Power Distribution and Utilization

B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Load Characteristics

Engr. Asad Muneer

Page 1 of 11
Learning Objectives:

Numerical Problems about:

• Load Demand.
• Demand Factor.
• Utilization Factor.
• Plant Factor.
• Load Factor.
• Diversity Factor.
• Load Diversity.

Page 2 of 11
Problem # 1
Annual peak load of a primary feeder is 2000 KW, at which total power loss is 80 KW
per phase. If annual loss factor is 0.15, then determine the following:
1. Average annual power loss?
2. Total annual energy loss due copper losses of feeder?
Solution:
1. Average annual power loss?

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

Loss Factor =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

Average power loss = Loss factor * power loss at peak load

= 0.15 * 80 KW
= 12 KW

Page 3 of 11
 2. Total annual energy loss due to copper losses of feeder?
TAEL = average power loss * 8760 h / yr.
= 12 KW * 8760 h / yr.
= 105,120 KWH
Problem # 2
A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6 hours and is shut
down for the rest of each day. It is also shut down for maintenance for 45 days each year.
Calculate its annual load factor.
Solution:
Annual load factor?

Energy supplied for each working day = (100 x 2) MWH + (50 x 6) MWH = 500 MWH

Station operates for = 365 – 45 = 320 days in a year

Energy supplied per year = 320 x 500 MWH = 160,000 MWH

Page 4 of 11
 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑊
Annual load factor =
𝑀𝑎𝑥.𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑊∗𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

160,000∗100
=(
100)(320∗24)
= 20.8 %
Problem # 3
A generating station has a maximum demand of 25 MW, a load factor of 60 %, a plant
capacity factor of 50 % and a plant use factor of 72 %. Find the following:
1. Reserve capacity of plant?
2. Daily energy produced?
3. Maximum energy that could be produced daily if the plant were fully loaded.
Solution:
1. Reserve capacity of plant?
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Load factor =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
0.60 =
25

Page 5 of 11
 Average demand = 15 MW

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Plant capacity factor =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Plant capacity =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

= 15 MW / 0.5 = 30 MW
Reserve plant capacity = Plant capacity – maximum demand
= 30-25
= 5 MW
2. Daily energy produced?
Daily energy produced = Average demand x 24
= 15 x 24
= 360 M

Page 6 of 11
 3. Maximum energy?
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑦
Maximum energy produced =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

= 360 / 0.72
= 500 MW H/ day
Problem # 4
A power station has a maximum demand of 15000 KW. The annual load factor is 50 %
and plant capacity factor is 40 %.
Determine the reserve capacity of the plant.
Solution:
Reserve capacity of the plant?
Energy generated / annum = Max. Demand x L.F. x Hours in a year
= 15000 x .50 x 8760 KWH
= 65.7 x 106 KWH

Page 7 of 11
 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚
Plant capacity factor =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦∗𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

65.7 x 106
Plant capacity =
0.4∗8760

= 18750 KW
Reserve plant capacity = Plant capacity – maximum demand
= 18750 KW- 15000 KW = 3750 KW
Problem # 5
At the end of a distribution system, a certain feeder supplies three distribution
transformers, each supplying a group of customers whose connected loads are as under:

Transformer Load Demand factor Diversity of groups

Transformer 1 10 KW 0.65 1.5

Transformer 2 12 KW 0.6 3.5

Transformer 3 15 KW 0.7 1.5

Page 8 of 11
If the diversity factor among the transformers is 1.3, find the maximum demand on the
feeder.

Solution:
Sum of maximum demands of customers on Tr-1 = Connected load x demand factor
= 10 KW x 0.65 = 6.5 KW
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑥.𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑟−1
Maximum demand on Tr-1 =
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
= 6.5 KW / 1.5 = 4.33 KW

Sum of maximum demands of customers on Tr-2 = Connected load x demand factor

Page 9 of 11
 = 12 KW x 0.6 = 7.2 KW

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑥.𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑟−2

Maximum demand on Tr-2 =
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠

= 7.2 KW /3.5 = 2.057 KW

Sum of maximum demands of customers on Tr-3 = Connected load x demand factor
= 15 KW x 0.7 = 10.5 KW

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑥.𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑟−3

Maximum demand on Tr-3 =
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
= 10.5 KW / 1.5 = 7 KW
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥.𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠
Maximum demand on feeder =
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠

4.33 KW+2.057KW+7KW
=
1.3

= 10.3 KW

Page 10 of 11
Assignment Problems

11 of 11