Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Agro 1
Agro 1
Agro 1
Bachelor of Technology
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By,
ASWIN PRADEEP (CMA15ME015)
S. HARIRAJ (CMA15ME022)
JOBIN MATHEWKUTTY (CMA15ME031)
JOSEPH K THOMAS (CMA15ME034)
done by
Aswin Pradeep
S. Hariraj
Jobin Mathewkutty
Joseph K Thomas
MAY 2019
This is to certify that the project entitled “MULTIPURPOSE AGRO MACHINE” is a bonafide
report of the Project done by ASWIN PRADEEP (Register Number: CMA15ME015),
S.HARIRAJ (Register Number: CMA15ME022),JOBIN MATHEWKUTTY (Register Number:
CMA15ME031),JOSEPH K THOMAS (Register Number: CMA15ME034) under our
supervision and guidance, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering from Carmel College of Engineering &
Technology , Alappuzha for the year 2019.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from the personal effort and steadfastness to work, constant inspiration and
encouragement given by number of individuals several as the driving forces enabled us to
submit this thesis in present form. Inspiration, guidance, direction, co-operation, love and
care- all came in our terms. We are deeply privileged to evince a word of thanks to
everyone who played a positive role in the completion of our project. With the grace of
God Almighty, we have been enlightened and to complete our project successfully.
We render our esteemed gratitude to our project coordinator Assistant Prof. Abin
Jacob, (Department of Mechanical Engineering, CCET) for his valuable suggestions for
project work. We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to our internal
guide, Assistant Prof. Vishnu A.R, (Department of Mechanical Engineering, CCET) with
able guidance, endless patience, help, constructive criticism and affectionate attitude made
us on the project suggestions and fore thoughts. We are highly obliged to them for the
cordial atmosphere in which they guided us throughout the period of project work.
We cannot pay debts to our parents, brothers and sisters whom they gave us in the
form of encouragement and blessings in our lives.
ABSTRACT
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will continue to remain so for a
long time. Agriculture is a branch of applied science. Agriculture is the science and art of
farming including cultivating the soil, producing crops and raising livestock. It is the most
important enterprise in the world. Over the years, agricultural practices have been carried out by
small-holders cultivating between 2 to 3 hectare, using human labor and traditional tools such as
wooden plough, yoke, leveler, harrow, mallet, spade, big sickle etc. These tools are used in land
preparation, for sowing of seeds, weeding and harvesting.
Modem agricultural techniques and equipments are not used by small land holders because these
equipments are too expensive and difficult to acquire. By adopting scientific farming methods
we can get maximum yield and good quality crops which can save a farmer from going bankrupt
but majority of farmers still uses primitive method of farming techniques due to lack of
knowledge or lack of investment for utilizing modern equipment. The use of hand tools for land
cultivation is still predominant in India because tractors require resources that many Indian
farmers do not have easy access to. The need for agricultural mechanization in India must
therefore be assessed with a deeper understanding of the small holder farmer‘s activities. There
is huge gap in technology adoption and Implement used with small and marginal farmers.
LIST OF FIGURES
4.2 Plough 13
4.3 Leveler 14
4.5 Cutter 15
LIST OF TABLES
CONTENTS
Certificate
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
List Of Figures iii
List Of Tables iv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Main Features Of Indian Agriculture 2
1.2 Major Challenges Faced By Indian Agriculture 4
2 Literature Review 6
3 Theoretical Study 9
3.1 Traditional Methods 9
3.1.1 Tractor Drawn Equipments 9
3.1.2 Advantages Of Tractor Powered Equipments 9
3.1.3 Disadvantages Of Tractor 9
3.1.4 Animal Drawn Equipments 10
3.1.5 Advantages Of Bullock Powered Equipment 10
3.1.6 Disadvantages Of Bullock Powered Equipment 10
4 Design And Fabrication 11
4.1 Fabricated Model 11
4.2 Features Of Our Equipment 12
4.3 Parts 13
4.3.1 Plough 13
4.3.2 Leveler 13
4.3.3 Seed Sower 14
4.3.4 Cutter 15
5 Working Principle 16
6 Result And Analysis 17
6.1 Material And Cost 17
6.2 Application Of Our Equipment 18
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will continue to
remain so for a long time. A man without food for three days will quarrel, for a week will
fight and for a month or so will die. Agriculture is a branch of applied science. Agriculture
is the science and art of farming including cultivating the soil, producing crops and raising
livestock. It is the most important enterprise in the world. Over the years, agricultural
practices have been carried out by small-holders cultivating between 2 to 3 hectare, using
human labor and traditional tools such as wooden plough, yoke, leveler, harrow, mallet,
spade, big sickle etc. These tools are used in land preparation, for sowing of seeds,
Modem agricultural techniques and equipments are not used by small land holders because
these equipments are too expensive and difficult to acquire. By adopting scientific farming
methods we can get maximum yield and good quality crops which can save a farmer from
going bankrupt but majority of farmers still uses primitive method of farming techniques
The use of hand tools for land cultivation is still predominant in India because tractors
require resources that many Indian farmers do not have easy access to. The need for
There is huge gap in technology adoption and Implement used with small and
cropping systems. While most of the necessary components already exist, information on
production will be more and if monsoon is less than average then the crops fail. As
holdings get fragmented and subdivided and become uneconomical. Machinery and
agriculture is less; farmers find work a few months in the year. Their capacity of work
unemployment
Due to large scale sub-division and fragmentation of holdings, land holding size is
quite small. Average size of land holding was 2 to 3 hectares in India while in Australia it
due to poverty and illiteracy of people. Traditional technology is the main cause of low
production.
food crops like rice and wheat has been stagnating for quite some time. This is a
situation which is worrying our agricultural scientists, planners and policy makers. If
this trend continues, there would be a huge gap between the demand of ever growing
2. High cost of Farm Inputs: Over the years rates of farm inputs have increased. Farm
inputs include fertilizer, insecticide, pesticides, HYV seeds, farm labour cost etc.
Such an increase puts low and medium land holding farmers at a disadvantage.
3. Soil Exhaustion: Soil exhaustion means loss of nutrients in the soil from farming the
same crop over and over again. This usually happens in the rain forest.
4. Depletion of Fresh Ground Water: Most of the irrigation in dry areas of Punjab,
Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh was carried out by excessive use of ground
water.
Vegetables 2nd -
Small and marginal farmers have limited resources especially in rain-fed regions where only
animal power is used resulting in low productivity. Though agricultural production is high,
per hectare productivity is much lower than world average. There is an urgent need to
increase productivity.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Blackmore S (2007)
A systems view of agricultural robotics .This research paper presents design and
machine design, factors affecting seed emergence, some mechanisms. The basic objective
of sowing operation is to put the seed and fertilizer in rows at desired depth and seed to
seed spacing, cover the seeds with soil and provide proper compaction over the seed. The
recommended seed to seed spacing and depth of seed placement vary from crop to crop
and for different agro-climate conditions to achieve optimum yields. From this we know
that mechanical factors effects on seed germination like uniformity of depth of placement
In this power transmission mechanism, seed meter mechanisms, weeder mechanism etc.
The working as machine is pushed; power wheel is rotating which transmit power to
weeder through chain and sprocket mechanism. Now cam is mounted on sprocket shaft
which push weeder towards downward direction. Once weeder is penetrate in soil and
during backward stroke flapper is opened so seed get separated from weeder and inserted
in weed. From this we get idea that if we use the belt having small holes with defined
thickness then it is beneficial for our project. As our multipurpose vehicle is only for
In this paper authors draws our attention towards the performance factor of a power
tiller. Among those demand for light weight power tiller was sought out most. Fuel
efficiency and field capacity such parameters are also discussed. We take those points in
this they present that for sowing purpose we import the machinery which are bulk in size
having more cost. To prevent this they design multipurpose sowing machine which
system, seed distributor, and tiller. In this they design model on PRO-E software.
Actually the working is very simple as the tiller rotates it directly transmit motion into
ground wheel which directly connected through main shaft. A main shaft has a disc with
scoops inside the hopper. When the ground wheel rotates the main shaft also rotates with
the help of power transmission system. The scoops collect the seed from hopper and
leave it inside the seed distributor. The tiller is having very good contact with ground.
In this papers authors have used certain multipurpose machine with help of this paper
we were able to derive our attention to broader way also how attachments can be
used for making a model more useful in efficient and sustainable way.
drawbacks of these autonomous robots are that they are not designed to work in soft
CHAPTER 3
THEORITICAL STUDY
Operation is easy.
Costly, High initial cost (6 to 8lakhs), high maintenance cost (diesel cost)
Tractor wheels will destroy furrows. Produces large amount of clods, hence
Once the crop is germinated tractor has no further use in cultivation process.
Low cost.
CHAPTER 4
The purpose of this project is to provide farmer with multipurpose equipment which
implements all the scientific farming specifications and technology to get maximum yield
There are many tractor powered equipment which are suitable and economical only for
more than 5 acres of land. There are many hand pulled equipments which are only suitable
for gardening purpose. Our objective of making equipment is suitable for 1 acre to 3 acres
of land it is both economical and modernized with scientific methods. Majority of the
Indian formers are the land owners of 1 to 3 acres. Hence it is most suitable for Indian
The Successful implement of scientific farming with our equipment will lead to
Sequential spacing of seeds will reduce the wastage of seeds and helps in the best
utilization of the field and reduces the thinning and filling effort.
charges.
4.3 PARTS
4.3.1 Plough
The plough is connected to a shaft welded to the frame through a lead screw and a bolt.
Here the plough rotates about the lead screw controlled manually using a lever.
4.3.2 Leveler
The long bolt and nut is used for leveler up & down movement.
The leveler closes the soil in the sowed soil & levels the land.
For seed sowing mechanism, we have used a funnel which is connected to a pipe
through a tube.
Also the pipe is provided with two holes opposite to each other so that the seed
4.3.4 Cutter
The height of the grass cut may be fixed by the design of the mover, but generally
The blades may be powered by manual force, with wheels mechanically connected
to the cutting blades or it can be connected to a high power motor to get the
required speed.
CHAPTER 5
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The land to be cultivated is selected and the excess weeds and plants are removed from the
land by cutting it using the cutter fitted to the machine. After cutting the plants, the wastes
are removed from the field. The power required for these actions are collected from a 6V
5AH battery connected to the machine. The motion of the cutter is equipped from a 1000
RPM motor whereas the linear motion of the machine is achieved by connecting two 30
RPM battery each to both the front wheels. After the preparations are complete, 3 processes
take place at the same time, i.e Plowing, Seeding and Leveling. During plowing the
cultivator bars are lowered as they touch the ground and plowed. Simultaneously seeds are
sowed to the ground by the rotational motion of the pipe. This rotational motion of the pipe
is due to the rotating wheels in the rear as the pipe and the wheel is connected to each other.
A hole is drilled at the center of the pipe on both sides opposite to each other to which
another pipe is connected for the travel of the seed. Now the sowed seed is covered by the
sand using a leveling bar welded to the frame at the back side of the machine
CHAPTER 6
The main material used is steel bars from which the frame is constructed.
Two different motors – two 30RPM motor and a 1000RPM motor are used based
on their application.
A Motor shaft is welded to a bolt, & a lead screw is also welded to a bolt, by
this arrangement the rotary motion of the motor is converted into linear motion of the lead
screw. As the cultivator is welded to the lead screw, it is lowered down, soil is digged to
1.5 mm.
A ladle is used for Seed storage, We have provided hole to the hallow cylinder
which is coupled to the motor shaft, where the funnel is placed above it, As the motor is
switched on, the hallow cylinder tend to rotate which makes the seeds fall on the
6.2.3 Leveling
A Sheet metal Plate is used as mud closer and leveler. The long bolt and nut is
used for leveler up & down movement. The Leveler is not powered, instead it is fixed to
required level initially. The leveler closes the soil in the sowed soil & levels the land.
The height of the cut grass may be fixed by the design of the mower, but generally
is adjustable by the operator. The blades may be powered by manual force, with
Sequence spacing seed sowing machine has more advantages than regular
A single seed can be placed in the desired spacing, so that the wastage of
the seeds will be reduced. This will reduce the thinning operation during
Low cost, it‘s the lowest priced multipurpose agricultural equipment ever built.
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Practically our mini harvesting equipment can be used for ploughing, sowing, leveling
and also used for grass cutting purposes. All the parts are connected in such a way that
in every stage of agriculture the equipment can be rearranged or easily assembled with
Our team has successfully combined many ideas from various fields of mechanical
engineering and agricultural knowledge to improve the yield and by reducing the labor
effort and expenses. The whole idea of mini harvesting equipment is a new concept,
REFERENCE
pp. 621-628
23683-23685 .