Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unit - 1 PDF
Unit - 1 PDF
Definitions
Heritage –
Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today and what we pass on to the future
generations. Our heritage, both cultural and natural is irreplaceable source of life and inspiration.
Heritage is a full range of our inherited traditions, monuments, objects and culture. It is
something that gives us a sense of place and informs us about who we are and how our societies
have developed over time.
HERITAGE
CULTURAL NATURAL
HERITAGE HERITAGE
Cultural Heritage –
Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed
on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic
expressions and values. Cultural Heritage is often expressed as either Intangible or Tangible
Cultural Heritage (ICOMOS, 2002)
As part of human activity Cultural Heritage produces tangible representations of the value
systems, beliefs, traditions and lifestyles. As an essential part of culture as a whole, Cultural
Heritage, contains these visible and tangible traces form antiquity to the recent past.
Having at one time referred exclusively to the monumental remains of cultures, cultural heritage
as a concept has gradually come to include new categories. Today, we find that heritage is not
only manifested through tangible forms such as artefacts, buildings or landscapes but also
through intangible forms. Intangible heritage includes voices, values, traditions, oral history.
Popularly this is perceived through cuisine, clothing, forms of shelter, traditional skills and
technologies, religious ceremonies, performing arts, storytelling. Today, it is considered that the
tangible heritage is inextricably bound up with the intangible heritage. In conservation projects
the aim is always to preserve both the tangible as well as the intangible heritage.
The intangible heritage includes traditions or living expressions inherited from our ancestors and
passed on to our descendants, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals,
festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature in the universe or the knowledge and
skills to produce traditional crafts.
Examples of Intangible World heritage include Vedic Chants, Ramlila, Tagores Poetry etc.,
Natural Heritage –
Culture –
It is a total way of life. It encompasses a system of belief (ideology). Culture may vary from
place to place which could have been formed because of its historic evolution, geographic
location and so on.
Heritage Building –
A historic building is one that gives us a sense of WONDER and makes us want to know more
about the people and culture that produced it. It has different values but the first one is always
emotional, for it is a symbol of our cultural identity and continuity – a part of our heritage.
Conservation –
Architectural Conservation –
Provision of a variety of services as social services: day care, job training, or drug rehabilitation.
Service provision is likely to be directed primarily to less affluent segments of the community’s
population.
ETHICS OF CONSERVATION
• The condition of the building before any intervention and all the methods and materials
used during intervention must be fully and carefully documented
• In any case historic evidence must not be destroyed, falsified or removed
• Any intervention must be the minimum necessary intervention
• Any intervention must be governed by the unswerving respect for the aesthetic, historic
and physical integrity of cultural property
• Any intervention should be reversible
• It should not prejudice a future intervention whenever this may become necessary
• It should not hinder the possibility of later access to all evidence incorporated in the
object
• It should allow the maximum amount of existing material to be retained
• It should be harmonious in color, tone, texture, form and scale, if additions are necessary,
but should be less noticeable than the original material, while at the same time being
identifiable
• It should not be undertaken by conservators/restorers who are undertrained.
The above given study and research can be for individual building or precinct or even larger
setup of the city depending upon the scope of the project
LEVEL II – Technical aspectsCovering (this is for building level only)
a. Traditional building materials
b. Structural repairs
c. Maintenance and up gradation of historic structures.
LEVEL III – Design, reuse, infill, modification and new buildings in historic areas
LEVEL IV – City Level policies, regulations, guide lines etc.,
PROBLEMS IN CONSERVATION WITH RESPECT TO INDIA:-
(i) DIVERSITY - Almost 3000 different cities and towns in India
displaying diversity in their characteristics, now the problem lies in
how to understand it in a better way so as to save it-can it be looked
into one frame work.
(ii) POLITICS - The second problem is identifying the role and activities
of the people, along with the objects, and hence has a political meaning
in the contemporary phase of our development.
(iii) PEOPLE - Demographically, economically and socially transforming
our society. Hence there should be in protection of cultural heritage.
This leads to the question development versus conservation. Some also
say conservation is being anti-progress.
(iv) LACK OF RESOURCES - Scarcity of both material and professional resources.
VALUES IN CONSERVATION:-
-Conservation must preserve and, if possible, enhance the messages and values of
proposed cultural interventions, as well as to establish the extent and nature of property.
-These values help systematically to overall priorities in deciding proposed
interventions, as well as to establish the extent and nature of individual treatment.
VALUES ASSIGNED TO CULTURAL PROPERTY:-
i. EMOTIONAL VALUES.
(a) WONDER (b)IDENTITY (c)CONTINUITY (d)SPIRITUAL AND SYMBOLIC.
(e) AETHETIC AND ARTISTIC.
Anyone who sees this heritage gets this question in the mind.
Who made it? How was it made?
Why was it made? What made him make it?
In short one simply wonders at the creation at first glance.
(i-b) IDENTITY:-
The monument or property is an identity of our own, we identity
ourselves with that with pride.
(i-c)CONTINUITY:-
Confers legitimacy and reassures us when we face the future. The fact
that the monuments have stood the test of time gives us the sense of continuity.
(ii-b)HISTORIC VALUES :-
(ii-c)ARCHEOLOGICAL VALUES:-
- It involves the unexplored potential of a building or site to give
information.
- Generally done using scientific studies.
- The fact, that these studies will someday lead to discovery of
certain knowledge of the past which can be used for future is very
important.
- Hence the retention of the cultural fabric is very
important.(building fabric).
(ii-e)ARCHITECTURAL VALUES:-
- Are related to the individual’s movement through spaces and the
feelings generated from the same.
- The vitruvian virtues of Architecture. UTILITAS, FIRMITAS,
VENUSTAS.
- UTILITAS (function-commodity-utility)
It relates to the usefulness of the building. If it cannot be used then
it becomes a economic threat to its own existence.
- FIRMITAS (solidity-materiality)
It relates to the strength of the building with respect to the resisting
of the loads and a standing tall with only very minor
damages.9some of the buildings only).
- VENUSTAS (Beauty-delight-desire)
It covers the artistic element in architecture such as the relationship
of the building to the site, the massing and silhouette, the
proportions of the element to the whole.
(iii-b)ECONOMIC VALUE:-
- If the building is going to be functional is going to be functional it
is going to be economical.
- Secondly the building may also be economical due to various
values given above due to the generation of tourists traffic to the
site.(Emotional value).
- Related to the revenue generation from cultural property.
(iii-c)SOCIAL VALUE:-
- Identity and continuity of the society.
- The word “OURS” –OUR HERITAGE play an important part.
(iii-d)POLITICAL VALUE:-
- Establish N ational pride.
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNESCO works to create the conditions for dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples,
based upon respect for commonly shared values. It is through this dialogue that the world can
achieve global visions of sustainable development encompassing observance of human rights,
mutual respect and the alleviation of poverty, all of which are at the heart of UNESCO’S mission
and activities.
The broad goals and concrete objectives of the international community – as set out in the
internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) – underpin all UNESCO’s strategies and activities. Thus UNESCO’s unique
competencies in education, the sciences, culture and communication and information contribute
towards the realization of those goals.
UNESCO under its aegis has five main themes or programs namely Education, Natural
Sciences, Social & Human Sciences, Culture, Communication & Information
Under the theme Culture, there are different themes of which some are listed as follows, a.
Culture and Development, b. World Heritage, c. Intangible heritage, d. Armed conflict and
heritage etc.,
The UNESCO seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural
and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.
This is embodied in an international treaty called the Convention (World Heritage Convention)
concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in
1972.
• Encourage States Parties to the Convention to nominate sites within their national
territory for inclusion on the World Heritage List;
• Encourage States Parties to establish management plans and set up reporting systems
on the state of conservation of their World Heritage sites;
• Help States Parties safeguard World Heritage properties by providing technical
assistance and professional training;
• Provide emergency assistance for World Heritage sites in immediate danger;
• Support States Parties' public awareness-building activities for World Heritage
conservation;
• Encourage participation of the local population in the preservation of their cultural and
natural heritage;
• Encourage international cooperation in the conservation of our world's cultural and
natural heritage.
• The most significant feature of the 1972 World Heritage Convention is that it links
together in a single document the concepts of nature conservation and the preservation of
cultural properties. The Convention recognizes the way in which people interact with
nature, and the fundamental need to preserve the balance between the two.
• The Convention defines the kind of natural or cultural sites which can be considered for
inscription on the World Heritage List.
• The Convention sets out the duties of States Parties in identifying potential sites and
their role in protecting and preserving them. By signing the Convention, each country
pledges to conserve not only the World Heritage sites situated on its territory, but also to
protect its national heritage. The States Parties are encouraged to integrate the protection
of the cultural and natural heritage into regional planning programmes, set up staff and
services at their sites, undertake scientific and technical conservation research and adopt
measures which give this heritage a function in the day-to-day life of the community.
• It explains how the World Heritage Fund is to be used and managed and under what
conditions international financial assistance may be provided.
• The Convention stipulates the obligation of States Parties to report regularly to the World
Heritage Committee on the state of conservation of their World Heritage properties.
These reports are crucial to the work of the Committee as they enable it to assess the
conditions of the sites, decide on specific programme needs and resolve recurrent
problems.
• It also encourages States Parties to strengthen the appreciation of the public for World
Heritage properties and to enhance their protection through educational and information
programmes.
The World Heritage Committee meets once a year, and consists of representatives from 21 of the
States Parties to the Convention elected by their General Assembly. At its first session, the
Committee adopted its Rules of Procedure of the World Heritage Committee
The Committee is responsible for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention, defines
the use of the World Heritage Fund and allocates financial assistance upon requests from States
Parties. It has the final say on whether a property is inscribed on the World Heritage List. The
Committee can also defer its decision and request further information on properties from the
States Parties. It examines reports on the state of conservation of inscribed properties and asks
States Parties to take action when properties are not being properly managed. It also decides on
the inscription or deletion of properties on the List of World Heritage in Danger.
(ii) to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural
area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-
planning or landscape design;
(vi) to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with
beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee
considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria);
(vii) to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and
aesthetic importance;
(viii) to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the
record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or
significant geomorphic or physiographic features;
(x) to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of
biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value
from the point of view of science or conservation.
The protection, management, authenticity and integrity of properties are also important
considerations.
Since 1992 significant interactions between people and the natural environment have been
recognized as cultural landscapes.
ICOMOS
International Council on monuments and sites
ICOMOS works for the conservation and protection of cultural heritage places. It is the only
global non-government organisation of this kind, which is dedicated to promoting the application
of theory, methodology, and scientific techniques to the conservation of the architectural and
archaeological heritage. Its work is based on the principles enshrined in the 1964 International
Charter on the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (the Venice Charter).
ICOMOS is a network of experts that benefits from the interdisciplinary exchange of its
members, among which are architects, historians, archaeologists, art historians, geographers,
anthropologists, engineers and town planners.
The members of ICOMOS contribute to improving the preservation of heritage, the standards
and the techniques for each type of cultural heritage property : buildings, historic cities, cultural
landscapes and archaeological sites
use and enhancement of monuments, building complexes and sites. He participates in the
development of doctrine, evolution and distribution of ideas, conducts advocacy. ICOMOS is the
Advisory Body of the World Heritage Committee for the Implementation of the World Heritage
Convention of UNESCO. As such, it reviews the nominations of cultural world heritage of
humanity and ensures the conservation status of properties.
Its creation in 1965 is the logical outcome of the first interviews as architects, historians and
international experts have begun early in the twentieth century and that had materialized in the
adoption of the Charter of Venice in 1964. In light of numerous studies, conferences, symposia
and discussions led by its National Committees and International Scientific Committees,
ICOMOS has gradually built through philosophical and doctrinal heritage internationally.
From around the world, with diverse and complementary professional backgrounds, researchers,
scientists, lawyers Heritage, economists, engineers, artisans, professionals, academics, private
consultants, elected officials, state representatives, etc.., Put their ideas and expertise together in
a spirit of collegiality and respect for their cultural and religious differences.
Impartiality
As the NGOs, ICOMOS is one of the three Advisory Bodies of the World Heritage Convention.
Institution to prepare its opinion, it uses a network of experts, chosen for their expertise and
experience, who advise technology independently and in accordance with the ethical rules.
ICOMOS, like any organization related to UNESCO's mission is the reconciliation of peoples
and cultures. That's why it created the Fund in 2003 Victoria Falls which facilitates the mobility
of members from poor countries. In addition, during the great natural disasters, ICOMOS
provides experts and specialists in the development of emergency measures for the preservation,
conservation and restoration of heritage (Haiti, China, Iran, etc.). It is a founding member of the
Blue Shield.
Finally, ICOMOS supports open access, free and unrestricted, scientific publications, through the
project "ICOMOS Open Archive: EPrints on Cultural Heritage".
ICCROM
International Centre for the study of the preservation and restoration of the
cultural property
ICCROM is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the conservation of cultural heritage.
Its members are individual states which have declared their adhesion to it. It exists to serve the
international community as represented by its Member States, which currently number 132.
It is the only institution of its kind with a worldwide mandate to promote the conservation of all
types of cultural heritage, both movable and immovable.
The decision to found the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration
of Cultural Property was made at the 9th UNESCO General Conference in New Delhi in 1956, at
a time of mounting interest in the protection and preservation of cultural heritage. It was
subsequently established in Rome in 1959 at the invitation of the Government of Italy.
ICCROM aims at improving the quality of conservation practice as well as raising awareness
about the importance of preserving cultural heritage.
ICCROM contributes to preserving cultural heritage in the world today and for the future
through five main areas of activity:
Training
Information
ICCROM has one of the world's leading conservation libraries. The catalogue contains over
89,000 entries relating to books, reports and specialized journals in more than 40 languages.
ICCROM also has a collection of over 17,000 images. In addition, this website offers
comprehensive information on international events and training opportunities in the field of
conservation-restoration.
Research
ICCROM organizes and coordinates meetings to devise common approaches and methodologies
and to promote the definition of internationally agreed ethics, criteria and technical standards for
conservation practice. The ICCROM Laboratory is both a resource and reference point for
conservation experts.
Cooperation
All ICCROM activities involve institutional and professional partners. Cooperation is provided
in the form of technical advice, collaborative visits, and education and training.
Advocacy
ICCROM disseminates teaching materials and organizes workshops and other activities to raise
public awareness and support for conservation.
UNDP
UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand
crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone.
On the ground in 177 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to
help empower lives and build resilient nations.
World leaders have pledged to achieve the Millenium Development Goals, including the
overarching goal of cutting poverty in half by 2015. UNDP's network links and coordinates
global and national efforts to reach these Goals. Our focus is helping countries build and share
solutions to the challenges of:
• Poverty Reduction and Achievement of the MDGs
• Democratic Governance
• Crisis Prevention and Recovery
• Environment and Energy for Sustainable Development
UNDP helps developing countries attract and use aid effectively. In all our activities, we
encourage the protection of human rights, capacity development and the empowerment of
women.
The annual Human Development Report, commissioned by UNDP, focuses the global
debate on key development issues, providing new measurement tools, innovative analysis
and often controversial policy proposals. The global Report's analytical framework and
inclusive approach carry over into regional, national and local Human Development
Reports, also supported by UNDP.
In each country office, the UNDP Resident Representative normally also serves as the
Resident Coordinator of development activities for the United Nations system as a whole.
Through such coordination, UNDP seeks to ensure the most effective use of UN and
international aid resources.