Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reviewer Cost
Reviewer Cost
discretionary cost a cost that is periodically incremental revenue the revenue resulting
reviewed by a decision maker in a process from an additional contemplated sale
of determining whether it continues to be
in accord with ongoing policies; arises from indirect cost a cost that cannot be traced
a management decision to fund an activity explicitly to a particular cost object; a common
at a specified cost amount for a specified cost
period of time, generally one year; can be
reduced to zero in the short run if necessity job order costing system a method of
to dictates product costing used by an entity that provides
limited quantities of products or services
distribution cost a cost incurred to unique to a customer’s needs; focus of
warehouse, recordkeeping is on individual jobs
transport, or deliver a product or
service job order cost sheet a source document
that provides virtually all the financial
economic order quantity (EOQ) an estimate information
of the number of units per order that about a particular job; the set of all
will be the least costly and provide the optimal job order cost sheets for uncompleted jobs
balance between the costs of ordering composes the Work in Process Inventory
and the costs of carrying inventory subsidiary ledger
employee time sheet a source document joint cost the total of all costs (direct material,
that indicates, for each employee, what jobs direct labor, and overhead) incurred in a
were worked on during a time period and joint process up to the split-off point
for what amount of time
joint process a manufacturing process that
expected capacity a short-run concept simultaneously produces multiple product
that represents the anticipated level lines
of capacity to be used by a firm in the
upcoming period; is based on projected joint product one of the primary outputs of a
product demand joint process; each joint product individually
has substantial revenue generating ability
expired cost an expense or a loss
just-in-time (JIT) a philosophy about when
failure cost a quality control cost associated to do something; the when is “as needed”
with goods or services that have been and the something is a production, purchasing,
found not to conform or perform to the or delivery activity
required standards as well as all related
costs (such as that of the complaint manufacturer a company engaged in a
department); high degree of conversion that results in a
it may be internal or external tangible output
finished goods the stage in the production manufacturing cycle efficiency (MCE) a
or conversion process where units are fully ratio resulting from dividing the actual
completed production
time by total lead time; reflects the
fixed cost a cost that remains constant in proportion of lead time that is value-added
total within the relevant range of activity
material requisition form a source
future value (FV) the amount to which one document that indicates the types and
or more sums of money invested at a specified quantities
interest rate will grow over a specified of material to be placed into production
number of time periods or used in performing a service; causes
materials
high-low method a technique used to and their costs to be released from the
determine the fixed and variable portions raw material inventory warehouse and sent
of a mixed cost; uses only the highest and to the production center
lowest levels of activity within the relevant
range mixed cost a cost that has both a variable
and a fixed component; varies with
ideal capacity sees theoretical capacity changes in activity, but not proportionately
non-value-added (NVA) activity an activity quality by preventing defects from
that increases the time spent on a product occurring
or service but that does not increase its
worth or value to the customer
prime cost the total cost of direct material
normal capacity the long-run (5–10 years) and direct labor for a product
average production or service volume of a
firm; takes into consideration cyclical and process a series of activities that, when
seasonal fluctuations performed
together, satisfy a specific objective
normal cost system a valuation method
that uses actual costs of direct material and process costing system a method of
direct labor in conjunction with a accumulating
predetermined and assigning costs to units of
overhead rate or rates in determining production in companies producing large
the cost of Work in Process Inventory quantities of homogeneous products;
accumulates
opportunity cost a potential benefit that costs by cost component in each
is forgone because one course of action is production department and assigns costs to
chosen over another units using equivalent units of production
overapplied overhead a credit balance in raw material the stage in the production or
the Overhead Control account at the end of conversion process where work has not yet
a period; exists when the applied overhead been started
amount is greater than the actual overhead
that was incurred relevant range the specified range
of activity over which a variable cost
overhead any factory or production cost per unit remains constant or a fixed
that is indirect to the product or service; cost remains fixed in total; is generally
does not include direct material or direct assumed to be the normal operating
labor; any production cost that cannot be range of the organization
directly traced to the product
safety stock a buffer level of inventory kept
overhead application rate sees on hand by a company in the event of
predetermined fluctuating
overhead rate usage or unusual delays in lead time
period cost a cost other than one associated scrap an incidental output of a joint process;
with making or acquiring inventory is salable but the sales value from scrap
is not enough for management to justify
practical capacity the physical production undertaking the joint process; is viewed
or service volume that a firm could achieve as having a lower sales value than a byproduct;
during normal working hours with consideration has a minimal but distinguishable
given to ongoing, expected operating disposal value
interruptions
separate cost a cost that follows incurrence
practical standard a standard that can be of joint cost and that is related to a specific
reached or slightly exceeded with reasonable product or group of products; is assigned
effort by workers; allows for normal, only to that product or group of products
unavoidable delays and for worker breaks;
is often believed to be most effective in service company a firm engaged in a high
inducing the best performance from workers or moderate degree of conversion that
because it represents an attainable results in service output
challenge
service cost the sum all of costs incurred to
predetermined overhead rate an estimated provide one unit of service to a customer
constant charge per unit of activity
used to assign overhead cost to production shrinkage a decrease in units arising from
or services of the period; is calculated by an inherent characteristic of the production
dividing total budgeted annual overhead at process; includes decreases caused by
a selected level of volume or activity by that evaporation, leakage, and oxidation
selected measure of volume or activity; is
also, the standard overhead application rate split-off point the point at which the outputs
of a joint process are first identifiable
prevention cost a cost incurred to improve or can be separated as individual products
unexpired cost an asset
spoilage a unit that has been rejected at
inspection for failure to meet appropriate units started and completed the difference
quality standards or designated product between the number of units
specifications and that cannot be reworked completed for the period and the units
and sold in beginning inventory; can also be computed
as the number of units started during
standard cost system a valuation method the period minus the units in ending
that uses predetermined norms for direct inventory
material, direct labor, and overhead to
assign costs to the various inventory value the characteristic of meeting the highest
accounts and Cost of Goods Sold number of customer needs at the lowest
possible price
step cost a cost that increases in distinct
amounts because of increased activity value-added (VA) activity an activity that
increases the worth of the product or service
step method a process of support department to the customer
cost allocation that assigns support
department costs to cost objects after value chain the set of processes that converts
considering the interrelationships of the inputs into products and services for
support departments and revenue-producing the firm’s customers; includes the processes
departments of suppliers as well as internal processes
strict FIFO method (of process costing) variable cost a cost that varies in total in
the method of cost assignment that uses direct proportion to changes in activity; is
FIFO to compute a cost per equivalent unit constant on a per-unit basis
and, in transferring units from a department,
keeps the cost of the beginning inventory variable costing a cost accumulation and
units separate from the cost of the units reporting method that includes only variable
started and completed during the current production costs (direct material, direct
period labor, and variable overhead) as inventoriable
or product costs; treats fixed overhead
sunk cost a cost incurred in the past and not as a period cost; is not acceptable for external
relevant to any future courses of action; the reporting and tax reporting
historical or past cost associated with the
acquisition of an asset or a resource waste a residual output of a production
process
tax shield (of depreciation) the amount that has no sales value and that must
of depreciation deductible for tax purposes; be disposed of
the amount of revenue shielded weighted average (WA) method (of
from taxes because of the depreciation process costing) the method of cost
deduction assignment that computes an average
cost per equivalent unit of production for
theoretical capacity the estimated maximum all units completed during the current
production or service volume that a period; combines beginning inventory
firm could achieve during a period units and costs with current production
and costs, respectively, to compute the
total cost to account for the sum of the average
costs in beginning inventory and the costs
of the current period work in process the stage in the production
or conversion process where work has been
total overhead variance the difference started but not yet completed
between total actual overhead and total
applied overhead; is the amount of
underapplied
or overapplied overhead