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Gelombang: Waves
Gelombang: Waves
Gelombang
1 Waves
1
• Membezakan antara gelombang melintang dan gelombang membujur dan memberi contoh-contoh bagi setiap gelombang.
UNIT
Compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give examples for each type of wave.
• Menyatakan maksud muka gelombang.
State what is meant by a wavefront.
• Menyatakan arah perambatan gelombang terhadap muka gelombang.
State the direction of propagation of waves in relation to wavefronts.
• Mentakrifkan / Define
i. Amplitud / Amplitude, ii. Tempoh / Period, iii. Frekuensi / Frequency,
iv. Panjang Gelombang / Wavelength, v. Halaju Gelombang / Wave speed.
• Melakar dan mentakrifkan graf sesaran-masa bagi gelombang.
Sketch and interpret a displacement-time graph for a wave.
• Melakar dan mentakrifkan graf sesaran-jarak bagi gelombang.
Sketch and interpret a displacement-distance graph for a wave.
• Menjelaskan hubungan antara laju, panjang gelombang dan frekuensi.
Clarify the relationship between speed, wavelength and frequency.
• Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan laju, panjang gelombang dan frekuensi.
Solve problems involving speed, wavelength and frequency.
• Menghuraikan pelembapan dalam sistem ayunan.
Describe damping in an oscillating system.
• Menghuraikan resonans dalam sistem ayunan.
Describe resonance in an oscillating system.
• Menghuraikan pantulan gelombang dalam sebutan sudut tuju, sudut pantulan, panjang gelombang, frekuensi, laju
dan arah perambatan.
Describe reflection of waves in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of reflection, wavelength, frequency, speed and direction of
propagation.
• Melukis rajah yang menunjukkan pantulan gelombang.
Draw a diagram to show reflection of waves.
• Menghuraikan pembiasan gelombang dalam sebutan sudut tuju, sudut biasan, panjang gelombang, frekuensi, laju
dan arah perambatan.
Describe refraction of waves in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, wavelength, frequency, speed and direction of
propagation.
• Melukis rajah yang menunjukkan pembiasan gelombang.
Draw a diagram to show refraction of waves.
• Menghuraikan pembelauan gelombang terdiri daripada panjang gelombang, frekuensi, laju, arah perambatan dan
bentuk gelombang.
Describe diffraction of waves in terms of wavelength, frequency, speed, direction of propagation and shape of waves.
• Melukis rajah yang menunjukkan pembelauan gelombang.
Draw a diagram to show diffraction of waves.
Memahami Gelombang
1.1
Understanding Waves
1 Gelombang ialah gangguan atau ayunan yang merambat melalui ruang-masa. Perambatan gelombang
menyebabkan pemindahan tenaga dan momentum
dari satu titik ke titik yang lain.
Wave is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through space-time. Wave motion causes transfers of energy and
momentum from one point to another.
2 Apabila tenaga dipindahkan oleh gelombang daripada sumber yang bergetar kepada penerima, maka tidak
terdapat pemindahan zarah-zarah antara dua titik.
When energy is transferred by wave from a vibrating source to a distant receiver, there is no transfer of particles
1
between the two points.
UNIT
Perbandingan antara gelombang melintang dan gelombang membujur
Comparison between transverse wave and longitudinal wave
the particles
Amplitud
Amplitude, a
Sesaran ayunan
Garisan atau permukaan yang menyambungkan titik-titik pada fasa yang sama.
The locus of points which vibrates in phase .
Muka gelombang
Wave front
Titik dalam fasa yang sama
Takrif Points in phase
C
Definition
C = puncak / Crest
T = Lembangan / Trough
UNIT
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Panjang gelombang ialah jarak antara dua titik yang berturutan yang bergetar
dalam fasa yang sama.
Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points which are vibrating in phase.
atau / or
Jarak antara dua puncak berturutan atau lembangan yang berturutan. (rujuk rajah
di bawah.
The distance between two successive crests or two successive troughs . (refer diagram below)
λ
Puncak / Crest
λ
Panjang
gelombang, λ
Wavelength, λ λ Lembangan / Trough
Panjang gelombang ialah jarak antara dua mampatan yang berturutan atau jarak
antara dua renggangan yang berturutan pada gelombang bunyi. (rujuk rajah di bawah)
Wavelength is the distance between two successive compressions or two successive
rarefactions in a sound wave. (refer to the diagram below)
λ
Puncak Puncak ialah titik pada gelombang dengan sesaran positif yang maksimum .
Crest maximum positive displacement
A crest is the point on a wave with the .
Lembangan Lembangan ialah titik pada gelombang dengan sesaran negatif yang maksimum .
Trough maximum negative displacement
1
A trough is the point on a wave with the .
UNIT
Ialah kawasan sepanjang gelombang membujur di mana tekanan dan ketumpatan
1 atau n
f= or f =
T t
1
λ
A
Masa
a Jarak, d
O Time
(cm)
Graf O Distance, d a
Graph a (cm)
a= Amplitud/Amplitude a = Amplitud/Amplitude
Halaju Halaju, v = f λ
Velocity Velocity, v = f λ
v v f
Graf
Graph
λ f λ
0 0 0
Tempoh / Masa ayunan bergantung pada Panjang gelombang dipengaruhi oleh frekuensi.
Inferens panjang bandul. Wavelength is influenced by frequency.
Inference The period / time of oscillation depends on
the length of the pendulum.
1 UNIT
Tempoh meningkat dengan panjang / Semakin Semakin tinggi frekuensi, semakin pendek
panjang bandul ringkas, semakin panjang panjang gelombang.
Hipotesis tempoh ayunan. The higher the frequency is, the shorter the wavelength
Hypothesis
The period increases with length / The longer the will be.
pendulum, the longer the period of oscillation.
Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang dan tempoh Mengkaji hubungan antara frekuensi dan
Tujuan ayunan bandul ringkas. panjang gelombang bagi gelombang.
Aim To investigate the relationship between the length and To investigate the relationship between frequency and
the period of oscillation for a simple pendulum. wavelength of a wave.
Jam randik, pembaris meter, kaki retort, Tangki riak, stroboskop mekanikal, pembaris
Senarai radas pengapit-G dan 2 keping gabus / papan lapis. meter, motor penggetar, kertas putih, bekalan
dan bahan Stopwatch, metre ruler, thread, retort stand, G-clamp kuasa, lampu dan bar kayu.
List of apparatus and 2 small pieces of cork / plywood. Ripple tank, mechanical stroboscope, metre ruler,
and materials vibrator motor, white paper, power supply, lamp and
wooden bar.
Lampu
Motor Lamp
Motor
Air
Kaki retort Water
Stroboskop
Retort stand mekanikal
Benang Mechanical
Susunan radas Thread stroboscope
Bar
Arrangement of the getaran
apparatus Vibrating
bar
1. Radas dan bahan disediakan seperti dalam 1. Tangki riak disediakan seperti dalam rajah
rajah dengan panjang bandul ditetapkan pada dan sehelai kertas putih diletakkan di bawah
90.0 cm. tangki riak.
Apparatus and materials are set up as shown in A ripple tank is set up as shown and a sheet of
the diagram with the length of pendulum fixed white paper is placed under the ripple tank.
at 90.0 cm. 2. Hidupkan suis motor penggetar pada
2. Hujung bandul ditarik ke sisi dengan sudut frekuensi 10 Hz.
sesaran yang kecil dan dilepaskan. Switch on the vibrator motor at a frequency of
The pendulum is pulled sideways with a small 10 Hz.
angular displacement and released. 3. Perhatikan gelombang air dengan
3. Masa 10 ayunan lengkap, t1 diukur dan menggunakan stroboskop dan ukur panjang
UNIT
direkodkan. gelombang.
The time for 10 complete oscillations, t1, is Observe the water waves by using the
1
t/s Panjang
2 Frekuensi, f / Hz
ℓ/cm _ T/s T /s2 gelombang, λ / cm
t1/s t2 /s t/s Frequency, f / Hz
Wavelength, λ / cm
90.0 10
Penjadualan Data
Tabulation of the 80.0 20
data
70.0 30
60.0 40
50.0 50
40.0
T 2/ s2 λ /cm
Menganalisis data
Analysis of the data
o I/cm o f/Hz
Latihan / Exercise
1 Seorang pelajar menggetarkan suatu sistem getaran 4 Rajah menunjukkan gelombang bunyi yang
spring sebanyak 4 kali per saat. Panjang gelombang KBATdihasilkan daripada satu tala bunyi.
bagi spring tersebut ialah 0.6 m. Berapakah halaju The diagram below shows the sound waves produced by a
gelombang menerusi spring tersebut? tuning fork.
A student makes a spring vibrating system vibrate at 4 cm
4 times per second. The wavelength of the wave on the
spring is 0.6 m. What is the speed of the wave moving
along the spring?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given
1
f = 4 Hz, λ = 0.6 m 150 cm
UNIT
v = f λ
= 4 Hz × 0.6 m
= 2.4 m s–1 (a) Berdasarkan rajah, tentukan
Based on the diagram, determine
2 Gelombang radio merambat dengan halaju (i) amplitud / the amplitude
3 × 108 m s–1. Berapakah panjang gelombang bagi (ii) panjang gelombang / the wavelength
gelombang radio FM yang diterima pada 200 MHz (b) Berapakah frekuensi gelombang bunyi
bagi mendapatkan siaran radio tersebut? sekiranya halaju bunyi adalah 330 m s–1?
Radio waves travel at a speed of 3 × 108 m s–1. What is the What is the frequency of the sound waves if the speed
wavelength of FM radio waves received at 200 MHz on of sound is 330 m s–1?
your radio dial? Penyelesaian / Solution
Penyelesaian / Solution 4 cm
(a) (i) a = (b) v = f λ
Diberi / Given 2
330 m s–1 = f × 0.5 m
v = 3 × 108 m s–1, f = 200 MHz = 2 cm
... f = 660 Hz
v = fλ
(3 × 108 m s–1) = (200 × 106 Hz) x λ (ii) 3λ = 150 cm
λ = 1.5 m λ = 50 cm
3 Seutas tali direntangkan di atas lantai. Satu 5 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf sesaran-jarak.
penghujung tali tersebut digoyangkan dengan The diagram below shows the displacement-time graph.
frekuensi 8 Hz. Graf di bawah menunjukkan Sesaran/m
sebahagian pergerakan tali dalam suatu masa. Displacement/m
A long rope is stretched out on the floor. One end of the 10
rope is then shaken at frequency of 8 Hz. The graph below
shows the rope at a particular moment in time. 0 Masa/s
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Time/s
Sesaran/m
Displacement/m –10
0.5
Berdasarkan graf di atas, tentukan
0 Jarak/m Based on the graph above, determine the
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 Distance/m (a) amplitud / amplitude
–0.5 (b) tempoh / period
(c) frekuensi / frequency
Tentukan / Determine Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) amplitud / the amplitude
(a) a = 10 m
(b) panjang gelombang / the wavelength
(b) T = 0.4 s
(c) halaju gelombang / the speed
Penyelesaian / Solution 1
(c) f =
T
(a) a = 0.5 m 1
(b) λ = 0.8 m = 0.4 s
(c) v = f λ
= 8 Hz × 0.8 m = 2.5 Hz
= 6.4 m s–1
Mengalami / Experiences
Terminologi Penjelasan
Terminology Explanation
Daya luar mesti dikenakan kepada sistem ayunan untuk membolehkan sistem berayun
Daya luar secara berterusan.
External force
An external force must be applied to an oscillation system to enable the system to go on continuously.
Daya luar membekalkan tenaga kepada sistem memaksa sistem berayun. Ayunan ini
Ayunan paksa dinamakan ayunan paksa.
Forced oscillation The external force supplying energy to the system forces the oscillation. This oscillation is called a
forced oscillation.
1
Frekuensi asli ialah frekuensi sesuatu sistem yang bergetar sendiri tanpa sebarang
UNIT
Frekuensi asli daya luar yang bertindak ke atasnya.
Natural frequency Natural frequency is the frequency of a system which oscillates freely without the action of
an external force.
Eksperimen yang
menunjukkan
fenomena F
A
resonans B D
Experiment to show
a phenomenon of E
resonance C
Beban
Load
• Bandul yang lain akan berayun dengan amplitud yang sangat kecil .
The other pendulums oscillate with very small amplitudes .
• Bandul D menerima tenaga yang lebih besar daripada bandul B, berbanding setiap bandul
yang lain. Maka, resonans berlaku.
Pendulum D receives a bigger amount of energy from pendulum B compared to each of the other
pendulums. Hence, resonance occurs.
Gelombang tuju
Gelombang tuju
1
Incident wave
Incident wave
λ
λ λ
Pemantul cekung
Concave reflector
Pemantul satah
r
Plane reflector
i
Gelombang tuju Gelombang
Incident wave terpantul
Reflected
wave λ λ
Pemantul satah λ
Plane reflector Gelombang terpantul Gelombang terpantul
Normal Reflected wave Reflected wave
Normal
i = sudut tuju
(sudut di antara gelombang tuju dan normal) Ciri-ciri / Characteristics
angle of incidence • Sudut i = sudut r / Angle of i = Angle of r
(the angle between the direction of propagation of the
incident wave and the normal) • Panjang gelombang , frekuensi dan halaju
r = sudut pantulan
tidak berubah selepas pantulan.
(sudut di antara gelombang pantulan dan normal)
angle of reflection Wavelength , frequency and speed do not change after
(the angle between the direction of propagation of the
reflection.
reflected wave and the normal)
• Arah perambatan gelombang berubah apabila ia
Gelombang tuju
Incident wave dipantulkan.
Gelombang terpantul Direction of propagation of wave changes when it is reflected.
Reflected wave
• i = r
• Gelombang tuju, gelombang terpantul dan garis normal terletak pada satah yang sama pada sudut tegak dengan
permukaan pantulan pada titik tuju.
The incident wave, reflected wave and normal lie in the same plane which is perpendicular to the reflecting surface
Tujuan Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara sudut tuju dan sudut pantulan.
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.
experiment
1
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable:
UNIT
Sudut tuju / Angle of incidence
Pemboleh ubah
eksperimen Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable:
Variables in the Sudut pantulan / Angle of reflection
experiment
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Fixed variable:
Kedudukan cermin satah, frekuensi / Position of the plane mirror, frequency
Senarai bahan
dan radas Kotak sinar, cermin satah, plastisin, proraktor dan kertas putih
List of materials Ray box, plane mirror, plasticine, protractor and white paper
and apparatus
Protraktor/Protractor
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the O
i Kertas putih/White paper
apparatus r
Kotak sinar N
Ray box
Plastisin/Plasticine
1. Garis normal, ON dilukis pada kertas putih. / A normal line, ON is drawn on the white paper.
2. Dengan menggunakan protaktor, satu sinar cahaya dari kotak sinar ditujukan ke cermin satah
pada sudut tuju, i = 10°.
By using the protractor, a ray of light from the ray box is directed to the plane mirror at angle of incidence,
i = 10°.
Prosedur
Procedure 3. Dengan menggunakan protraktor, sudut pantulan, r diukur.
By using the protractor, the angle of reflection ray, r is measured.
r/º
Menganalisis
data
Analysis the data
0 i/º
Refraction is the change in direction of the wave when its speed The wave has the same frequency but
changes as it moves from one medium to another, which has different speed wavelength
different , and
optical densities or different depths . direction of propagation.
Apabila gelombang merambat dari satu medium merentasi sempadan ke medium lain yang berbeza halaju,
gelombang yang terbias akan merambat dalam arah yang berbeza daripada gelombang tuju.
When a wave travelling in one medium crosses the boundary into another medium where its velocity is different , the refracted
wave will move in a different direction from that of the incident wave.
Ciri-ciri gelombang
Characteristics of waves
Keadaan Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek
Situation In deep water In shallow water
Halaju
Speed lebih laju / faster lebih perlahan / slower
Panjang gelombang
Wavelength lebih panjang / longer lebih pendek / shorter
Frekuensi
Frequency tidak berubah / unchanged tidak berubah / unchanged
F
F
1
kurang Apabila sinar tuju merambat dari medium yang
UNIT
Apabila sinar tuju merambat dari medium
lebih tumpat ke medium yang kurang
tumpat ke medium yang lebih tumpat ,
tumpat , ia akan dibiaskan menjauhi garis
ia akan dibiaskan mendekati garis normal.
normal.
When the light ray travels from an optically less dense
When the light travels from an optically denser
medium to an optically denser medium, it
medium to an optically less dense medium, it
bends towards the normal. bends away from the normal.
Kesan pembiasan
Effects of refraction
Udara panas
Tanjung / Cape Warm air
Laut Pantai
Sea Beach
• Apabila gelombang air merambat dari tengah laut ke pantai, gelombang • Pada waktu malam, lapisan udara di
mengikut bentuk pantai bawah lebih sejuk daripada lapisan udara
air .
di atas.
When water waves propagate from the sea to the beach, the water waves follow the
At night, the air layer near the ground is cooler
shape of the beach. than the layer above.
• Ini disebabkan gelombang air merambat dari kawasan air • Gelombang bunyi merambat
dalam ke kawasan air cetek . lebih laju dalam udara panas
This is so because the water waves propagate from deep water to daripada udara sejuk disebabkan lapisan
shallow water. udara panas kurang tumpat
Halaju panjang gelombang daripada udara sejuk.
• dan berkurang
Sound waves travel faster in
apabila gelombang air menghampiri pantai dan gelombang air dibiaskan
warm air than in cold air because warm air is
mendekati garis normal. less dense than cold air.
The speed and wavelength decrease as the waves approach the
• Gelombang bunyi dibiaskan
beach and hence the water wave is refracted towards the normal.
• Air di teluk lebih tenang berbanding air di tanjung. mendekati bumi pada waktu malam.
The water in the bay is more calm compared to the water at the cape. Hence, sound waves are refracted
towards the earth at night.
• Ini disebabkan kedalaman air berkurang secara perlahan merentasi • Pada hari panas, permukaan bumi yang
tenaga disebarkan panas menyebabkan lapisan udara yang
kawasan teluk dan gelombang air
berdekatan permukaannya menjadi
ke kawasan yang luas berbanding kawasan berdekatan dengan tanjung.
panas.
This is because the depth of water decreases gradually across the area of the bay
On a hot day, the hot surface of the earth heats
and the energy of the water wave spreads to a wider area the layer of air near the surface.
compared to the region near the cape. • Ini menyebabkan gelombang bunyi
• Amplitud gelombang air di teluk adalah kecil dibiaskan menjauhi permukaan
dan oleh itu air di kawasan teluk lebih tenang. bumi pada hari panas.
The amplitude of the water wave at the bay is low and hence This causes sound waves to be
the water at the bay is calm. refracted away from the earth during
hot day.
UNIT
1
Tujuan
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara sudut tuju dan sudut biasan
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction
experiment
Senarai bahan
dan radas Blok kaca, kotak sinar, kertas putih, protraktor, bekalan kuasa
List of materials Glass block, ray box, white paper, protractor, power supply
and apparatus
Kotak sinar
Ray box
N
i
A O B
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the r
apparatus
D C
P
1. Blok kaca diletakkan di atas sehelai kertas putih. Bentuk bongkah kaca dilakarkan di atas kertas
putih dan dilabelkan ABCD. Bongkah kaca dialihkan.
The glass block is placed on a piece of white paper. The outline of the sides of the glass block are traced on the
white paper and labelled as ABCD. The glass block is removed.
2. Garis normal ON dilukis. Dengan menggunakan protraktor, sudut tuju diukur, i = 10°.
Bongkah kaca diletakkan semula di atas lakaran itu. Alur cahaya dari kotak sinar di tujukan pada
sudut i itu. Alur yang terbias dari CD dilukis sebagai PQ. Blok kaca dialihkan semula. Satu garisan
Prosedur OP dilukis.
Procedure The normal ON is drawn. By using a protractor, the angle of incidence is measured, i = 10°.
The glass block is placed again on its outline on the paper. A ray of light from the ray box is directed along the
incidence line. The ray emerging from the side CD is drawn as line PQ. The glass block is removed again. The
points O and P are joined by a line and is drawn as line OP.
1
3. Sudut biasan, r diukur. / The angle of refraction, r, ray is measured.
UNIT
4. Eksperimen diulangi dengan sudut tuju, i = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°.
The experiment is repeated for angles of incidence i = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°.
Menjadualkan Sudut tuju / angle of incidence, i / ° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50°
data
Tabulation of data Sudut biasan / angle of refraction, r / °
Sudut biasan
Angle of refraction
r/°
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Sudut tuju
Angle of incidence
0 i/°
Tujuan
Mengkaji hubungan antara kedalaman air dan panjang gelombang
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the depth of water and the wavelength of water waves
experiment
Senarai bahan Tangki riak, lampu, motor, bar kayu, bekalan kuasa, kertas putih, protraktor, pantulan satah, plat
dan radas perspek, pembaris-15cm, stroboskop mekanikal, pembaris meter
List of materials Ripple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, protractor, plane reflector, perspex plate, 15cm-
and apparatus ruler, mechanical stroboscope, metre rule
Lampu
Lamp
Motor
Motor Air
Water Plat perspeks
Perspex plate
Bar getaran
Vibrating bar
Panjang gelombang
wavelength
λ / cm
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Kedalaman air
Depth of water
0 d / cm
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan gelombang satah air bergerak dari kawasan P ke kawasan Q yang mempunyai kedalaman
KBAT berbeza.
The diagram shows a plane water wave moving from one area P to another area Q of different depths.
P Q
1
12 cm 12 cm
UNIT
Halaju gelombang air di kawasan P ialah 18 cm s–1. Berapakah halaju gelombang air di kawasan Q?
The speed of the water wave in area P is 18 cm s–1. What is the speed of the water wave in area Q?
Penyelesaian
Solution
P Q
4λ = 12 cm 8λ = 12 cm
Kedalaman P:
Deep region P:
4λp= 12 cm vp = f λp
12 18 cm s–1 = f (3 cm)
λp = cm
4
\ f = 6 Hz
λp = 3 cm
Rajah: Belauan gelombang cahaya. Cahaya mempunyai panjang gelombang yang pendek .
Belauan gelombang cahaya terjadi hanya pada celahan yang mempunyai lebar 10–4 m atau kurang.
Diagram: Diffraction of light wave: Light has a very short wavelength. Diffraction of light waves occurs only for a
slit with a width of 10–4 m or less.
Dua rajah di bawah menunjukkan gambar foto belauan gelombang cahaya. Perhatikan bahawa lebar pinggir-pinggir
cerah dan gelap itu tidak malar. / The two diagrams below show the photographs of diffraction of light waves. Notice that the bright
and dark fringes are not constant in width.
Gambar foto (i) Gambar foto (ii)
Rajah / Diagram:
• Gelombang bunyi mempunyai gelombang yang panjang .
long Dinding
Sound wave has a wavelength. Wall
• Belauan gelombang bunyi menyebabkan bunyi masih boleh didengar
Pendengar
di penjuru dinding bangunan. Radio
Listener
Diffraction of sound waves enables sound to ‘go around a corner’. Radio
1 UNIT
Inferens Sudut bengkokan gelombang air bergantung kepada saiz celah
Inference The angle of bending of the waves depends on the size of the gap
Hipotesis Sudut bengkokan gelombang air meningkat apabila saiz celah berkurang
Hypothesis The angle of bending of the waves increases as the size of gap decreases
Tujuan
Mengkaji hubungan antara sudut bengkokan gelombang air dan saiz celah
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the angle of bending of the waves and the size of gap
experiment
Senarai bahan Tangki riak, lampu, motor, bar kayu, bekalan kuasa, kertas putih, dua batang bar besi, pembaris
dan radas meter, protraktor dan stroboskop mekanikal
List of materials Ripple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, two pieces metal bar, metre rule, protractor and
and apparatus mechanical stroboscope
Lampu
Lamp
Motor
Motor
Air
Water Bar logam
Metal bar
Celahan
Aperture slit
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the Stroboskop
mekanikal
apparatus
Mechanical
stroboscope
Bar getaran
Vibrating bar
3. Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan lebar celah,a = 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm dan 2.5 cm.
The experiment is repeated for width of slit, a = 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm.
UNIT
Menjadualkan Saiz celah / Size of gap, a / cm 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
1
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Saiz celah
Size of gap
0
a / cm
Hipotesis Lebar pinggir cerah di tengah bertambah apabila saiz celah berkurang
Hypothesis The width of the middle bright fringe increases as the size of the slit decreases
Tujuan
Mengkaji hubungan lebar pinggir cerah di tengah dengan saiz celah
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the width of the middle bright fringe and the size of the slit
experiment
Senarai bahan
dan radas Sumber cahaya monokromatik, slaid celah tunggal, pembaris meter
List of materials Monochromatic light source, single slit slide, metre rule
and apparatus
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the
apparatus
x
1 UNIT
Skrin Pinggir tengah cerah
Screen Middle bright fringe
1. Lebar celah direkodkan, a = 0.2 mm. Cahaya dari sumber ditujukan ke arah celahan.
The width of the slit is recorded, a = 0.2 mm. The light beam from the source is directed towards the slit.
Prosedur 2. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, lebar pinggir cahaya di tengah, x, diukur.
Procedure By using a metre rule, measure the width of the middle bright fringe, x.
3. Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan lebar celah, a = 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm dan 1.0 mm.
The experiment is repeated for widths of slit, a = 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm.
Menjadualkan Lebar celah / Width of slit, a / mm 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
data Lebar pinggir cerah tengah
Tabulate the data Width of middle bright fringe, x / cm
Menganalisis
data
Analysis the data
Lebar celah
Width of slit
0 a / mm
Latihan / Exercise
2 Rajah menunjukkan corak yang dihasilkan di atas skrin apabila cahaya monokromatik melalui celahan.
KBATThe diagram shows the pattern formed on a screen when a monochromatic light is passed through a slit.
G C C C G
Antara rajah berikut, yang manakah terhasil apabila saiz celah dikurangkan?
Which of the following diagrams occurs when the size of the slit is decreased?
A
3 Antara rajah berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan corak belauan cahaya bagi gelombang cahaya apabila
cahaya monokromatik melalui lubang pin yang halus?
Which of the following diagrams shows the patterns of diffraction of light waves when a monochoromatic light passes through
a small pin hole?
A
INTERFERENS / INTERFERENCE
• Interferens ialah kesan daripada superposisi dua gelombang dari dua sumber koheren
Interference is produced by the superposition of two waves from two coherent sources.
• Dua gelombang adalah koheren jika gelombang itu mempunyai frekuensi yang sama, panjang gelombang
yang sama dan dalam sefasa (fasa yang sama) .
Two waves are coherent if they have the same frequency , the same wavelength and are in
phase (same phase) .
1
• Interferens terhasil apabila dua gelombang bertemu semasa merambat dalam medium yang sama.
UNIT
Interference occurs when two waves meet at a point during propagation along the same medium.
• Apabila dua gelombang bertindih, interferens akan terhasil sama ada interferens membina atau
interferens memusnah
When the two waves are superposed, interference will occur. It will either be constructive interference or destructive
interference.
The Principle of superposition states that when two waves move simultaneously and coincide at a point, the displacement at that point is
equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves.
Amplitud maksimum
Maximum amplitude Amplitud sifar
Zero amplitude
Rajah: / Diagram: ax
Formula Interferens Young: λ=
Garis antinod Garis nod Young’s Interference Formula: D
(Interferens membina) (Interferens memusnah)
Antinodal line Nodal line
(Constructive interference) (Destructive interference)
x
Garis antinod
Puncak
Antinodal line
Crest
D
UNIT
Lembangan
Trough
1
S1 S2 Puncak
Sumber gelombang Crest
S1 S2
Waves sources Lembangan a
Trough
gelombang amplitud sifar / zero amplitude waves
gelombang puncak maksimum / maximum crest waves
gelombang lembangan maksimum / maximum trough waves
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Antinod Titik di mana interferens membina terbentuk
Antinode A point where constructive interference occurs
Nod Titik di mana interferens memusnah terbentuk
Node A point where destructive interference occurs
Jarak antara dua sumber koheren
a
Distance between two coherent sources
Panjang gelombang
Wavelength
Jarak antara dua garis nod (atau garis antinod) yang berturutan
x
Distance between two consecutive nodal lines (or antinodal lines)
Jarak berserenjang dari dua sumber ke titik untuk pengukuran x
D
Perpendicular distance from the two sources to the point of measurement of x
Jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan bergantung kepada jarak antara dua sumber koheren.
Inferens
Inference The distance between two consecutive nodal lines depends on the distance between two coherent sources.
Jarak antara dua garis nod berturutan bertambah apabila jarak antara dua sumber koheren
berkurang.
Hipotesis
Hypothesis The distance between two consecutive nodal lines increases as the distance between two coherent sources
decreases.
Mengkaji hubungan antara 'jarak antara dua sumber koheren, a,' dan 'jarak antara dua garis
Tujuan nod yang berturutan, x'.
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the 'distance, a, between two coherent sources' and the 'distance, x,
experiment
between two consecutive nodal lines'.
Senarai bahan Tangki riak, lampu, motor, kayu bar, bekalan kuasa, kertas putih, pencelup sfera, pembaris meter
1
dan radas dan stroboskop mekanik
UNIT
List of materials Ripple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, spherical dippers, metre rule and mechanical
and apparatus stroboscope
Lampu / Lamp
Motor
Motor
Air
Pencelup
Water
Dipper Tangki riak
Ripple tank
Bar getaran
Vibrating bar
1. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara dua pencelup diukur, a = 2.0 cm.
By using a metre rule, the distance between two dippers, a, is set = 2.0 cm.
2. Bekalan kuasa dihidupkan untuk menghasilkan dua gelombang membulat dari pencelup. Gelombang
dibekukan dengan menggunakan stroboskop mekanikal. Gelombang dilakarkan pada skrin.
The power supply is switched on to produce two circular waves from the dippers. The waves are frozen by a
mechanical stroboscope. The waves are sketched on the screen.
Prosedur
Procedure 3. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan, x, diukur.
By using a metre rule, the distance between two consecutive nodal lines, x, is measured.
4. Eksperimen diulangi pada jarak yang berbeza antara dua pencelup, a = 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm, 8.0 cm
dan 10.0 cm.
The experiment is repeated with different values of the distance between two dippers, a = 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm,
8.0 cm and 10.0 cm.
Latihan / Exercise
1 Dalam satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji corak interferens gelombang air, jarak antara dua pencelup sfera
ialah 2.5 cm dan jarak antara dua garis antinod berturutan pada titik pengukuran ialah 5.0 cm. Berapakah
panjang gelombang bagi air jika jarak dari dua pencelup ke titik pengukuran itu ialah 10.0 cm?
In an experiment to investigate the interference pattern of water waves, the distance between two spherical dippers is 2.5 cm
and at the point of measurement, the distance between two consecutive antinodal lines is 5.0 cm. What is the wavelength of the
water waves if the distance from the two dippers to the point of measurement is 10.0 cm?
Penyelesaian
Solution
Diberi / Given a = 2.5 cm, x = 5.0 cm, D = 10.0 cm
ax
λ =
UNIT
D
2.5 cm × 5.0 cm
1
=
10.0 cm
= 1.25 cm
Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan bergantung kepada panjang gelombang
Inferens gelombang cahaya
Inference
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes depends on the wavelength of the light waves.
Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan bertambah apabila panjang gelombang
Hipotesis gelombang cahaya bertambah
Hypothesis
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes increases as the wavelength of the light waves increases.
Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang gelombang cahaya dan jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang
Tujuan
eksperimen berturutan
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the wavelength of light waves and the distance between two
experiment
consecutive bright fringes.
Senarai bahan
dan radas Sumber cahaya LASER, skrin, dwicelah, pembaris meter dan pembaris-15 cm
List of apparatus LASER light source, colour source, screen, double slit, metre ruler and 15-cm ruler
and materials
Skrin
Screen
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the Sumber cahaya LASER a Kawasan
LASER light source interferens
apparatus
Interference area
Corak pinggir interferens
Slit dua celah 3.0 m Interference fringe pattern
Double slit D
1
The interference pattern formed on the screen is observed and drawn.
UNIT
3. Dengan menggunakan pembaris-15cm, jarak merentasi 6 pinggir cerah yang berturutan, L diukur.
By using a 15cm-ruler, the distance across 6 consecutive bright fringes, L is measured.
Prosedur L cm
Procedure Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan dikira, x =
4. 5
L cm is calculated.
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes, x =
5
5. Eksperimen diulangi dengan sumber LASER yang berbeza supaya panjang gelombang =
λ2, λ3, λ4 , λ5.
The experiment is repeated with different LASER light sources so that the wavelength = λ2, λ3, λ4 , λ5.
Menjadualkan λ/m
data
Tabulation of data x/m
x
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
0 λ
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan corak pinggir yang terbentuk dalam eksperimen dwicelah apabila cahaya monokromatik
KBATdigunakan. Jarak antara celah ialah 0.5 mm dan skrin adalah sejauh 3.0 m dari dwicelah itu.
The diagram shows the fringe pattern obtained in a double slit experiment when a monochromatic light is used. The double slits are
0.5 mm apart and the screen is 3.0 m away from the double slits.
1.4 cm
Berapakah panjang gelombang cahaya monokromatik itu?
What is the wavelength of the monochromatic light?
Penyelesaian Diberi / Given: ax
Solution λ =
a = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10–3 m D
D = 3.0 m (0.5 × 10–3 m) × (0.28 × 10–2 m)
=
3.0 m
x = 1.4 cm
5 = 4.67 × 10–7 m
= 0.28 cm
= 0.28 × 10–2 m
2 Dalam eksperimen interferens cahaya yang menggunakan cahaya hijau dengan panjang gelombang
KBAT5 × 10–7 m, jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang terbentuk pada skrin ialah 0.4 mm. Apabila eksperimen
diulangi dengan menggunakan cahaya monokromatik, L, jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang terbentuk ialah
0.48 mm. Berapakah panjang gelombang cahaya L?
In an experiment of light interference using green light of wavelength 5 × 10–7 m, two consecutive bright fringes formed on the
screen are 0.4 mm apart. When the experiment is repeated using monochromatic light, L, two consecutive bright fringes formed
are 0.48 mm apart. What is the wavelength of light L?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi λHijau = 5 × 10–7 m, Given λGreen = 5 × 10–7 m,
xHijau = 4 × 10 m, xL = 4.8 × 10 m
–4 –4
xGreen = 4 × 10–4 m, xL = 4.8 × 10–4 m
ax a
Dengan menggunakan λ = , Using λ = ,
D D
UNIT
a a
λHijau = ( )(xHijau ) ("a" dan D adalah malar di λGreen = ( )(xGreen ) (here, "a" and D are constants),
sini), D D
λ
\ ( a ) = Green
1
λ (i)
\ ( a ) = Hijau D xGreen
(i)
D xHijau a
But λL = ( )(xL)
a D
Tetapi λL = ( )(xL) λ
λL
D \(a)= L (ii)
\( )= a D xL
(ii)
D xL Equation (i) = Equation (ii);
Pers. (i) = Pers. (ii); λ λ
λHijau λL \ Green = L
\ xGreen xL
=
xHijau xL λGreen
λ \ λL = ( )(x )
\ λL = ( Hijau )(xL) xGreen L
xHijau
= (5 × 10–4 m) × (4.8 × 10–4 m)
–7
= (5 × 10–4 m) × (4.8 × 10–4 m) (4 × 10 m)
–7
(4 × 10 m) = 6.0 × 10–7 m
= 6.0 × 10 m –7
3 Dalam eksperimen interferens dwicelah dengan cahaya biru, jarak antara skrin dan dwicelah ialah
1.2 m dan pisahan antara celah ialah 2 × 10–4 m. Pinggir-pinggir cerah dan gelap terbentuk pada skrin. Kira
nilai x. (Diberi: panjang gelombang cahaya biru = 4.0 × 10–7 m).
In a double-slit interference experiment with blue light the distance between the screen and double slits is 1.2 m and slit separation
is 2 × 10–4 m. Bright and dark fringes are seen on the screen. Calculate x. (Given: the wavelength of blue light = 4.0 × 10–7 m).
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given D = 1.2 m, a = 2 × 10–4 m, λ = 4.0 × 10–7 m
ax
λ = x
D
\ x = λD (4.0 × 10–7 m)(1.2 m)
=
a 2 × 10–4 m
= 2.4 × 10–3 m
Jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat berturutan bergantung kepada jarak antara pendengar
Jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat berturutan bertambah apabila jarak antara pendengar
Mengkaji hubungan antara 'jarak antara pendengar dari dua pembesar suara' dengan 'jarak
Tujuan
antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat yang berturutan'.
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the 'distance between the listener and the two loudspeakers', and the 'distance
experiment
between two successive loud regions'.
1
eksperimen jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat yang berturutan, x
Variables in the
UNIT
experiment the distance between two successive loud regions, x
Senarai bahan
Dua pembesar suara, penjana frekuensi-audio, dawai penyambung dan pembaris meter, padang
dan radas
atau gelanggang terbuka.
List of materials
Two loudspeakers, audio-frequency generator, connection wires and metre ruler, open court or field.
and apparatus
Penjana berfrekuensi audio
Audio-frequency generator Pembesar suara
Loudspeaker
Pembesar suara
Loudspeaker
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the
apparatus
Pendengar
D
Listener
1. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara pendengar dan pembesar suara,
D = 2.0 m, diukur.
Penjana berfrekuensi audio dihidupkan. Eksperimen ini dijalankan di gelanggang terbuka supaya
tiada gema.
By using a metre rule, the distance between the listener and the loudspeaker, D = 2.0 m, is measured.
The audio-frequency generator is switched on. This experiment is conducted in an open court so that there is no echo.
2. Pendengar berjalan selari dengan sisi depan meja dan jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi
Prosedur kuat berturutan, x diukur.
Procedure
The listener walks in a straight path parallel to the front edge of the table and the distance between
3. Eksperimen diulangi pada jarak yang berbeza antara pendengar dengan pembesar suara,
D = 4.0 m, 6.0 m, 8.0 m dan 10.0 m.
The experiment is repeated with distances between the listener and the loudspeakers,
D = 4.0 m, 6.0 m, 8.0 m and 10.0 m.
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
D
0
UNIT
Latihan / Exercise
1
1 Dalam eksperimen interferens gelombang bunyi, pendengar berada pada jarak 5.0 m dari dua pembesar
suara. Jarak antara dua pembesar suara ialah 2.0 m. Pembesar suara disambungkan kepada penjana
berfrekuensi audio untuk menghasilkan gelombang bunyi pada frekuensi 0.8 kHz.
In an experiment on the interference of sound waves, a listener is at a distance of 5.0 m from the two loudspeakers. The distance
between the two loudspeakers is 2.0 m. The loudspeakers are connected to an audio-frequency generator to produce sound
waves at a frequency of 0.8 kHz.
Hitungkan / Calculate
(a) panjang gelombang bunyi jika halaju bunyi ialah 320 m s–1
the wavelength of the sound waves if the speed of sound is 320 m s–1
(b) jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat yang berturutan
the distance between two successive loud regions
Penyelesaian
Solution
Diberi / Given D = 5.0 m, a = 2.0 m, f = 0.8 × 103 Hz, v = 320 m s–1
(a) Dengan menggunakan formula / By using formula, v = f λ
320 m s–1 = (0.8 × 103 Hz)(λ)
λ = 0.4 m
ax
(b) Dengan menggunakan formula / By using formula, λ =
D
(2.0 m)(x)
0.4 m =
5.0 m
\ x = 1.0 m
2 Dalam eksperimen interferens gelombang, dua pembesar suara diletakkan pada jarak 1.5 m antara satu sama
lain. Jarak antara dua bunyi lemah yang berturutan ialah 6.0 m dan pendengar berada pada jarak 4.5 m dari
pembesar suara. Berapakah panjang gelombang bunyi yang digunakan?
In an experiment on the interference of waves, two loudspeakers are placed at a distance of 1.5 m from each other. The distance
between two consecutive soft sounds is 6.0 m and the listener is at a distance of 4.5 m from the loudspeakers. What is the
wavelength of the sound wave used?
Penyelesaian
Solution
1
The distance between two consecutive lines, x
x is inversely proportional to the distance between two sources, a
UNIT
xα 1
• a
a
0
λ
0
• x α D
D
0
• Kelawar bergerak waktu malam dengan • Gelombang bunyi ialah gelombang membujur .
mengeluarkan gelombang bunyi yang tinggi Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
kelangsingannya dalam julat ultrasonik. • Gelombang bunyi diklasifikasikan sebagai gelombang
Bats can navigate in darkness by emitting high-pitch mekanikal .
Sound waves are classified as mechanical waves.
sound waves in ultrasonic range.
UNIT
1
• Halaju gelombang bunyi meningkat dengan
If the echo-sounders measure an interval of time, t, and the
UNIT
speed of sound wave in water is v, then the depth, d can be suhu .
calculated as follows: increases temperature
The speed of sound with .
Jarak yang dilalui oleh isyarat yang dipantulkan = • Halaju gelombang bunyi di puncak gunung lebih
Distance travelled by pulse =
speed × time bot rendah daripada halajunya di paras laut
2d = v × t boat
kerana suhunya dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh
tekanan rendah .
d d The speed of sound at the peak of high-altitude mountains is
lower than its speed at the sea level because of
Dasar Laut
Sea Bed temperature and not due to the lower pressure .
Penghasilan Bunyi
Production of Sound
Kenyaringan Kelangsingan
Loudness Pitch
Amplitud Frekuensi
Amplitude Frequency
Kenyaringan bunyi bergantung kepada amplitud nya. Kelangsingan bunyi bergantung kepada frekuensi nya.
The loudness of the sound depends on its amplitude . The pitch of the sound depends on its frequency .
Kelangsingan rendah dan kelangsingan Gelombang yang merambat mengikut permukaan bumi
tinggi Waves which propagate in the Earth's surface
Low pitch and high pitch Satelit Ionosfera
Satellite Ionosphere
A B C UHF VHF
Gelombang
langit
Gelombang Sky wave
angkasa
Space wave
Televisyen
Stesen satelit bumi Television Radio Stesen
Penjana frekuensi audio disambung Earth satellite station Radio geganti Stesen pemancar
Relay Transmitting station
kepada pembesar suara dan diletakkan station
berhampiran sudut satu dinding. Tiga orang
1 Gelombang yang merambat berdekatan dengan permukaan
pelajar, A, B, dan C, pula berdiri di sudut
bumi dikenali sebagai gelombang bumi. Gelombang radio yang
hadapan. Apabila bunyi yang mempunyai
berfrekuensi rendah adalah sesuai untuk komunikasi jarak jauh
kelangsingan tinggi dihasilkan, hanya
mengikut permukaan bumi.
pelajar C sahaja yang boleh mendengar
Propagating waves near the earth's surface known as the wave of the earth.
bunyi dengan jelas. Apabila kelangsingan Low-frequency radio waves that are suitable for long-distance communication
bunyi yang rendah dihasilkan, ketiga-tiga in accordance with the earth's surface.
pelajar boleh mendengar bunyi dengan 2 Oleh sebab julat jarak yang dilaluinya pendek (lebih kurang
jelas. Kelangsingan adalah berkadar terus 100 km), maka stesen geganti diperlukan untuk menerima dan
dengan frekuensi yang menyebabkan menghantar isyarat.
bunyi bernada tinggi. Kelangsingan yang Due to the short range of distance traversed, so a relay station is needed for
tinggi mempunyai frekuensi yang tinggi dan receiving and transmitting the signal.
panjang gelombang yang pendek. Panjang Gelombang yang dipantul oleh lapisan ionosfera
gelombang yang pendek menyebabkan Waves reflected by the ionosphere
pembelauan berkurang dan bunyi kurang 1 Gelombang radio yang dapat dipantul balik oleh ionosfera dari
merebak keluar, jadi hanya pelajar C boleh bahagian atas atmosfera jika frekuensinya kurang daripada
mendengar bunyi dengan jelas. Apabila 30 MHz dikenali sebagai gelombang langit. Gelombang ini boleh
kelangsingan rendah, frekuensi gelombang merambat melalui suatu jarak yang lebih jauh.
rendah. Bunyi mempunyai panjang Radio waves can bounce off the ionosphere from the upper atmosphere
gelombang yang panjang, maka ia mudah if its frequency is less than 30 MHz known as sky wave. These waves can
dibelaukan supaya ketiga-tiga pelajar boleh propagate through a greater distance.
mendengar bunyi tersebut. 2 Gelombang langit bergerak mengelilingi Bumi dengan pantulan
An audio frequency generator is connected a antara ionosfera dengan permukaan bumi.
speaker and placed near the corner of wall. Three Sky wave moves around the Earth with reflection between the ionosphere and
students, A, B, and C, are standing at the other the earth's surface.
1
corner. When a pitch sound is high, only student
C can hear the sound clearly. When a low pitch Gelombang yang merambat menembusi ionosfera
UNIT
sound is generated, all the three students can hear Propagating waves penetrate the ionosphere
the sound clearly. Pitch is directly proportional to 1 Jika frekuensi gelombang radio melebihi 30 MHz, gelombang
frequency causes high pitch, high frequency. High itu boleh merambat menembusi ionosfera ke ruang angkasa.
frequency and short wavelength. Low wavelength Gelombang jenis ini dikenali sebagai gelombang angkasa.
cause less diffraction and spread out, so only Gelombang angkasa merambat mengikut garis lurus ke penerima
student C can hear the sound clearly. When low di sepanjang garis pandangan dari pemancar.
pitch, low frequency so long wavelength. Sound If the frequency of radio waves exceeding 30 MHz, the wave can penetrate
can be easily diffracted, hence all the students can the ionosphere into space. This type of wave is called as space wave. Space
hear the sound. wave propagates in a straight line to the receiver along the line of sight of the
transmitter.
2 Geganti untuk menerima dan menghantar semua gelombang ke
permukaan bumi ini.
Range of propagation of space wave can be added via satellite. Satellite acts
as a relay station for receiving and transmitting it back to the earth's surface.
Latihan / Exercise
1 Isyarat sonar telah dihantar secara menegak ke dasar laut dari sebuah kapal dan dipantulkan dari dasar laut
dan dikesan oleh mikrofon 0.8 s selepas dipancarkan. Jika halaju bunyi dalam air ialah 1 500 m s–1, berapakah
kedalaman dasar laut itu?
A sonar signal sent vertically downwards from a ship is reflected from the ocean floor and detected by a microphone on the keel
0.8 s after transmission. If the speed of sound in water is 1 500 m s–1, what is the depth of the ocean?
Penyelesaian
Solution
2d = v × t
2d = (1 500 m s–1) × (0.8 s)
1 500 m s–1 × 0.8 s
d =
2
= 600 m
2 Seorang lelaki berdiri di hadapan sebuah dinding satah yang besar pada jarak 50 m. Dia menepuk tangan dan
sela masa antara 20 tepukan dan gemanya ialah 12.0 s. Berapakah halaju bunyi itu?
A man stands in front of a fairly large flat wall at a distance 50 m. He claps his hands and the time intervals between 20 claps
and its echo is 12.0 s. What is the speed of the sound?
Penyelesaian / Solution :
2d = v × t
12.0 s
2(50 m) = v ×
20
v = 166.67 m s–1
UNIT
1.7
Analysing Electromagnetic Waves
Medan magnet
Magnetic field
Arah perambatan gelombang
Direction of Propagation of waves
2 Spektrum elektromagnet ialah spektrum yang berterusan , tanpa jurang antaranya dan frekuensi
berterusan dalam julat. / The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous spectrum , with no gaps in it and the
frequencies continuous in the range.
Spektrum elektromagnet / The electromagnetic spectrum
Frekuensi
Gelombang panjang radio
Frequency 103
Long-wave radio
Gelombang
Radio wave
radio
100
10 9 Gelombang mikro
Gelombang
Microwaves
Microwaves
mikro
Gelombang milimeter
Panjang gelombang
10–3
Cahaya inframerah
Millimeter waves
Infrared light
10 12
Wavelength
Sinar inframerah
Frekuensi
Frequency
Infrared light
Visible light
nampak
Cahaya
Hz m
Cahaya nampak 10–6
Visible light
1015 Sinar ultraungu
Ultraviolet light
Ultraviolet
ultraungu
Cahaya
10–9
light
Sinar X
1018 X-rays
Sinar X
X-rays
Gamma rays
gama
Sinar
rays
Panjang gelombang
Wavelength
Komponen medan magnet dan medan elektrik saling bergetar berserenjang antara satu sama lain dan
dengan arah perambatan gelombang.
The magnetic field and electric field components of the wave oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of
propagation of the wave.
1
Sifat gelombang
elektromagnet c = 3 × 108 m s–1
UNIT
c = f λ, c adalah halaju cahaya
Properties of
Obey the wave equation, electromagnetic Can travel through a
waves vacuum at the speed of light
c = f λ, c is velocity of light
c = 3 × 108 m s–1
Objek yang sangat panas, i. Membunuh mikrob, mengesan Terlalu tinggi dos UV
matahari, lampu wap wang kertas palsu / Kill microbes, yang boleh merosakkan
Sinar ultraungu merkuri detecting forged bank notes retina menyebabkan
Very hot objects, the sun, ii. Pensterilan untuk memusnahkan kanser kulit
Ultraviolet radiation mercury vapour lamps kuman / Sterilisation to destroy germs Large doses of UV which
iii. Penghasilan vitamin D dalam kulit can damage retina, causes
skin cancer
UNIT
f
Pernyataan yang manakah betul?
B D f
Which statement is correct?
A Amplitudnya ialah 2.0 cm.
The amplitude is 2.0 cm.
B Panjang gelombangnya ialah 4.0 cm.
0 T 0 T The wavelength is 4.0 cm.
C Tempoh ayunannya ialah 4.0 s.
2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan graf sesaran melawan jarak The period of oscillation is 4.0 s.
bagi gelombang. / Diagram 2 shows the displacement- D Bilangan ayunan dalam 2 s ialah 0.5.
distance graph of a wave. The number of oscillation in 2 s is 0.5.
3 Antara rajah berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan 5 Rajah 5 menunjukkan gelombang air yang
contoh gelombang membujur? merambat ke arah satu pemantul dalam tangki
Which diagram shows an example of a longitudinal wave? riak.
A Cahaya bergerak dari lampu ke skrin. Diagram 5 shows water waves propagating towards a
Light traveling from a lamp to a screen. reflector in a ripple tank.
Pemantul
Reflector
Lampu Kanta Skrin
Lamp Lens Screen
Rajah 5
B Riak air disebabkan pencelup bergetar ke
1
Diagram 5
atas dan ke bawah. Corak gelombang manakah yang betul selepas ia
UNIT
Water ripple caused by a dipper moving up and down.
menghentam pemantul tersebut?
Which wave pattern is correct after it hits the reflector?
Pencelup
Dipper Air A C
Water
Pemantul Pemantul
Reflector Reflector
C Spring ditolak ke hadapan dan ke belakang.
A spring is pushed forwards and backwards.
B D
7 Rajah 7 menunjukkan satu alat yang digunakan Jika panjang gelombang ialah 1.0 cm, berapakah
oleh pengurup wang untuk mengesan wang kertas nilai bagi jarak antara dua sumber, a?
palsu. If the wavelength is 1.0 cm, then what is the value of a, the
Diagram 7 shows a device used by a money-changer to distance between the two sources?
detect counterfeit bank notes. A 2.0 cm C 2.8 cm
B 2.4 cm D 3.2 cm
P
Rajah 7 / Diagram 7 a
a
1
D
a
Rajah 11 / Diagram 11
9 Rajah 9 menunjukkan satu corak interferens. Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan pinggir-
Diagram 9 shows an interference pattern. pinggir yang diperhatikan jika cahaya hijau
digantikan dengan cahaya merah?
Crest Which of the following fringes are observed when the
Puncak
green light is replaced by red light?
Source 1
Sumber 1 A
a 2.5 cm
Source 2 B
Sumber 2 7.0 cm
C
Rajah 9 / Diagram 9
1
Jigsaw blade G-clamp
UNIT
Bilah gergaji Apit G
Rajah 1.1 (a) / Diagram 1.1 (a)
G-clamp Rajah 1.1 (b) / Diagram 1.1 (b)
Jigsaw blade
Beban 400 g
400 g load
Beban 400 g Sesaran/m
400 g load Displacement/m
Rajah 1.2 (a) / Diagram 1.2 (a) Rajah 1.2 (b) / Diagram 1.2 (b)
Rajah 1.2(a) menunjukkan sebilah gergaji yang serupa berayun secara mengufuk apabila satu beban 400 g
dipasang kepadanya. Rajah 1.2(b) menunjukkan graf sesaran-masa bagi ayunan bilah gergaji itu.
Diagram 1.2(a) shows an identical jigsaw blade oscillating horizontally when a 400 g load is fixed to it. Diagram 1.2(b) shows
the displacement-time graph for the oscillating jigsaw blade.
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan sesaran? / What is meant by displacement?
Jarak pada arah tertentu. / Distance in a specified direction.
(b) Perhatikan Rajah 1.1 dan 1.2. / Observe Diagrams 1.1 and 1.2.
(i) Bandingkan jisim beban yang dipasang pada hujung bilah gergaji.
Compare the mass of the loads fixed to the end of jigsaw blades.
Jisim beban Rajah 1.1 < Jisim beban Rajah 1.2. / Mass of loads in Diagram 1.1 < Mass of loads in Diagram 1.2.
(ii) Bandingkan tempoh ayunan. / Compare the period of oscillations.
Tempoh ayunan Rajah 1.1 < Tempoh ayunan Rajah 1.2.
The period of oscillation in Diagram 1.1 < The period of oscillation in Diagram 1.2.
(iii) Bandingkan bilangan ayunan dalam 3 saat.
Compare the number of oscillations in 3 seconds.
Bilangan ayunan Rajah 1.1 > Bilangan ayunan Rajah 1.2.
When the mass of the load increases, the period of oscillation increases.
(v) Hubung kaitkan tempoh ayunan dengan bilangan ayunan dalam 3 saat.
Relate the period of oscillation to the number of oscillations in 3 seconds.
Tempoh ayunan kekal tidak berubah apabila bilangan ayunan meningkat.
The period of oscillation remains unchanged when the number of oscillations increases.
(c) (i) Apakah yang berlaku kepada amplitud ayunan bilah gergaji setelah berayun untuk beberapa ketika?
What happens to the amplitude of the oscillation of the jigsaw blade after oscillating for some time?
Berkurang / Decreases
(ii) Beri satu sebab untuk jawapan di 1(c)(i).
Give one reason for the answer in 1(c)(i).
Tenaga hilang ke persekitaran akibat geseran udara.
Rajah 2 / Diagram 2
(a) (i) Dengan merujuk kepada Rajah 2, namakan sinaran Q.
Based on Diagram 2, name the type of radiation Q.
Q ialah inframerah / Q is infrared
(ii) Namakan satu kegunaan sinaran Q.
Name one application of radiation Q.
Kawalan remote.
Remote control.
(b) Bandingkan panjang gelombang bagi gelombang mikro dengan panjang gelombang bagi sinar-X.
Compare the wavelength of microwave with that of X-ray.
Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang mikro lebih panjang daripada panjang gelombang sinar-X.
membujur.
Atau / Or
Gelombang elektromagnet boleh merambat dalam vakum manakala gelombang bunyi tidak boleh.