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Acute-phase protein
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Main page Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or
Contents decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation. This response is called the acute-phase reaction (also called
Featured content acute-phase response). For acute-phase reaction is characteristic fever, acceleration of peripherals leukocytes, circulating neutrophils
Current events and their precursors.[1] The terms acute-phase protein and acute-phase reactant (APR) are often used synonymously, although some
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APRs are (strictly speaking) polypeptides rather than proteins.
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Wikipedia store In response to injury, local inflammatory cells (neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages) secrete a number of
cytokines into the bloodstream, most notable of which are the interleukins IL1, and IL6, and TNFα. The liver
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responds by producing many acute-phase reactants. At the same time, the production of a number of other
Help proteins is reduced; these proteins are, therefore, referred to as "negative" acute-phase reactants. Increased
About Wikipedia acute-phase proteins from the liver may also contribute to the promotion of sepsis.[2]
Inflammatory
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cells and red blood
Recent changes Contents [hide] cells
Contact page 1 Regulation of synthesis
2 Positive
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3 Negative
What links here
4 Clinical significance
Related changes
5 See also
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Special pages 6 References

Permanent link 7 External links

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Regulation of synthesis [ edit ]
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TNF-α, IL-1β and INF-γ are important for the expression of inflammatory mediators such as prostagladins and leukotrienes and they
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also cause the production of platelet-activating factor and IL-6. After stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines, Kupffer cells produce
Wikimedia Commons IL-6 in the liver and present it to the hepatocytes. IL-6 is the major mediator for the hepatocytic secretion of APPs. Synthesis of APP

Print/export can be also regulated indirectly by cortisol. Cortisol can enhance expression of IL-6 receptors in liver cells and induce IL-6-mediated
production of APPs.[1]
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Printable version Positive [ edit ]

Positive acute-phase proteins serve (as part of the innate immune system) different physiological functions within the immune system.
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Some act to destroy or inhibit growth of microbes, e.g., C-reactive protein, mannose-binding protein,[3] complement factors, ferritin,
‫العربية‬
ceruloplasmin, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin. Others give negative feedback on the inflammatory response, e.g. serpins. Alpha 2-
Deutsch
macroglobulin and coagulation factors affect coagulation, mainly stimulating it. This pro-coagulant effect may limit infection by
Español
‫فارسی‬ trapping pathogens in local blood clots.[1] Also, some products of the coagulation system can contribute to the innate immune system
Français by their ability to increase vascular permeability and act as chemotactic agents for phagocytic cells.
Italiano
"Positive" acute-phase proteins:
Português
Slovenčina Protein Immune system function
Slovenščina C-reactive protein Opsonin on microbes[4] (not an acute-phase reactant in mice)
6 more
Serum amyloid P component Opsonin
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Recruitment of immune cells to inflammatory sites
Serum amyloid A
Induction of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix

Complement factors Opsonization, lysis and clumping of target cells. Chemotaxis

Mannan-binding lectin Mannan-binding lectin pathway of complement activation

Fibrinogen, prothrombin,
Coagulation factors, trapping invading microbes in blood clots.
factor VIII,
Some cause chemotaxis
von Willebrand factor

Plasminogen activator
Prevents the degradation of blood clots by inhibiting tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) [5]
inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)

Inhibitor of coagulation by inhibiting thrombin.[6]

Alpha 2-macroglobulin
Inhibitor of fibrinolysis by inhibiting plasmin

Ferritin Binding iron, inhibiting microbe iron uptake [7]

Stimulates the internalization of ferroportin, preventing release of iron bound by ferritin within
Hepcidin[8]
intestinal enterocytes and macrophages

Ceruloplasmin Oxidizes iron, facilitating for ferritin, inhibiting microbe iron uptake

Haptoglobin Binds hemoglobin, inhibiting microbe iron uptake and prevents kidney damage

Orosomucoid
(Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, Steroid carrier
AGP)

Alpha 1-antitrypsin Serpin, downregulates inflammation

Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin Serpin, downregulates inflammation

Negative [ edit ]

"Negative" acute-phase proteins decrease in inflammation. Examples include albumin,[9] transferrin,[9] transthyretin,[9] retinol-binding
protein, antithrombin, transcortin. The decrease of such proteins may be used as markers of inflammation. The physiological role of
decreased synthesis of such proteins is generally to save amino acids for producing "positive" acute-phase proteins more efficiently.
Theoretically, a decrease in transferrin could additionally be decreased by an upregulation of transferrin receptors, but the latter does
not appear to change with inflammation.[10]

Clinical significance [ edit ]

Measurement of acute-phase proteins, especially C-reactive protein, is a useful marker of inflammation in both medical and veterinary
clinical pathology. It correlates with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), however not always directly. This is due to the ESR
being largely dependent on elevation of fibrinogen, an acute phase reactant with a half-life of approximately one week. This protein
will therefore remain higher for longer despite removal of the inflammatory stimuli. In contrast, C-reactive protein (with a half-life of 6–
8 hours) rises rapidly and can quickly return to within the normal range if treatment is employed. For example, in active systemic
lupus erythematosus, one may find a raised ESR but normal C-reactive protein.

They may also indicate liver failure.[11]

See also [ edit ]

Wikipedia:MeSH D12.776#MeSH D12.776.124.050 --- acute-phase proteins

References [ edit ]
1. ^ a b c Jain S, Gautam V, Naseem S (January 2011). "Acute-phase
proteins: As diagnostic tool" . Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied
Sciences. 3 (1): 118–27. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.76489 .
PMC 3053509 . PMID 21430962 .
2. ^ Abbas A, Lichtman A, Pillai S (2012). Basic immunology Functions
and Disorders of the Immune System (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA:
Saunders/Elsevier. p. 40.
3. ^ B L Herpers, H Endeman, B A W de Jong, B M de Jongh, J C
Grutters, D H Biesma, and H van Velzen-Blad. Acute-phase
responsiveness of mannose-binding lectin in community-acquired
pneumonia is highly dependent upon MBL2 genotypes. Clin Exp
Immunol. 2009 Jun;156(3):488-94. PMID 19438602
4. ^ Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Immunology. Paperback: 384
pages. Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; (July 1, 2007).
Language: English. ISBN 0-7817-9543-5. ISBN 978-0-7817-9543-2.
Page 182
5. ^ Davidson SJ (24 July 2013). "Inflammation and Acute Phase
Proteins in Haemostasis". In Janciauskiene S (ed.). Acute Phase
Proteins. doi:10.5772/55998 .
6. ^ de Boer JP, Creasey AA, Chang A, Abbink JJ, Roem D, Eerenberg
AJ, et al. (December 1993). "Alpha-2-macroglobulin functions as an
inhibitor of fibrinolytic, clotting, and neutrophilic proteinases in
sepsis: studies using a baboon model". Infection and Immunity. 61
(12): 5035–43. PMID 7693593 .
7. ^ Koorts AA, Viljoen M (2011). "Acute Phase Proteins: Ferritin and
Ferritin Isoforms" (PDF). In Veas F (ed.). Acute Phase Proteins.
InTech. doi:10.5772/20586 .
8. ^ Vecchi C, Montosi G, Zhang K, et al. (August 2009). "ER stress
controls iron metabolism through induction of hepcidin" . Science.
325 (5942): 877–80. doi:10.1126/science.1176639 .
PMC 2923557 . PMID 19679815 .
9. ^ a b c Ritchie RF, Palomaki GE, Neveux LM, Navolotskaia O, Ledue
TB, Craig WY (1999). "Reference distributions for the negative
acute-phase serum proteins, albumin, transferrin, and transthyretin:
a practical, simple and clinically relevant approach in a large cohort".
J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 13 (6): 273–9. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-
2825(1999)13:6<273::AID-JCLA4>3.0.CO;2-X .
PMID 10633294 .
10. ^ Chua E, Clague JE, Sharma AK, Horan MA, Lombard M (October
1999). "Serum transferrin receptor assay in iron deficiency anaemia
and anaemia of chronic disease in the elderly" . QJM. 92 (10):
587–94. doi:10.1093/qjmed/92.10.587 . PMID 10627880 .
11. ^ Ananian P, Hardwigsen J, Bernard D, Le Treut YP (2005). "Serum
acute-phase protein level as indicator for liver failure after liver
resection". Hepatogastroenterology. 52 (63): 857–61.
PMID 15966220 .

External links [ edit ]

http://eclinpath.com/chemistry/proteins/acute-phase-proteins/
Acute-Phase+Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

V ·T ·E Acute-phase proteins [hide]

Amyloid SAP · SAA

Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin · Alpha 1-antitrypsin · Alpha 2-macroglobulin · C-reactive protein · Ceruloplasmin · C3 · Ferritin · Fibrin ·
Other positive
Haptoglobin · Hemopexin · Orosomucoid
Negative Serum albumin · Transferrin

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Categories: Acute phase proteins Immune system

This page was last edited on 29 September 2019, at 13:07 (UTC).

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