UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO

FAEL - FACULDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO E LINGUAGEM

PROFESSOR: JOELINTON FERNANDO DE FREITAS
CURSO DE LETRAS 5ª FASE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE V - MORPHOSSINTAX EMPHASIS

SINOP
2019
  Increase can be a verb e.g. Prices increased and increase can

PARTS OF SPEECH also be a noun e.g. There was an increase in the number of
followers.

 The parts of speech explain how a word is used in a sentence.

 There are eight main parts of speech (also known as word
classes): nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs,
prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.
 Most parts of speech can be divided into sub-classes.
Prepositions can be divided into prepositions of time,
prepositions of place etc. Nouns can be divided into proper NOUNS
nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns etc.
 It is important to know that a word can sometimes be in more Nouns are words that name things. Some common nouns include
than one part of speech. For example with the word increase. those used for animals, countries, food, languages, cities and
countries.
When we are explaining things, we use Noun + To Be + Noun: PLURAL NOUNS

 English is a language. (Noun + To Be + Noun)

In general, the plural of a noun is formed by adding -S to the noun.
 A chicken is a bird. (Noun + To Be + Noun)
Singular Plural

car cars

house houses

book books

bird birds

pencil pencils

However:
1. When the noun ends in S, SH, CH, X or Z*, we add -ES to the
noun.

Singular Plural

kiss kisses

wish wishes

match matches
 fox foxes lady ladies

quiz quizzes* story stories

 I have a box in my bedroom. nanny nannies

 I have three boxes in my bedroom. city cities
* With words that end in Z sometimes we add an extra Z to the
plural form of the word (such as with the plural of quiz).
2. When the noun ends in a VOWEL + Y, we add -S to the noun. 4. If the noun ends in F or FE, we remove the F/FE and add -VES to
the noun.
Singular Plural
Singular Plural
boy boys
life lives
holiday holidays
leaf leaves
key keys
thief thieves
guy guys
wife wives

Some exceptions: roof - roofs, cliff - cliffs, chief - chiefs, belief -

3. When the noun ends in a CONSONANT + Y, we remove Y and beliefs, chef – chefs
add -IES to the noun.

Singular Plural

party parties 5. If the noun ends in a CONSONANT + O, we normally add -ES to

the noun.
 Singular Plural goose geese

mouse mice
tomato tomatoes
 There is a child in the park.
potato potatoes
 There are many children in the park.
echo echoes

hero heroes 7. There are some nouns in English that are the same in the singular
and the plural.
Some exceptions: piano - pianos, halo - halos, photo - photos
NOTE: Volcano has two correct forms of plural. Singular Plural
Both volcanos and volcanoes are accepted.
fish fish
6. There are a number of nouns that don't follow these rules. They
are irregular and you need to learn them individually because they sheep sheep
don't normally have an S on the end.
deer deer
Singular Plural
moose moose
man men
aircraft aircraft
woman women  I can see a sheep in the field.
child children  I can see ten sheep in the field.

foot feet Sometimes you will hear the word fishes (especially in songs)
though it is grammatically incorrect.
tooth teeth
 2. Table: _________________________
3. Day: _________________________
4. Car: _________________________
B) Change each of the singular nouns below into plural nouns.
1. Watch: _________________________
2. Fox: _________________________
3. Glass: _________________________
4. Quiz: _________________________
5. Class: _________________________
6. Bus: _________________________
C) Change each of the singular nouns below into plural nouns.
1. Baby: _________________________
2. Body: _________________________
3. Monkey: _________________________
4. Party: _________________________
5. Dictionary: _________________________
6. City: _________________________
EXERCISES
D) Change each of the singular nouns below into plural nouns.
A) Change each of the singular nouns below into plural nouns.
1. Calf: _________________________
1. Book: _________________________
2. Hoof: _________________________
3. Elf: _________________________ 9. Mosquito: _________________________
4. Dwarf: _________________________ 10. Sheep: _________________________
5. Thief: _________________________ 11. Hero: _________________________
6. Loaf: _________________________ 12. Box: _________________________
E) Change each of the singular nouns below into plural nouns. ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE NOUNS
1. Tooth: _________________________
2. Child: _________________________
3. Man: _________________________
4. Person: _________________________
5. Foot: _________________________
6. Mouse: _________________________
F) Change each of the singular nouns below into plural nouns
1. Potato: _________________________
2. Goose: _________________________
Abstract nouns are words that refer to entities that we cannot feel with
3. Tomato: _________________________ our five senses: we cannot see, smell, hear, taste or touch them.
4. House: _________________________ Abstract nouns are qualities, emotions, feelings, concepts and ideas.
5. Cherry: _________________________ These entities exist only in the mind. They have no physical existence.
6. Moose: _________________________ Examples are love, honesty, bravery, uncertainty, intelligence, dream,
7. Deer: _________________________ time, education, imagination etc. Abstract nouns often end in the

8. Ox: _________________________
following suffixes: -TION, -ISM,-NESS,-SHIP,-ANCE, -ABILITY, - PROPER AND COMMOM NOUNS
MENT, -ITY,-HOOD.

A proper noun is the name of a particular person, event, place or

thing. Examples are Freddie, Canada, Coca Cola, Christmas etc.
Proper nouns begin with a capital letter. They are not preceded by
articles such as ‘a’, or ‘an’ but are sometimes preceded by ‘the’ when
it is part of the proper name, as in ‘The Philippines’.

A common noun, on the other hand, is not the name of a particular

person, thing or place, but is a word that is used to refer to the class or
group to which the proper nouns belong. For example, Freddie is a
proper noun, but boy is a common noun. Canada is a proper noun
whereas country is a common noun. Generally common nouns do not
start with a capital letter, unless it is the first word of a sentence.
In contrast to a proper noun, a common noun can be preceded by an PRONOUNS
article such as ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’. It is perfectly correct to say ‘a boy’
but not ‘a Freddie’.

Personal pronoun is a pronoun used to refer to particular people,

animals or things.
My name is Sally. But when I talk about myself to others, I always
use I or me, not Sally. When I talk directly to you, I use you most of
the time, not your name. When I refer to another person, most of the
Common Names Proper Names time I use he or him, instead of the name. When I refer to my cat I
may say it or he (depending on how close I am to my cat!). When I
refer to my computer, I say it.
Correct the following sentences.
a) Mrs. Max is strict. I don´t like him.
b) Sarah isn´t good at math. I never learn from she.
c) Sarah isn´t good at math. I never learn from she.
d) My teachers are very kind. I like they.
e) I´m not happy with my parents. They don´t listen to I.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS some pillows and a blanket. Soon, our cat Snowy joined us, and soon
Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of the began licking ............... clean. I switched the television on. As I had
action are the same person, animal or thing.
hoped, it was a comedy show. A group of youngsters were cracking
In the sentence ‘The dog is licking himself’, the reflexive
pronoun is ‘himself’. It shows that the action is performed on oneself. jokes and poking fun mainly at ............... The audience in the studio
where the show was being staged, were enjoying ............... a lot.
Let us make this clear by doing some exercises.
Among the comedians, there was a girl who was dancing all by
Fill in the following blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns.
............... on top of a huge ball! She managed to maintain her balance
1. You should be proud of ............... now that you are graduating with
till the end of the dance!
flying colours.
2. Jaden is really angry with ............... for letting a golden opportunity Soon, my father and mother came back from their friend’s house.
pass by.
They rang the bell. Reluctantly, I made ............... get up from the
3. We have to look after ............... when we grow older. comfortable sofa and went to open the door.
4. The children have to look after ............... while they are in the camp.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
5. The cat is licking ...............
6. I have to remind ............... to call my mother tomorrow.
7. Mary hurt ............... when she cut vegetables with that sharp knife.
8. Buy ............... a good shirt. Your shirts are really shabby.
Fill in the blanks in the following passage with appropriate
reflexive pronouns.

We made ............... sandwiches and some coffee. I sat on the sofa

while my friend John made ............... comfortable on the floor with
Possessive pronouns are pronouns that shows ownership to 8. These clothes belong to you and your wife. These clothes are
something or someone. Like all pronouns, it substitutes a noun or ....................
noun phrase so that repetition is avoided. For example, in the phrase,
9. That car belongs to me. That car is ....................
"These books are yours, not mine", the words "yours" and "mine" are
possessive pronouns and stand for "your books" and "my books," 10. That antique chair belongs to my grandfather and

respectively. grandmother. That chair is ....................

Fill in the blanks with the right possessive pronouns. ADJECTIVE

An adjective is a word that describes something (a noun) or someone
1. Those toys belong to those kids. Those toys are .................... (a person).

2. This book belongs to my neighbor Willie. This book is Adjectives sometimes appear after the verb To Be

....................  He is short.
 She is tall.
3. This pen belongs to my uncle Thomas. This pen is
Adjectives sometimes appear before a noun.
....................
 Red car
4. This bag belongs to you. This bag is ....................
 Old hat
5. This house belongs to our family. This house is .................... BUT… Sometimes you want to use more than one adjective to
describe something (or someone).
6. This sewing kit belongs to my mother. This sewing kit is
What happens if a hat is both old AND ugly?
....................
Do we say… an ugly old hat OR an old ugly hat?
7. Those stickers belong to my friends. Those stickers are
An ugly old hat is correct because a certain order for adjectives is
.................... expected
(Note, you may hear the other version old ugly hat, though it doesn't 1. Andrea had a ________ in her hair yesterday.
sound natural)
So what is the correct order of adjectives when we put them before a nice yellow bow
noun or the thing they describe? yellow nice bow
Here is a chart that shows the main word order for adjectives in bow nice yellow
English:
2. She lost a ________ .

small white cat

cat small white
white small cat

3. I bought ________ oranges.

great some big

big great some
some great big

4. We met ________ people at the conference.

very smart two

two very smart
very two smart

5. The clown was wearing a ________ hat.

EXERCISES
 big green-yellow
big green and yellow
yellow and green big
6. The cookies that you ________ .
smell delicious baked
baked smell delicious
delicious smell baked
7. Is it ________ ?
cold getting outside
getting cold outside
getting outside cold
8. The course you are ________ .
taking sounds interesting
sounds interesting taking
interesting sounds taking
9. My uncle wore a ________ to the wedding.
silk blue tie
tie blue silk
blue silk tie
10. Have you met that _____ next door?
cute boy new
cute new boy
new boy cute
ADVERBS
Adverbs describe verbs (actions). They give more detail about the
action.
 My cat eats slowly.
Slowly is an adverb since it describes the way my cat eats.
How does my cat eat? Slowly.
Adverbs will generally answer the question 'How'.
Some adverbs are used to modify an adjective.
Adverbs that do this are: very, extremely, really, totally, absolutely,
quite, fairly, well. These are normally placed before the adjective.
 It was very hot yesterday.
 He is totally crazy.
TYPES OF ADVERBS However, adverbs are never positioned between the verb and
the object.
There are many types of adverbs, such as:
 I read the book quickly. - (Correct)
Adverbs of Frequency - always, sometimes, never, once a I read quickly the book. - (Incorrect)
week, hourly, etc.

Adverbs of Manner - carefully, slowly, loudly

Adverbs of Time - tomorrow, now, this year, next week,

soon, then

Adverbs of Place/Location - here, there, above, everywhere

Adverbs of Degree - very, extremely, rather, almost, nearly,

too, quite

Adverbs of Quantity - a few, a lot, much

Adverbs of Attitude - fortunately, apparently, clearly

Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill the gap with the
Adverbs Word Order adverb.

Adverbs are usually placed after the verb:

1. Joanne is happy. She smiles .
 He speaks clearly. 2. The boy is loud. He shouts .

When there is an object, the adverb is usually placed after 3. Her English is fluent. She speaks English .
the verb + object: 4. Our mum was angry. She spoke to us .

 I put the vase carefully on the table. 5. My neighbor is a careless driver. He drives .
6. The painter is awful. He paints .
 7. Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the
piano .
8. This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the
house .
9. She is a good dancer. She dances really .
10. This exercise is simple. You have to put one
word in each space.

CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction is a word which joins together sentences, and
sometimes words.
Examples:
Barry and Sate are good bowlers.
Two and two make four.
The man is poor, but honest.
Conjunctions are of two classes: Coordinating conjunctions, and
subordinating conjunctions.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
1. I have not seen him ………….. that unfortunate event
happened.
2. You may take this book ………. that one.
3. He was annoyed …………… he was contradicted.
4. He was ……..tired ………….. he could scarcely stand.
5. I am ………. tired ………….. I cannot go on.
6. I am better acquainted with the country …………… you are.
7. …………… there is life there is hope.
8. The girls sang ……………. the boys played.
9. …………. he is there, I shall see him.
10. I asked him …………… he would help me.
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
INTERJECTION

Interjections are words used to express some sudden feeling or

emotion. They are not grammatically related to other words in a
sentence. Interjections are usually followed by an exclamation mark
(!).

Interjections are rarely used in academic or scholarly writing.

However, they can be used if they are part of a direct quote. They are
more commonly used in formal language than informal language.

Fill in the blanks appropriate interjections.

1. ………… We have a party tomorrow!
2. …………… You look great this morning.
3. ……………. That was the best performance to date.
4. …………….. I can’t believe you broke my favorite toy.
5. …………… I think I have lost my keys again.
 In on between under in front of
6. ……………… I finally finished the painting.
Behind on the right of on the left of

1 The lamp is ................................... the

book.
2 The pencil is ................................. the
book.
3 The picture is ............................. the
wall.
4 The rug is ........................... the doll
and the palette.
5 The paintbrush is ..............................
the palette.
6 The palette is ................................. the
ball.
7 The teddy bear is ......................... the
bed.
8 The books are ............................. the
shelves.

9 The pencil is ................................. the

book.
10 The picture is ............................. the wall.
11 The rug is ........................... the doll and the palette.
12 The paintbrush is .............................. the palette.
13 The palette is ................................. the ball.
14 The teddy bear is ......................... the bed.
15 The books are ............................. the shelves.

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME – EXERCISES

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES PRINCIPAIS SUFIXOS
-able, -ible: que pode ser feito (-ável, -ível). Ex: comfortable,
PRINCIPAIS PREFIXOS printable, washable (lavável)
-al, -ial: possuir as características de. Ex: personal, critical,
a-, an-: sem. Ex: apolitical (apolítico), atheist (ateu)
magical
anti-: contra, oposição. Ex: anti-war (anti-guerra), antibody
-ed: verbos regulares no passado. Ex: worked, missed, played,
(anticorpo)
studied
bi-: duplicação, duas vezes. Ex: bilingual (bilingue), bilateral
-en: feito de. Ex: wooden (feito de madeira), woolen (feito de lã)
de-: oposto de. Ex: decentralization, devalue (desvalorizar)
-er, -or: 1) Aquele que faz (profissões). Ex: singer (cantor), actor,
dis-: não, oposto de. Ex: dislike (não gostar); disconnect
painter (pintor), teacher
(desconectar)
2) Adjetivo comparativo: longer (mais longo), faster (mais rápido)
fore-: antes de. Ex: forecast (previsão do tempo), foresee (prever)
-est: superlativo. Ex: the biggest (o maior de todos)
in-, im-, ir-, il-: não. Ex: injustice, impossible, irrelevant, illiterate
-Ify: acrescenta-se a substantivos e adjetivos para formar verbos.
(analfabeto)
Ex.: beautify (embelezar), purify
inter-: entre. Ex: international, interdisciplinary
(purificar).
mid-: meio. Ex: midway (no meio do caminho), midday (meio-dia)
-ion, -tion, -ation, -ition: ato ou processo de. Ex: occasion
mis-: incorretamente. Ex: misunderstand (não entender), mislead
(ocasião), attraction (atração)
(enganar, induzir ao erro)
-ity, -ty: estado de. Ex: infinity (infinidade)
non-: não, sem. Ex: nonsense (sem sentido), nonabrasive (não
-less: Falta de. Ex: fearless (sem medo), hopeless (sem esperança)
abrasivo)
-ly: característica de (-mente). Ex: quickly (rapidamente),
pre-: antes. Ex: precede (preceder)
passionately (apaixonadamente),
re-: novamente. Ex: return (retornar), reread (reler), redo (refazer)
generally (geralmente)
sub-: abaixo de, inferior. Ex: submarine, subway (metrô)
-ment: ação ou processo. Ex: statement (declaração)
super-: acima de, superior. Ex: superstar, superior, supernatural
-ness: estado de, condição de. Ex: kindness (gentileza), loneliness
(sobrenatural)
(solidão)
trans-: através de. Ex: transport, transatlantic
-ous-, -eous, -ious: possuindo as qualidades de. Ex: joyous (feliz),
un-: não. Ex: unhappy (infeliz), unkind (grosseiro)
famous (famoso), dangerous
(perigoso)
Escolha a melhor tradução para as palavras formadas a partir de B. Patrão
prefixos e sufixos abaixo. C. Desempregado

1. Time: Tempo / Overtime: 6. Interpret: Interpretar / Misinterpret:

A. Tempo esgotado A. Reinterpretar

B. Hora extra B. Interpretar mal
C. Fim dos tempos C. Não interpretar

2. Clean: Limpar / Cleaner: 7. Respect: Respeito / Respectful:

A. Limpeza A. Mal-educado
B. Limpador B. Respeitar
C. Muito limpo C. Respeitos

3. Do: Fazer / Undo:

A. Refazer
B. Terminar
C. Desfazer

4. Good: Bom / Goodness:

A. Bondade
B. Habilidade
C. Melhor

5. Job: Emprego / Jobless:

A. Empresa