Name : Shakila Khaira Ardiani (4191151009)

IPA Dik B 2019

Video 1

[Narrator] The universe is everything.

From the tiniest particles, to the largest galaxies, to the very existence of space, time, and life.
But how did it all begin? The origin of the universe is the origin of everything. Multiple
scientific theories plus creation myths from around the world have tried to explain its
mysterious genesis. However, the most widely accepted explanation is the big bang theory.
The big bang theory states that the universe began as a hot and infinitely dense point. Only a
few millimeters wide, it was similar to a supercharged black hole. About 13,7 billion years ago
this tiny singularity violently exploded. And it is from this explosion,this bang, that all matter,
energy, space, and time were created. What happened next were two major stages of the
universe’s evolution. Called the radiation and matter eras, they’re defined by key events that
helped shape the universe. First came the radiation era, named for the dominance of radiation
right after the big bang. This era is made of smaller stages call epochs that occurred within the
universe’s first tens of thousands of years. The earliest is the planck epoch. No matter existed
in the universe at this time, only energy and the ancestor to the four forces of nature, the
superforce. At the end of this stage, however, a key event occurred in which gravity split away
from the superforce. Next came the grand unification epoch, named for the three remaining
unified forces of nature. This epoch ended when one of those forces,called strong, or strong
nuclear, broke away. Then the inflationary epoch began during which the universe rapidly
expanded. Almost instantly it grew from the size of an atom to the size of a grapefruit. The
universe at this time was piping hot and it churned with electrons, quarks and other particels.
Then came the electroweak epoch, when the last two forces, electromagnetic and weak, finally
split off. During the next stage, the quark epoch, all of the universe’s ingredients were present,
however, the universe was still too hot and dense for subatomic particles to form. Then in the
hadron epoch, the universe cooled down enough for quarks to bind together and form protons
and neutrons. In the lepton and nuclear epics, the radiation era’s last two stages, the protons
and neutrons underwent a significant change. They fused and created nuclei. And in doing so,
they created the first chemical element in the universe, helium. The universe’s new ability to
form element, the building blocks of matter, queued the matter era. Much as the name suggests,
the matter era’s defined by the presence and predominance of matter in the universe. It features
three epochs that span billions of years. The vast majority of the universe’s life span, and
includes the present day. The first was the atomic epoch. In this stage, the universe’s
temperature cooled down enough for electrons to attach to nuclei the first time . called
recombination, this process helped create the universe’s second element, hydrogen. This
hydrogen, along with helium atoms, dotted the universe with atomic clouds. Within the clouds
, small pockets of gas may have had enough gravity to cause atoms to collect. These clusters
of atoms, formed during the galactic epoch, became the seedlings of galaxies. Nestled inside
those galaxies, stars began to form. And in doing so, they queued the latest and current stage
of the universe’s development, the stellar epoch. The formation of stars then caused a
tremendous ripple effect and helped shape the universe as we know it . heat within the stars
caused the conversion of helium and hydrogen into almost all the remaining elements in the
universe. In turn, those elements became the building blocks for planets, moons , life,
everything we see today. This ecosystem of everything was only possible because of the many
stages in the universe’s development. While countless questions about the origins of our
universe remain, it’s only a matter of time for some long – sought answers to emerge .

Video 2

What does our future hold? ‘’everything has its wonders, even darkness and silence….’’- Helen
Keller. What does the future look like? How will the universe meet its end? We may never be
truly certain. But science has begun to paint a stunning picture of how the future might unfold.
Let’s take a journey to the end of time. We will travel through time exponentially doubling our
speed every 5 seconds. The vision of the future will surely evolve as we probe for more clues.
But one thing is clear: the universe has only just begun. Anthropocene era. The Holocene has
ended. What we do now, and in the next few years. Will profoundly effect the next few
thousand years. The only conditions modern humans have ever known so far are changing.
And changing fast. Nothing stays the same on this planet. Everything changes. The Earth is
going into one of these jumps and you don’t know what is going to be on the other side of those
jumps.
Earth’s magnetic field flips/the earth is always jumping. Comet Hale-Bopp returns. Drastic
sea level rise/things move on this planet, things are not still! 30 meter asteroid
impact/everything is turning. Antares goes supernova. Sahara becomes tropical. Constellations
begin to wander. Voyager I passes nearby star. Interglacial period ends. Supervolcano eruption.
New Hawaiian island appears. New island chains. Apollo footprints fade. Betelgeuse goes
supernova. Stone monuments erode. Deadly gamma ray burst. Mars moon becomes a ring.
Saturn’s rings vanish. Antarctica melts. Major asteroid impact. New supercontinent. Sun
increases luminosity. As it begins to run out of fuel/ photosynthesis begins to crease/ the sun
won’t simply fade away to nothing all plant life dies. Oceans evaporate/ its core will collapse.
And the extra heat this generates will cause its outer layers to expand. All life dies. Sun
expands. Sun becomes ‘Red Giant’. Earth destroyed by the dying sun. Sun becomes a ‘White
Dwarf’/ the sun is now dead.
And its remains slowly cooling in the freezing temperatures of deep space. The fate of the sun
is the same as for all stars. One day, the must all eventually die, and the cosmos will be plunged
into external night.
Stars begin to die off/All stars eventually will run out of fuel. The temperature of the universe
drops. The stars, one by one, in the night sky, will turn off. And there will be no more new stars
create. And so the universe will end not with a bag, but with a whimper. Last ‘Red Dwarf’ stars
die. And not in fire, but in ice. Degenerate era/ with the death of the last sun, the age of starlight
comes to an end.
The universe becomes a cosmic boneyard, strewn with remnants of dead stars. Our sun
becomes a White Dwarf-a hot, dense, shrunken stellar corpse. With no fuel left to burn, the
white dwarf’s faint glow comes from the last residual heat from its extinguished furnace.
Looking at it from where the earth is now, it would only generate the same amount of light as
the full moon on a clear night. The faint glow of white dwarfs will provide the only illumination
in a dark and empty void littered with dead stars and black holes. In some ways it’s kind of a
ghost universe-it’s the corpses, the zombie stars, that will take us into the future. Over time,
gravity ejects dead stars and planets from their galaxies, sending them out into the freezing
void. By chance, some brown Dwarfs collide and form accidental new stars. Colliding neutron
stars puncture the darkness with ultra bright supernovae. Neutron star collision.
Degenerate era. Any surviving life forms may find refuge around aging White Dwarfs. But in
time, even the white Dwarfs will fade and die. Stars become black Dwarfs. A black dwarf will
be the final fate of those last stars. White dwarfs that have become so cold, that they barely
emit and more heator light. Black dwarfs are dark, dense, decaying balls of generate matter.
Little more that the ashes of stars, their constituent atoms are so severely crushed that black
dwarfs are amillion times denser than our sun. stars take so long to reach this point, we believe
there are currently no black dwarfs in the universe. Any matter that fails to escape its galaxy is
sucked into a supermassive black hole at the centre. Black holes swallow stray matter. Long
dormant black hole flare up in a blaze of glory. The rotational energy of black holes becomes
the last reliable source of power for any exotic future civilizations. We have a pace of life that’s
based on the energy available to us now. You could imagine living, conscious systems, which
have avery different pace and therefore, can extend out, at least, a lot farther that you’d imagine
otherwise. You could have aliving system. Where if, it had a thought every 10 trillion years,
that would seem normal. Even if our life dies out, one could imagine at some time arbitrarily
far in the future, a fluctuation occurs which allows intelligent life to exist again, for a little
while. So you might have island in time of intelligence.
Expansion of spacetime. As the expansion of the universe accelerates, it begins to spread matter
apart faster than the speed of light. By this point, distant galaxies and stars are receding do fast
than their light has become undetectable. The secrets of the cosmos are locked away
forever.Proton decay current theories predict that atoms themselves will begin to decay,
destroying all remaining matter in the universe. A proton, one of the fundamental building
blocks of atomic matter, what makes us up, can just spontaneously fall apart. Any material that
evades the pull of a black hole eventually dies away as its protons disintegrate. Proton decay is
still unproven-and so this chapter of the future could look very different in light of
newdiscoveries. The matter inside black dwarf’s, the last matter in the universe, will eventually
evaporate away, and be carried off into the void as radiation, leaving absolutely nothing behind.
Black hole era. With the black dwarfs gone, there won’t be a single atom of matter left. All that
will remain of our once-rich cosmos will be particles of light and black holes. The Black Hole
Era begins. No planets, no stars, no lingering stellar remnants for life to cling to. Yet even now,
time has only begun to tick. On the scale of a human lifetime, the universe has just emerged
from the womb. Cold, dark, and empty-this is how to cosmos will spend most of its life. Our
universe gives life only a brief moment to shine-a haven in time, safe from its birth and icy
death. The arrow of time creates a bright window in the universe’s adolescence during which
life is possible. But it’s a window that doesn’t stay open for long. As a fraction of the lifespan
of the universe, as measured from its beginning to the evaporation of the last black hole, life,
as we know it, is only possible for one thousandth of a billion billion billionth, billion
billionbillionbillionbillion billionth, of a percent.
Black holes become the fundamental building block of the universe. A galaxy will basically be
a supermassive black hole in the centre, with smaller black holes orbiting it. Zombie galaxies
filled with black holes continue to evolve. They’ll eat each other, and they’ll get bigger , and
maybe they’ll fall into the supermassive black hole and it’ll get bigger. The universe will still
be an exciting, dynamic place it’s just that the time scales we’re talking about are now trillions
of years, instead of thousands or millions of years. In this far flung age, black hole mergers
become the main event. Black home mergers. Some grow to enormous sizes, possibly trillions
of times the mass of our sun. when the merge, they send out powerful gravity waves that
resonate throughout the universe. Black holes can bang on space-time like mallets on a drum.
And have a very characteristic song. Imagine two black holes that have lived a long life
together. At the end of their lives they’re going around each other, crossing thousands of
kilometres in a fraction of a second. As they do so, they leave behind in their wake a ringing
of space-an actual wave on space-time. Space squeezes and stretches as it emanates out from
these black holes banging on the universe. Those are the gravitational waves and are literally
the sounds of space ringing and they will travel out from these black holes at the speed of light
as they ring down and coalesce into one, spinning, quiet, black hole. If you were standing near
enough, your ear would resonate with the squeezing and stretching of space, you would literally
hear the sound. Imagine a lighter black hole falling into a very heavy black hole. The sound
you’re hearing is alight black hole banging on space each time it gets close.
As it falls in, it gets faster, and it gets louder. Scientists used to think black holes were immortal,
but even these will one day die. Now we’re talking about time scales of unimaginable length-
quadrillions of years into the future. On that time scale, even the black holes begin to evaporate.
Hawking radiation. According to quantum mechanics, space is filled with virtual particles and
antiparticles that are constantly materializing in pairs, separating, coming together again, and
annihilating each other. In the presence of a black hole, one member of a pair of virtual particles
may fall into the hole, leaving the other member without a partner with which to annihilate.
The forsaken particle appears to be radiation emitted by the black hole. And so, black holes are
not eternal. Black hole evaporation. They evaporate away at an increasing rate, until they
vanish in a gigantic explosion. [Black holes begin to die] Quantum mechanics has allowed
particles and radiation to escape from the ultimate prison-a black hole. Black holes begin to
evaporate away, erasing the last large-scale structures in the universe. As the die, the light up
the darkness one by one.
As the black holes slowly die off, the universe continues to expand, driven by a mysterious
force we don’t yet understand. Dark Energy inflates the universe. This is the frontier of human
knowledge-a frontier ripe for exploration and discovery. Philosophers and poets have asked the
question, ‘Will the world end in fire or ice?’ We can now give an answer. The latest evidence
shows that the universe is not slowing down, but it’s speeding up out of control. And the
universe, we think, will die in ice-trillions upon trillions of years from now. Empty space itself
has energy. In every little cubic centimetre of space, whether or not there’s stuff, whether or
not there’s particles, matter, radiation, whatever…there is still energy, even in the space itself.
And this energy, according to Einstein, exerts a push on the universe. What is the weird stuff
that’s accelerating the universe? We call it ‘dark energy’. And this stuff is the dominant stuff
of the universe-almost ¾ of the matter-energy content of the universe is this dark energy and
we don’t know what it is. Dark energy, unlike matter or radiation, does not dilute away, as the
universe expands. This has crucial implications for what universe is going to do in the future.
So, what will be the future of the universe? Well, if the dark energy remains dominant and
repulsive, the universe will expand forever.
Faster and faster and faster with time-a runaway universe. 70% of the energy of the universe
resides in empty space and we don’t understand why. But we do know what will happen. If
that energy continues to be there, the universe will become cold and dark and empty. That’s
the future as it might be. We don’t know because we don’t yet understand the nature of dark
energy. Until we do, we won’t know future, we won’t even understand our own origins and
that’s why we want to know and study this subject. Discovering the true nature of dark energy
could change our vision of the future dramatically. If it somehow weakens over time, the
universe could collapse under gravity-a ‘big crunch’. Given a boost, it could tear the universe
apart at the seams-a ‘big rip’. Physicists increasingly suspect that there may be multiple
universes beyond our own, each with their own unique laws of physics. Some would harbour
the right conditions for life. Other could collapse or be ripped apart. Others sill could be far
more exotic than anything we could imagine. New pieces to this puzzle are out there
somewhere, waiting to be found. The forecast does seem to be for an ever-colder, ever-emptier
universe.
But then of course we have to ask, ‘Could that end lead to a new beginning?’ And there are
ideas, whereby what actually is the end of our universe, could in some sense, lead to the
beginning of a new one. Some speculate that there may be a way to escape our universe before
entropy erases everything. We could create simulated virtual universes, or with enough energy,
create another one just like our own. We’ve worked out the mathematics, the equations, they
seem to say that if you have an atom smasher, that can constrict tremendous amounts of energy
at a single point, you can perhaps open up a gateway-a ‘baby universe’
Facing the death of everything there is-this perhaps is their only possibility of escape. And this
also raises a very intriguing possibility, sheer pure speculation of course, that perhaps any
universe that has intelligent life in it, will create baby universe, will create ‘lifeboats’, and will
proliferate child universes. Last black hole evaporates. So an evolution may take place among
universes, in the multiverse. Survival of the fittest may take place. So those universes which
do not have intelligent life are ‘infertile’, they have no children. But those universes that have
mild temperatures, stars like ours, would create civilizations that could open up child universes
and they would then proliferate.
If there is no way to escape the universe, then entropy will march on, destroying the last
remaining supermassive black holes. As the last one explodes and dies, it bathes the universe
in light one last time.
After an unimaginable length of time, even the black holes will have evaporated, and the
universe will be nothing but aasea of photons gradually tending towards the same temperature
as the expansion of the universe cools them towards absolute zero. Once the very last remnants
of the very last stars have finally decayed away to nothing, and everything reaches the same
temperature, the story of the universe finally comes to an end. TIME BECOMES
MEANINGLESS . For the first time in its life, the universe will be permanent and unchanging.
Entropy finally stops increasing, because the cosmos cannot get any more disordered. Nothing
happens, and it keeps not happening, forever…’Everything has its wonders, even darkness and
silence……and I learn, whatever state I may be in, therein to be content.’ –Helen Keller.