Introduction to Art & Archtecture- First Semester [AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Unit 3 ART TERMINOLOGIES 12990 DEEPO BRAVA Unit : Exploration of art forms - art terminologies Various techniques and terminologies regarding art i. ABrunaille is a painting executed entirely or primarily in shades of brown, Brunaille has its roots in 12th century stained glass made for Cistercian monasteries, which prohibited the use of colored art in 1134. _Brunaille are less common than paintings executed in grey (grisaille), though more common than those in green (verdaille) Cangiante is one of the four canonical painting modes of the Renaissance (the other three being Unione, Chiaroscuro, and Sfurnato). The word itself derives from the Italian cangiare("to change") Cangiante is characterized by the painter's changing to a different, lighter, hue when the original hue cannot be made light enough or, fon the converse, changing to 2 darker hue when the original hue cannot be made dark enough, The painter may change, for example, from the color yellow to the color red (regardless of the object’s actual color) when painting shadows an a yellow abject simply because the yellow he has to work with cannot be made dark enough to render shadows on that object (and the red can). The prophet Daniel from the Sistine Chapel ceiling, The greatest practitioner of this technique was Michelangelo, and it Is illustrated in many parts of the Sistine Chapel ceiling. In the image of the prophet Daniel, for instance, the use of cangiante can be clearly seen in the transition from green to yellow in the Prophet's robes, After Michelangelo's time, the technique found widespread accéptance and is now a standard painting technique, Chiaroscuro {italian for light-dark) in artis the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. Chiaroscuro is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for using contrasts of light to achieve a sense of volume in modelling ‘three-dimensional objects such as the human body Similar effects in the lighting of cinema and photography are also often called chiaroscuro, iv. Cobweb painting, sometimes known as gossamer painting relates to paintings that are created on a canvas made from spiders’ webs that have been collected, layered, cleaned, and placed ‘AURORMS DESIGN ACADEMY Page 1 of 9v Introduction to Ar & Architecture Fist Semester AURORA DESIGN ACADEMY Unie: ART TERMINOLOGIES 12220 DEEPOSHAVA within @ frame. Less than 100 known cobweb paintings are known to exist, many of which are housed in private collections and are clearly an example of whimsy overcoming practicality. v. Graquelure is the fine pattern of dense "cracking" formed on the surface of materials, either as part of the process of ageing or of their original formation or production. The term is most often used to refer to tempera or oil paintings, where it isa sign of age. It can also develop in old ivory carvings, and painted miniatures on an ivory backing are prone to craquelure. vi. Crochet is @ process of creating fabric from yarn, thread, or other-material strands using a crochet hook. The word is derived from the French word "crochet", meaning hook. Crocheting, like knitting, consists of pulling loops through other loops, but additionally incorporates wrapping the working material araund the hook one or more times. Crochet objects can be a part of the furniture, ar apparel, or may even be a part of the interiors of a built form. vii, Embossing: Art of producing raised patterns on the surface of metal, leather, textiles, paper, and ‘other similar substances. Dies, plates, crests, monograms, etc. are popular mediums of embossed art Engraving is the practice of incising @ design on to a hard, usually flat surface, by cutting grooves into It. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an intaglia printing plate, of copper or another metal, for printing images on paper as prints or illustrations; these images are also called engravings. ‘Miniature engraving on a Louis George watch ‘movement ix. Filigree: Intricate ornamental work of metal, stone or other materials used for primarily Jewellery and other ornamental warks of art, Fine threads and beads of metal, often gold and silver, are twisted, arranged and fixed together so as to form an aesthetically pleasing pattern. It shouldn't be confused with ajoure, a superficially similar style of metalwork which involves leaving many open areas in a metal plane. But, unlike filigree, the holes are usually cut from the metal rather than being incorporated during the process of construction. AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Page 2 0f9iz 2 Introduction to Art & Architecture- First Semester AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY. Unit 3: ART TERMINOLOGIES {APO DEEPO HAVA x. Gongbl is a careful realist technique in Chinese painting, the opposite of the interpretive and freely expressive xiey!|'sketching thoughts'| style. ‘The name is from the Chinese gong chin meaning ‘tidy’ (meticulous brush craftsmanship). The ‘gongbi technique uses highiy detailed brushstrokes that delimit details very precisely and without independent or expressive variation. It is often highly coloured and usually depicts figural or narrative subjects. xl. Graffiti (singular: graffito; the plural is used as a mass noun. Also known’as Graff) is writing ot drawings that have been scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public place. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and it has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire, In modern times, paint, particularly spray paint, and marker pens have become the most ‘commonly used graffiti materials. In most countries, marking or painting property without the property owner's consent is considered defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, Graifiti may also express underlying social and political messages and a whole genre of artistic ‘expression is based upon spray paint graffiti styles. % i. Ink wash painting, alco known as literati painting is an East Asian type of brush painting, Only black ink—the same as used in East Asian calligraphy-—is used, in various concentrations, It was for centuries the most prestigious form of Chinese art, in theory mainly practiced in China by highly! educated scholar gentiemen or literati, including some emperors, rather mere professional artists In fact this was by no means always the case in China, and in Japan rarely so. Names used in the cultures concerned include: in Chinese shui-mo hua, in Japanese sumi-e, ete. ‘Haboku and Hatsuboku are both a technique employed in ink wash paintings. Generally, haboku relies on a layered contrast black, gray and white, whereas hatsuboku utilizes "splashes" of ink, without leaving clear contours or outlines. Ink wash pointing Impasto painting AAURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Pages of9Introduction to Art & Architecture Fist Semestee AURORA DESIGN ACADEMY Unit3: ARF TERMINOLOGIES APO DEEPO BHAVA Moki-e ‘Marble table top in Pietra Dure, Agro, li. Inlay: Inlay is a decorative technique of inserting pieces of contrasting, often coloured materials into depressions in a base object to form patterns or pictures that normally are flush with the matrix. In 2 wood matrix, inlays commonly use wood veneers, but other materials like shells, mother-of-pearl, horn or ivory may also be used. Pietre dure, or coloured stones inlaid in white or black marbles, and inlays of precious metals in 2 base metal matrix are other forms of inlay. Inlay is commonly used in production of decorative furniture, where pieces of coloured wood or metal are inserted into the surface of the wood, xiv. Impasto: Impasto most commonly refers to a technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the surface (or the entire canvas) very thickly, usually thickly enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible. Paint can also be mixed right on the canvas. When dry, impasto provides texture, the paint appears to be coming out of the canvas. Oil paint is most suitable to the impasto painting technique, due to its thickness and slow drying time. Acrylic paint can also be impastoed. Impasto is generally not possible in water colour of tempera without the addition of thickening agent due to the inherent thinness of these media. An artist working in pastels can produce a limited impasto effect by pressing a soft pastel firmly against the paper. xv, Maki-e (literally: sprinkled picture) is Japanese lacquer sprinkled with gold or silver powder as a decoration using amakizutsuor akebobrush. The technique was developed mainly in theHelan Period (794-1185) and blossomed in the do Period (1603-1868). Maki-e objects were initially designed as household items for court nobles, they soon gained more popularity and were adopted by royal families and military leaders as an indication of power. To create different colours and textures, maki-e artists use a variety of metal powders including gold, silver, copper, brass, lead, aluminum, platinum, pewter, as well as their alloys. Bamboo tubes and soft brushes of various sizes are used for laying powders and drawing fine lines. /AURORN'S DESIGN ACADEMY Page 4 of 9Intcoduction to Art & Architecture Fist Semester ‘AuRoRR'S DEStaN ACADEMY Unit 3: ART TERMINOLOGIES 2990 DEEPO BHAA. xvi, Mosaic: Mosaic is the art of creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. It may be a technique of decorative art, an aspect of interior decoration, or of cultural and spiritual significance as in a cathedral. Small pieces, mostly roughly square, of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae, (diminutive tessellae), are used to create a pattern or picture. vil. Mural: A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling or other large permanent surface. A particularly distinguishing characteristic of mural painting is that the architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into the picture. Murals today are painted in a variety of ways, using oil or water-based media. The styles can vary from abstract to trompe-t'cil (a French term for foo!" or “trick the eye"). ‘urals from Jacoka tales from the Alonto oman mosaic of Uses, from Corthage Z Z A coves, 7th century xviii. Origami: Origami from ori meaning "folding", and kami meaning "paper" is the traditional Japanese art of paper folding, which started in the 17th century AD at the latest and was popularized outside of Japan in the mid-1900s. It has since then evolved into a modern art form. The goal of this art is to transform a flat sheet of paper into a finished sculpture through folding and sculpting techniques, and as such the use of cuts or glue are not considered to be origami. Paper cutting and gluing is usually considered kirigami, xix. A panel painting is a painting made on a flat panel made of wood, either a single piece, ‘or a number of pieces joined together. Until canvas became the more popular support medium in the 46th century, it was the normal form of support for a painting which was used for miniatures in illuminated manuscripts and paintings for the framing. xx. Papier collé (French: pasted paper or paper cut outs) is a painting technique and type of collage. With papier collé the artist pastes pieces of flat material (paper, oilcloth, newspaper) into a painting in much in the same way as a collage, except the pasted ‘AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Pages of 9b Introduction to Art & Architecture First Semester /AURORN'S DESIGN ACADEMY Unita: ART TERMINOLOGIES {APP DEEPO KAVA pieces are objects themselves. Cubist painter Georges Braque, inspired by Pablo Picasso's collage method, invented the technique oi. Pastiglia, an Italian term meaning “pastework", is low relief decoration, normally modelled in gesso or white lead, applied to build up a surface that may then be gilded or painted, or left plain. The technique was used in a variety of ways in Italy during the Renaissance. The term is mostly found in English applied to gilded work on picture frames or small pieces of furniture such as wooden casket8 and also on areas of panel paintings. veal, Prestezza in art is 2 painting technique that utilizes rapid brushstrokes to make impressions of faces and objects as opposed to painting them aut in detail. The technique allows for faster painting and makes the undercoat an integral part of the painting itself. ‘The Renaissance painter Tintoretto first developed the method, Fruit ish and Gloss, popiercolé and charcoal on paper, 1912, by Georges Braque. Timloreto's painting shows background figures pated wich the pester tectnique Relief is @ sculptural technique. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the pression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a flat surface of stone or wood is. ‘AURORA'S DESIGN ACADENY Page 6 of 9Introduction to Ar & Architecture First Semester AURORN'S DESIGN ACADEIY [Unit3: ART TERMINOLOGIES [APFO DEEFO SHIVA, a lowering of the field, leaving the unsculpted parts seemingly raised. The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise with little artistic effect if the lowered background is left plain, as is often the ‘case. On the other hand, a relief saves forming the rear of a subject, and is less fragile ‘and more securely fixed than a sculpture. Types of relief: + bas-relief or low relief is 2 projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used fon coins, on which all images are in low relief. ~ High relief is where in general more than half the mass of the sculpted figure projects from the background, indeed the most prominent elements of the composition, especially heads and limbs, are often completely undercut, detaching them from the field. All cultures and periods in which large sculptures were created used this technique in monumental sculpture and architecture, - Sunk or sunken relief is largely restricted to the art of Ancient Egypt. It had been used earlier, but mainly for large reliefs on external walls, and for hieroglyphs and cartouches. The image is made by cutting the relief sculpture itself into a flat surface. This methad minimizes the work removing the background, while allowing normal relict modelling. Lowreliefonsestertws ofthe High relief metope from the A sunkelief depiction of Pharaoh EmperorPuplenus, 238.AD Classical Greek Elgin Marbles. _ANhenaten with his wife Nefertiti and daughters, xxiv, Repoussoir: In two-dimensional works of art, such as painting, printmaking, photography or bas-relief, repoussoir is an object along the right or left foreground that directs the viewer's eye Into the composition by bracketing (framing) the edge. it became popular with Mannerist and Baroque artists, andis found frequently in Dutch seventeenth-century landscape paintings, yaw. Sfurmate is one of the four canonical painting modes of the Renaissance (the other three being Cangiante, Chiaroscuro, and Unione}. It means "smoked’, deriving from fumo, Italian for ‘Sfumato is a painting technique in which there are no harsh outlines, and areas of ‘AURORA'S DESIGN ACADENAY Page 7 ofIntroduction to Art & Architecture First Semester -AURORW'S OFSIGN ACRDENY Unit 3: ART TERMINOLOGIES 2000 OEP AVA different colours blend together. The most prominent practitioner of sfumato was Leonardo da Vinci, and his famous painting of the Mona Lisa exhibits the technique. “coal oncom, Metee nierancfoarounday tote tefec af Mona sa showing the use of Ruisdae!’s painting is an example of repoussoir that sume es Begs. pushes the viewer's eye into the composition. ae vxvi. Trompe-teil (French for deceive the eye), is an art technique that uses realistic imagery to Create the optical illusion that depicted objects exist in three dimensions, Unione is the precise point where the contours, outlines and edges of objects and space ‘meet and blend in a painting, yet remain perceptible to the viewer, They are not toa blurred and. they are not tao bold, Unione is the point where the transition between abjects and space is still noticeable, Raphael used this mode in his paintings. Fresco with wompe Vendome oping criticism by Pere Borrell Rophae!'s- Pope Julius It inted on low vaulting, tesuit es ie del Caso, 1874~an example of 1511-1512 -an exomple of Unione ‘Church, Vena, byAndrea Pozzo, 'AURORA'S DESIGN ACADEMY Page 8019