Quantum Mechanics Formulas

Constants Expectation Values and Operators

h p̂ = −ih̄∇
h̄ ≡
2π
∂
Ê = ih̄
De Broglie–Einstein Relations ∂t
E = h̄ω h̄2 2
Ĥ = − ∇ + V (r)
2m
p = h̄k
ρ(r, t) = |Ψ|2 = Ψ∗ (r, t)Ψ(r, t)
Z
Dispersion Relations
hf i = Ψ∗ (r, t) fˆ Ψ(r, t) dV = hΨ|fˆ|Ψi
ωlight (k) = ck ∀V

h̄k 2
ωelectron (k) = Harmonic Oscillator
2M
1
V (x) = mω 2 x2
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 2
∆px ∆x ≥ h̄/2 mω 1/4 −x2 /2L2 1 1/4 −Q2
ψ0 (x) = e ψ0 (Q) = e
πh̄ π
∆E∆t ≥ h̄/2 r
­ ® 2 h̄
∆x = x2 − hxi L=
mω
Schroedinger Equation h̄ω
E0 =
2
h̄2 2 ∂Ψ(r, t) µ ¶
− ∇ Ψ(r, t) + V (r, t)Ψ(r, t) = ih̄ 1
2m ∂t En = n+ h̄
2
Time-Independant SWE Q ≡ x/L
Ψ(r, t) = ψ(r)ϕ(t) µ ¶
d2 2 E
2 − 2 + Q ψ = ψ = ĥψ
h̄ dQ E0
− ∇2 ψ(r) + V (r)ψ(r) = Eψ(r)
2m µ ¶
+ 1 d
ϕ(t) = e−iEt/h̄ â ≡ √ − +Q
2 dQ
µ ¶
Probability Current Density − 1 d
â ≡ √ +Q
2 dQ
ih̄
j=− (Ψ∗ ∇Ψ − Ψ∇Ψ∗ ) Hn (Q) = 2QHn−1 (Q) − 2(n − 1)Hn−2 (Q)
2m
2/2

Free Electron Beam ψn (Q) = An Hn (Q)e−Q

s
A2n−1
ikx −ikx 2me (E − V0 ) A2n =
ψ(x) = A1 e + A2 e ; k= 2n
h̄2 r " r #
A∗ A2 2 n−1
R = 2∗ ψn (Q) = Qψn−1 (Q) − ψn−2 (Q)
A1 A1 n 2

1
Hydrogen Atom Stationary Perturbation Theory
Degenerate
e2
V (r) = −
4π²0 r Ĥ = Ĥ (0) + Ŵ
Ĥ (0) |ni = En(0) |ni
R∞
En = − 2 N
n X
|ψi ≈ an |ni
n=1
Quasi Classical Approximation     
H11 H12 ... H1N a1 a1
R  H21 H22 ... H2N   a2   a2 
ψ = e−i/h̄ p(x) dx     
 .. .. .. ..   ..  = E  .. 
 . . . .  .   . 
Rb
TQC = e−2/h̄ a
|p(x)| dx
= e−2/h̄ HN 1 HN 2 . . . HN N aN aN

Hmn = hm|Ĥ|ni
¯ ¯
Wave Packets ¯H11 − E H12 ... H1N ¯
¯ ¯
¯ H21 H22 − E ... H2N ¯
Z +∞ ¯ ¯
1 ¯ .. .. .. .. ¯=0
Ψ(x, t) = √ a(k) exp[i(kx − ωt)] dk ¯ . . . . ¯
2π ¯ ¯
−∞ ¯ HN 1 HN 2 . . . HN N − E¯
Z +∞
1
Ψ(x, t) = √ A(k, t)eikx dk Nondegenerate
2π −∞

Z +∞ |ψi = |ui + |φi

1
A(k, t) = √ Ψ(x, t)e−ikx dx hφ|ui = 0, hψ|ui = 1
2π −∞

1 En0 = En + hn|Ŵ |ni

Φ(p, t) = √ A(k, t); p = h̄k
h̄ E = Eu0 + hu|Ŵ |φi
X X hm|Ŵ |ni
|ψi = |ui + |mi hn|ψi
Expansion Principle and Hilbert Space E − Em0
m6=u n6=m

∞
E ≈ Eu0 + ∆E (2)
X
|Ψi = an |ni X |hm|Ŵ |ui|2
n=1 ∆E (2) =
Eu − Em
m6=u
an = hn|Ψi, Ĥ|ni = En |ni

∞
X
hΨ|Ψi = |an |2 = 1
n=1

X
hAi = |an |2 An
n

 
a1
a2 
|Ψi =  
..
.
X X
|nihn| = P̂nn = 1̂
n n