Reviews of related literature and studies

This chapter presents the summary of related literature and

studies gathered from different references like the internet,

books and unpublised theses were found to be directly snd

undirectly relevant to the present study. The gathered related

information’s give the researchers ideas and pieces of

information and has served as a starting point in evaluating and

understanding the whole system.

Foreign and local literature

Foreign literature

According to Karim (2008), interoperability concerning a

specific task is said to exist between two applications, when

one application can accept data from the other and perform the

task in an appropriate and satisfactory manner without need of

extra operator intervention. One of the main challenges in

introducing patient healthcare records is the development and

use of systems that advance communication and information

sharing.

In the study of Hanseth et al (1996), many healthcare

professionals work autonomously, the deficiency of accesing

vital healthcare information segments and shared knowlwdge can

produre duplicate clinical tests to be arranged. Hence,

connected and unconnected electronic systems should be

coordinated and interoperable i.e healthcare information is

accumulated and stored into an electronic holding place called

Data repository.

Based on the study ofAbdul (2008) indicates that one of the

important issues in paper-based records are, all the clinical

information is written in free style, and chances are high to

miss or ferget some important information, as this will lead to

serious effect on patient’s treatment and care. The case sheet

is a hard copy that can be accessed by one person at a time and

needs physical transfer for other physicians to access.

The invention of the computers has brought about the

revolution of InformationTechnology (IT). In the past few

decades, offices, factories, and business have

increasinglyadopted the use of computers to enhance their

performances and outputs. Along with that,today, computers can

be found in every household as well.

There are significant advantages of using computers in

medical institutions. In recenttimes, their importance has grown

manifold, due to the fact that the procedures have to be speedy

for catering to a larger population, and the medical services

have to be more precise.

 According to Apter (2007), in the committee of nations,

Nigeria often denotes fraudand corruption. The extent of

involvement of fraud perpetuators in 4igeria and thoseoperating

outside the shores of the country is unquantifiable. Apter

stated that fraudulent practices range from online identity

theft, marketing of non-existent goods, prosperity churches,

false non-governmental organizations soliciting funds from

foreign donors, to outright imposition by persons as government

officials awarding bogus contracts. Theactivities of corrupt

elements in society have tarnished the social and corporate

image of thenation, causing a drought of foreign investment in

the country (Arikpo et al., 2007).

According to Ayo(2008), in a study of the framework for

implementation of ecommerce in Nigeria decried the abysmally law

internet-access in the country. Internet connection enables

affected data management system, picture archival, and

communicationsystem and specifically important for running

radiological information system andteleradiology. Other

requirement include well-trained health care workers and

information system administrator.

According to Benham-Hutchins(2009) because of challenges

involved in integrating new hospital information systems with

old paper documentation and record systems, clinicians, and

other health care practitioners may become encumbered with

multiple and conflicting sources of patient information.

Multiples of papers and electronic documentation may disrupt a

seamless workflow andinfluence the quality and efficiency of

service delivery. These circumstances also have the potential to

cause new types of medical errors resulting from poor

harmonization of patient information. Understanding these

concerns requires examination of human factors in the design of

technology that is able to adapt to the way health care

providers to their job. The delivery of patient-friendly

services demands that health care providers continue to work

toward improvement in the method of care pathways and processes.

According to Ford, Menachemi, and Phillips (20012) in 2006

the Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued a report calling for

paperless health record system within 10 years. This visionary

call fell short media attention. Scholarly and government was

support also deficient compared to other by the (IOM). The

consequences is that integrating electronic health record system

into the workplace health care, critical care, and the

ambulatory setting does not equate other areas of medical care.

Davies (2006), report that the America is ranked 66th among 100

countries with top class health care infrastructure and system

recent studies indicate that whereas 4% to 6% of United States

hospital and health care organization have achieved full

implementation of hospital information system, 1-6% have partial

adoption of some forms of hospital information system Moore,

2009, Simon et al., 2008 : Ward et al.,(2006). The high cost of

implementation of electronic health systems of Lowa hospitals,

found an 80% adoption rate for urban financial capabilities of

urban hospital as the reason for the disparity Furukuwa, et al,

(2006), in their analysis of disparity in adoption Nigerian

Hospital Information System.

Synthesis
The study is related to the system because the present

research provided more insights about the nature and scope of

the study which is the Feasibility of an Computerized Record

Management System. The clinic implies that the existing system

they are using causes delay in giving information in valuable

time.

Local literature

The proposed system will automatically count the total number of

ailments every week. Instead of month report, the nurse will generate

the report weekly by the use of of the proposed system.

Sysnthesis
 The said literature is related to the proposed system because they

can easily update or the students can get quickly get their records in

the school clinic by the use of proposed system.

Reference

”Akram Jalal-Karim 2008, Sharing and Viewing Segments of

Electronic Patient Records Service (SVSEPRS) using

Multidimensional Database Model, School of Design and

Engineering, Brunel University, London, viewed 10 January 2009

http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/2982 “

”Apter, A. (2007). A culture of corruption: Everyday deception

and popular discontent in Nigeria. African Studies Review,

50(3), 153-155.

http://www.africanstudies.org/p/cm/ld/fid=134”

“Ayo C, Ayodele A., Tolulope, F., & Ekong, U. (2008). A

Frameworks for e-commerce implementation; Nigeria a case study.

Journal of internet banking commerce, 13(2), 1-11

http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/jibc/”
“Benham-Hutchins, M. (2009). Frustrated with HIT? Get involve!

Journal of Nursing Management, 40(1),17

http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0966-0429”

Ford, E. W., Menachime, N., & Philips (2006). Predicting the

adoption of electronic health records by physicians: When will
health care be priceless? Journal of the American Medical
Informatics Association, 13(1), 106-12 doi:10.1197/jamia.M1913

Related studies

Foreign related studies

According to Garets and Horowits (2008), clinicians should

engage in evaluation of hospital information system technologies

because information system will become repositories of clinical

data. Electronic medical records system and other information

system will attain common place application in hospitals and

other health care centers in the incoming decade. President Bush

set a target of developing electronic health care records for

all Americans by 2014.

According to Prasad M. Jayaweera (University of Ruhuna, Sri

Lanka) the process oriented business ontologies are developed in

customer centered manner in order to develop business systems

applications to provide more and more value added services to

target consumers. This trend is also valid in healthcare sector

although there are some restrictions and limitations that can be

noticed in Sri Lankan.

Having a manual transaction of making records can consume a lot of

time as said in (ICU) andVilla-Santarromana Dental Clinic. This also

causes slow transaction to thepatients and also to staffs in this

clinic.

Synthesis

According to these studies their aim are tocreate a system which

is an digital method of making records for the patients and can easily

access by the personnel.

Synthesis

The said study is related to the proposed system because it gives

more benefits to them when they are starting using computerized
system record, they can easily accommodate the patients in their
clinic.

Local related Studies

According to the Rosa Sta. Maria the main problem of Villa-
Santarromana Dental Clinic is that they have the manual way on
recording, tracking and managing patient request which sometimes
lead to slower transactions within the clients. This study was
aimed to designed and develop an online clinic management
solution that will serve as proposal to help the dentist and
staff to save time and resources with the automation of its
daily clinic operations.

Synthesis

There have been a significant advances in medical

technology used in patient treatment and care. The Intensive

Care Unit (ICU) in an acute hospital is designed to treat most

complex and unstable medical and surgical patient.

Background of the Study

With the advent of computers and its related technology, in

which everything needs to be done efficiently and effectively

the existences of Clinic Record Management System (CRMS) become

necessary. The used of CRMS can enhance the services and also

the work flow of all activity that happens in a clinic where it

helps in reducing the workload of medical staff, the number of

man power needed and it also make clinic management become more

manageable and easier to control. It will enable the clinic

registration process becomes computerized and this feature will

help a lot in keeping records of all patients and whoever has

once received a treatment in the clinic. The program will be

used for proper handling of patients’ records and related

information in the clinic, the record file, date of

appointments,Staff in charge and other related medical

information will be entered into the program. Which is stored in

a database that can be accessed easily within a short span, and

yet securely stored in an appropriate and stress free manner.

This system is use to install to the computers presented in

the Clinic. And also, acommittee which can be headed by the
Doctor and assigned Nurse must be organizedto operate the
system. Some of the benefits that can be acquired in this system
were; effective and efficient production of data will lessen the
workloads and effectiveprocessing the reports. This proposed
system is guaranteed to use, and will not beuseless. Alternative
solutions should be consider to make the Patient’s Medical
Record System be improved and progressive.

There are many advantages from upgrade normal documentation

system into computerized system. Most of organizations need to

store their data, for example clinic management system.

In clinic management system, a lot of information they will

need to store and use them in daily process. These data related

to nurses, patients and medicines. Imagine all these data

written in different files and papers. It will be difficult to

search and store these files. Also, they will take long time for

searching. To search any information or data from clinic

management system related for doctors, patient or medicines you

can just type the name and the system will find it easily.
 Another important point is to keep these files without

losing any one. There are many different possibilities for that,

for example when the files being transferred or mixed up with

the wrong files. The last point is the efficiently of the work

process. Computerized system will make it faster than old

system. For example in clinic management system you can type the

name of file that will be much by the system and fined it for

you quickly instead of using normal system. There are many

difficulties to search file in normal system because the file

maybe loss or any important paper in that file. Also you will

take a lot of time to find that folder.