what are misconceptions ?

Students enter classrooms with preconceived notions of how the world works. Some
of these ideas are erroneous and are called "alternative frameworks," "alternative
conceptions," "misconceptions," and even "intelligent wrongness." They represent the
mind's attempt to connect new information with information already stored in
memory. Their study has been influenced by models originating out of cognitive
psychology.

Who Invented the Telescope?

The first person to apply for a patent for a telescope was a Dutch eyeglass maker named Hans
Lippershey (or Lipperhey). In 1608, Lippershey laid claim to a device that could magnify objects
three times. His telescope had a concave eyepiece aligned with a convex objective lens. One
story goes that he got the idea for his design after observing two children in his shop holding up
two lenses that made a distant weather vane appear close. Others charged at the time that he
stole the design from another eyeglass maker, Zacharias Jansen.

Telescope
A telescope is an optical instrument that makes distant objects appear magnified by using an
arrangement of lenses or curved mirrors and lenses, or various devices used to observe distant
objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation.[1] The first known
practical telescopes were refracting telescopes invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of
the 17th century, by using glass lenses. They were used for both terrestrial applications
and astronomy.

Different Types of Telescopes

Reflecting Telescopes / Newtonian Telescopes
Reflecting telescopes, also known as Newtonians, are possibly the type of
telescope most novice enthusiasts go for. This simple design uses mirrors to
gather and focus light.

Refractors
Advantages
 Refractor telescopes can be great for novices because they require little
maintenance when compared to reflectors. Of the maintenance niggles you
can avoid with refracting telescopes, not having to collimate your telescope
is probably the most advantageous.
Catadioptric
Finally, consider compound or catadioptric telescopes when looking at different
types of telescopes to choose from. These can be considered hybrids of the
reflecting and refracting telescopes that combine the best of both worlds. They
have a shorter length overall and are easily portable. They also do well in
correcting the aberrations the separate telescopes suffer from.

Solar System
The Solar System[a] is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either
directly or indirectly.[b] Of the objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest are the eight
planets,[c] with the remainder being smaller objects, the dwarf planets and small Solar System
bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly—the moons—two are larger than the smallest
planet, Mercury.

International Astronomical Union

The International Astronomical Union (IAU; French: Union astronomique internationale, UAI) is
an international association of professional astronomers, at the PhD level and beyond, active in
professional research and education in astronomy.[3] Among other activities, it acts as the
internationally recognized authority for assigning designations and names to celestial
bodies (stars, planets, asteroids, etc.) and any surface features on them

Points of the compass

The points of the compass mark the divisions on a compass, which is primarily divided into the
four cardinal directions: north, south, east, and west. These points are further subdivided by the
addition of the four intercardinal (or ordinal) directions—northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest
(SW), and northwest (NW)—to indicate the eight principal "winds". In meteorological usage, further
intermediate points between the cardinal and intercardinal directions, such as north-northeast (NNE)
are added to give the sixteen points of a compass rose

Full form of AM and PM, AM PM Meaning

AM stands in short for Ante Meridiem, de latin name for “Before Midday” or
“Before Noon”.
An example: 10.00 a.m. is 10 o-clock in the morning. With a 24 hour time this
is 10:00.

PM stands in short for Post Meridiem, de latin name for “After Midday” or
“After Noon”.
An example: 10.00 p.m. is 10 o-clock in the evening. With a 24 hour time this
is 22:00.
Zenith
The zenith is an imaginary point directly "above" a particular location, on the imaginary celestial
sphere. "Above" means in the vertical direction opposite to the apparent gravitational force at that
location. The opposite direction, i.e. the direction in which gravity pulls, is toward the nadir. The
zenith is the "highest" point on the celestial sphere.

Nadir
The nadir (/ˈneɪdɪər/, also UK: /ˈnædɪər/), (from Arabic: ‫ نظير‬/ ALA-LC: naẓīr, meaning "counterpart")
is the direction pointing directly below a particular location; that is, it is one of two vertical
directions at a specified location, orthogonal to a horizontal flat surface there. Since the concept
of being below is itself somewhat vague, scientists define the nadir in more rigorous terms.
Specifically, in astronomy, geophysics and related sciences (e.g., meteorology), the nadir at a given
point is the local vertical direction pointing in the direction of the force of gravity at that location. The
direction opposite of the nadir is the zenith.

Horizon
The horizon or skyline is the apparent line that separates earth from sky, the line that divides all
visible directions into two categories: those that intersect the Earth's surface, and those that do not.
The true horizon is actually a theoretical line, which can only be observed when it lies on the sea
surface. At many locations, this line is obscured by land, trees, buildings, mountains, etc., and the
resulting intersection of earth and sky is called the visible horizon. When looking at a sea from a
shore, the part of the sea closest to the horizon is called the offing.

Constellation
A constellation is a group of stars that forms an imaginary outline or pattern on the celestial sphere,
typically representing an animal, mythological person or creature, a god, or an inanimate object.[1]
The origins of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory. People used them to relate
stories of their beliefs, experiences, creation, or mythology. Different cultures and countries adopted
their own constellations, some of which lasted into the early 20th century before today's
constellations were internationally recognized. The recognition of constellations has changed
significantly over time. Many have changed in size or shape. Some became popular, only to drop
into obscurity. Others were limited to a single culture or nation.