EXPERIMENT 6A

GENERAL TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES

OBJECTIVES
 Extract carbohydrates from liver sample.
 Perform and familiarize the tests for identification of carbohydrates.
 Understand the principle behind each step of extraction.

PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT

Monosaccharide is the simplest carbohydrates in that they cannot be hydrolysed to smaller

carbohydrates. They are basic units of Carbohydrates. They are made up of only one carbohydrate moiety.
They are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates such as disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Physically, they are usually colourless, can dissolve in water, and have the appearance of a crystal-like
substance. Molasses has a high content of the monosaccharide glucose. Cherries contain the
monosaccharide fructose, and yogurt contains the monosaccharide galactose. Examples of
monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose), and galactose. The naturally occurring
monosaccharides contain three to seven carbon atoms per molecule. Monosaccharides of specific sizes
may be indicated by names composed of a stem denoting the number of carbon atoms and the suffix -ose.
For example, the terms triose, tetrose, pentose, and hexose signify monosaccharides with, respectively,
three, four, five, and six carbon atoms. Monosaccharides are also classified as aldoses or ketoses. Those
monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde functional group are called aldoses; those containing a ketone
functional group on the second carbon atom are ketoses. Combining these classification systems gives
general names that indicate both the type of carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms in a
molecule. Thus, monosaccharides are described as aldotetroses, aldopentoses, ketopentoses, ketoheptoses,
and so forth. Glucose and fructose are specific examples of an aldohexose and a ketohexose, respectively.
its classifications are; Triose that are monosachrides with three carbon atoms; aldotrioses have an
aldehyde functional group at carbon number one. A common aldotrisose is glyceraldehyde. They have a
single asymmetric carbon atom: D- and L-glyceraldehyde are enantiomers of one another.
Glyceraldehydes are one of the smallest monosaccharides, Tetroses that are monosaccharides with four
carbon atoms. An aldotetrose has an aldehyde functional group at carbon number one. The two common
types of aldotetroses are D-Erythose and D-Threose, Pentose is a type of monosaccharide which has a
backbone of five carbon atoms. At carbon position 1, there is an aldehyde functional group attached
which gives it their aldose nature. Common types of 5-Carbon Aldoses include Ribose, Arabinose,
Eibose, Lyxose, and Xylose, Hexose is a monosaccharide with six carbons, but more specifically, an
aldohexose is a hexose with an aldehyde functional group at carbon number one.

Fischer Projection Howarth Projection

 A positive Molisch's test indicates the presence of a carbohydrate or any compound that
dehydrates to furfural or hydroxymethylfurfural in the presence of H2SO4. A purple- or red-colored ring
forming at the interface of the two liquids in the test tube indicates the positive result. Compounds other
than carbohydrates cause false positives. However, a negative result is definitive in confirming the
absence of carbohydrates. The color change is due to a condensation reaction between the sulfuric acid
and the two molecules of the phenol. While directions generally call for alpha-naphthol, other phenols,
including thymol and resorcinol, also create the colored ring.

Iodine test is an indicator for the presence of starch. Iodine solution (iodine dissolved in an
aqueous solution of potassium iodide) reacts with starch producing a blue-black color solution. Recall that
starch is a storage molecule found only in plants. Only plants and plant-based foods should test positive
for the presence of starch. Any animal product testing positive for starch may
be contaminated or mixed with plant product. Note that the iodine test for starch cannot be performed on
very dark solids or liquids which do not permit the observation of a colour change. Results of such an
experiment are inconclusive.

References:

https://cutt.ly/0eD4C6B
https://cutt.ly/NeD4B0y
https://cutt.ly/AeD4N1h
https://cutt.ly/GeD41PZ
https://cutt.ly/4eD40U7
https://cutt.ly/geD43eM

Group 3
MULA, JESU STEPHEN
CABO, KHRYSTA YSABEL
CHONG, ALIAH DANA
DAPAR, REA JERENE
DEABORDO, LEANNE RAY
DIMALANTA, ELISE KRISTEN LEIGH
GENERANA, TRISHA NICOLE