluid production flow behaviour in tubing and/or casing
during production.
The flow behaviour is very different for single and multiphase flow. The latter
strongly depend on hole deviation. For such conditions, more modern tools exist,
like the MCFM from Baker Atlas (jointly developed with Shell) and Schlumberger’s
Flagship, which combine PNC/PNS measurements with PLT type measurements.
References
- James J. Smolen, Cased hole and Production log evaluation, PennWell Books, 1996
- Schlumberger, Cased Hole Log Interpretation Principles/Applications, 1989
- Oilfield Review, Winter 1996, pp. 44-64
The flow velocity can be measured with spinner tools (Figs. 4 & 5). Ideally the
spinner rotation speed (rotations per second, rps) should correspond linearly to the
flow velocity (Fig. 6). However, the actual response is more complicated because
of effects due to viscosity (Fig. 7) and friction (Fig. 8). Therefore, standard practice
is to make several runs with different tool velocities (several runs with the tool
moving up and several with the tool moving down): Figs. 9 and 10. If the fluid is
moving up faster than the tool is moving up, the spinner response is positive, but if
the tool is moving up faster the spinner response is negative (the spinner rotates in
the other direction). Only the spinner absolute response (rps) is plotted though
(regardless of the rotation direction) and one has to take this “spinner reversal”
into account (Fig. 12: the bottom part should be plotted on a negative scale). One
can combine an up and a down run and overlay them in the region of no fluid flow.
A separation then is indicative of a flowing zone: Fig. 11. The actual flow velocity
can be obtained from the displacement of a line through points obtained at various
(up and down) tool velocities with respect to the line for zero flow: Fig. 10.
velocity = 0
at pipe wall
.
.
Turbulent flow
Transition zone
transition zone
Number Nre
1000 10 centipoise
Laminar flow
Reynolds number
Reynolds
Laminar flow
100 centipoise
100
100
Pipe
pipe OD
od
Nre = ρvD/μ 3
4
5
6
8
10
10
10 1000
10 Flowrate 100
(bbl/day)
Flow rate in barrels/day
1000
Copyright 2001 SIEP b.v.
This example: ρ = 1 g/cc
Centralizer
blades can
fold up
23.5
to run the
tool through
tubing
11.6
.
Exit ports
Spinner
Metal petals
DC motor
Spinner
rps
Spinner
rps
increasing
viscosity
increasing
viscosity
Spinner
rps
increasing
mechanical viscosity
effects
increasing
viscosity
Fig. 9 Plot with Tool Velocity Substituted for Fluid Velocity
Spinner
rps
increasing
mechanical viscosity
effects
increasing
viscosity
Fig. 10 Flowing Fluids add their Velocity to that of the Tool changing
the Flow away from the Zero Calibration Line
Spinner
rps
Vf w
Midpoint Flo
ro
Ze
Tool Velocity
UP
Vf Tool Velocity
ow DOWN
Vf Fl
ro
Ze
Overlay of “run up” and
“run down” curves
Run Run
Up Down
600
Perforations
Spinners
700
Temperature
Gradio
800
Spinner reversals
Spinner, rps
tool moving
slower than
the fluid
(+ rps)
Spinner
Reversed
tool moving
faster than
the fluid
(- rps)
VO VW
YW
VO = VW + VS
FLOW REGIMES
102
LIQUID VELOCITY
10
REGION I
N
IO
SIT
AN
TR
1
BUBBLE FLOW
MIST FLOW
SLUG FLOW
PLUG FLOW
10-1 1 10 102 103
GAS VELOCITY
Trapped
gas
Trapped
water
MCFM - Measurement
Concept
Flow Direction
– Level and holdup determined from sensors at 8 levels across wellbore (12
bit)
– Velocity determined from correlation of adjacent sensors on 4 rows (1 bit)