The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the major structures involved in breathing including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and respiratory membrane. It outlines the branching structure of the bronchial tree and divisions within the lungs. It also briefly explains the four main events of respiration: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, and internal respiration.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the major structures involved in breathing including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and respiratory membrane. It outlines the branching structure of the bronchial tree and divisions within the lungs. It also briefly explains the four main events of respiration: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, and internal respiration.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the major structures involved in breathing including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and respiratory membrane. It outlines the branching structure of the bronchial tree and divisions within the lungs. It also briefly explains the four main events of respiration: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, and internal respiration.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the major structures involved in breathing including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and respiratory membrane. It outlines the branching structure of the bronchial tree and divisions within the lungs. It also briefly explains the four main events of respiration: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, and internal respiration.
- Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa Trachea (windpipe)
on the superior surface - 4 inches long tube that connects larynx and - The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory bronchi mucosa (lysozyme enzyme) , which: - Walls are reinforced with C- shaped hyaline o Moistens air cartilage, which keeps the trachea patent o Traps incoming foreign particles - Lined with ciliated mucosa - Lateral walls have projections called conchae o Cilia beat continuously in the opposite o Increase surface area direction of incoming air o Increase air turbulence within the nasal o Expel mucus loaded with dust and other cavity debris away from lungs - The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate Main (primary) Bronchi o Anterior hard plate (bone) - Formed by division of the trachea o Posterior soft plate (unsupported) - Each bronchus enters the lung at the hilum - Functions of the sinuses: (medial depression) o Lighten the skull - Right bronchus is wider, shorter, straighter than o Act as resonance chambers for speech left o Produce mucus that drains into the - Bronchi subdivide nasal cavity Lungs The pharynx - Occupy the most of the thoracic cavity - Muscular passage form nasal cavity to larynx o Heart occupies central portion called - 3 regions of the pharynx: mediastinum o Nasopharynx, superior region behind - Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion) nasal cavity - Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion) o Oropharynx, middle region behind - Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures mouth (food) o Left lung- 2 lobes o Laryngopharynx, (air) o Right lung – 3lobes - Pharyngotympanic tubes, opnes into the - Serosa covers the outer surface of the lungs nasopharynx o Pulmonary (visceral) pleura, covers the - Tonsils (composed of lymphatic cells – produce lung surface antibodies) of the pharynx o Parietal pleura lines the wall of the o Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), located in thoracic cavity the nasopharynx o Palatine tonsils, located in the Bronchial (respiratory) Tree Divisions oropharynx - All but the smallest of these passageways have o Lingual tonsils, found at the base of the reinforcing cartilage in their walls tongue - Conduits to and from the respiratory zone o Primary Larynx (voice box) o Secondary - Routes air and food into proper channels o Tertiary - Plays a role in speech o Bronchioles - Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a - Respiratory zone Structures: spoon-shaped - Respiratory Membrane - Thyroid cartilage o Thin squamous epithelial layer lines the o Largest of the hyaline cartilages alveolar walls o Protrudes anteriorly o Alveolar pores connect neighboring air - Epiglottis sacs o Protects o Pulmonary capillaries cover external - Vocal folds (true vocal chords) surface of alveoli o Vibrate with expelled air o Respiratory membrane (air-blood o The glottis barrier) On one side o Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion Oxygen enters the blood CO2 enters the alveoli o Alveolar microphages, add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris o Surfactant, (a lipid molecule) coats gas exposed alveolar surfaces Important in lowering of the surface tension of the lungs - 4 events of Respiration 1.) Pulmonary ventilation, moving air into and out of the lungs (breathing) 2.) External Respiration 3.) Respiratory gas transport, transport of O and CO2 via the bloodstream 4.) Internal Respiration