Arab Attack On Sub-Countinent:Muhammad Bin Qasim

Al Hajjaj and the East : Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf Al Thaqifi, who had played a crucial role during the Second Fitna for the
Umayyad cause, was appointed the governor of Iraq in 694 AD, further extended to Khurasan and Sistan in 697 AD. Al-Hajjaj
also sponsored Muslim expansion in Makran, Sistan, Transoxiana and Sindh.

Campaigns in Makran and Zabul:Arab hold on Makran had weakened when Arab rebels seized the province, and Hajjaj had to send three
governors between 694 - 707 AD before Makran was partially recovered by 694 AD.[29] Al Hajjaj also fought Zunbil in 698 AD and 700 AD. The 20,000 strong
army led by Ubaidullah ibn Abu Bakra was trapped by the armies of Zunbil and Turki Shah near Kabul, and lost 15,000 men to thirst and hunger, earning this
force the epithet of the "Doomed Army".[41][42] Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath led 20,000 troops each from Kufa and Basra[43] in a
cautions but successful campaign in 700 AD, but when he wanted to stop during winter, Al-Hajjaj's insulting rebuke[44] led to mutiny.[45] The mutiny put
down by 704 Ad, and Al-Hajjaj granted a 7-year truce to Zunbil

Umayyad expansion in Sind and Multan:Raja Dahir of Sindh had refused to return Arab rebels from Sindh and
furthermore, Meds and others.Meds shipping from their bases at Kutch, Debal and Kathiawar. in one of their raids had
kidnapped Muslim women travelling from Sri Lanka to Arabia, thus providing a casus belli against Sindh Raja Dahirwhen Raja
Dahir expressed his inability to help retrieve the prisoners. After two expeditions were defeated in Sindh Al Hajjaj equipped an
army built around 6,000 Syrian cavalry and detachments of mawali from Iraq, six thousand camel riders, and a baggage train of
3,000 camels under his Nephew Muhammad bin Qasim to Sindh. His Artillery of five catapults were sent to Debal by sea.

The campaign of Muhammad bin Qasim:

Hajjaj had put more care and planning into this campaign than the second campaign. Al-Hajjaj gave Muhammad command of
the expedition between 708 and 711, when Muhammad was only 15–17 years old, apparently because two previous Umayyad
commanders had not been successful in punishing Sindh's ruler Raja Dahir for his failure to prevent pirates from disrupting
Muslim shipping off the coast of Sindh. Al-Hajjaj superintended this campaign from Kufa by maintaining close contact with
Muhammad in the form of regular reports for which purpose special messengers were deputed between Basra and Sindh. The
army which departed from Shiraz under Muhammad consisted of 6,000 Syrian cavalry and detachments of mawali (sing.
mawla; non-Arab, Muslim freedmen) from Iraq. At the borders of Sindh he was joined by an advance guard and six thousand
camel cavalry and later, reinforcements from the governor of Makran were transferred directly to Debal (Daybul), at the mouth
of the Indus, by sea along with five manjaniks (catapults) The army that eventually captured Sindh would later be swelled by the
Gurjars and Meds as well as other irregulars who heard of the Arab successes in Sindh.] When Muhammad passed through the
Makran desert while raising his forces, he had to subdue the restive towns of Fannazbur and Arman Belah (Lasbela), both of
which had previously been conquered by the Arabs

The first town assaulted in Muhammad's Sindh campaign was Debal and upon the orders of al-Hajjaj, he exacted a retribution
on Debal by giving no quarter to its residents or priests and destroying its great temple. From Debal, the Arab army then
marched northeast taking towns such as Nerun and Sadusan (Sehwan) without fighting. One-fifth of the war booty including
slaves were remitted to al-Hajjaj and the Caliph.The conquest of these towns was accomplished with relative ease; however,
Dahir's armies being prepared on the other side of the Indus[a] had not yet been confronted. In preparation to meet them,
Muhammad returned to Nerun to resupply and receive reinforcements sent by al-Hajjaj. Camped on the east bank of the Indus,
Muhammad sent emissaries and bargained with the river Jats and boatmen.Upon securing the aid of Mokah Basayah, "the King
of the island of Bet", Muhammad crossed over the river where he was joined by the forces of the Thakore of Bhatta and the
western Jats.

At Ar-rur (Rohri) Muhammad was met by Dahir's forces and the eastern Jats in battle. Dahir died in the battle, his forces were
defeated and a Muhammad took control of Sindh. In the wake of the battle enemy soldiers were executed —though artisans,
merchants and farmers were spared —and Dahir[clarification needed] and his chiefs, the "daughters of princes" and the usual
fifth of the booty and slaves were sent to al-Hajjaj.] Soon the capitals of the other provinces, Brahmanabad, Alor (Aror) and
Multan, were captured alongside other in-between towns with only light Muslim casualties. Multan was a key site in the Hindu
religion.[4] Usually after a siege of a few weeks or months the Arabs gained a city through the intervention of heads of
mercantile houses with whom subsequent treaties and agreements would be settled. After battles all fighting men were
executed and their wives and children enslaved in considerable numbers and the usual fifth of the booty and slaves were sent
to al-Hajjaj.The general populace was encouraged to carry on with their trades and taxes and tributes settled