CHEMISTRY PROJECT

AZO DYE

By Ritvik Singh
Class XII Sc A
Roll no: 18

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !1



Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to our
Chemistry teacher, Dr. (Mrs.) Swarnali Basu and our
laboratory assistant, Sir Shankar who guided me to the
successful completion of this project from which I have greatly
benefitted. I am very grateful to them for their valuable
guidance, constant encouragement and motivation which has
sustained my efforts at all stages in my preparation of this
project work.
I express my gratitude to our respected Principal Sir (Mr.)
Rajeevan P. for his encouragement and for making all possible
arrangements for the successful completion of this project.
I also express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents and my
friends for their valuable advice and support which have
played a crucial role in helping me achieve success in this
project work.
Ritvik Singh

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !2

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project on “AZO DYE” has been
successfully completed and submitted as per the requirements of
the All India Senior School Certificate Examination
(AISSCE) 2019 by Ritvik Singh, AISSCE roll no.
                     under the guidance and supervision of Dr.(Mrs.)
Swarnali Basu and has been submitted to the Department of
Chemistry, Army Public School, Shillong.

Internal Examiner

External Examiner    Principal

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !3

 Contents
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Apparatus and chemicals required
4. Experimental Procedure
5. Sample
6. Result And Conclusion

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !4

 Introduction
Dyes are colored substances which can adhere to the surface
of materials and are used to give color to paper food   stuff
and various textiles such as cotton, silk, etc. Groups such as
Azo, Triphenylmethyl, etc are responsible for the colour of the
dye. Some other groups like amino group, carboxylic group ,
etc are responsible for making the dyes stick to the clothes by
the formation of specific salts. The dyed clothes appear to be
colored because a particular dye absorbs radiations of a
specific wavelength from the visible region of the
electromagnetic spectrum which falls on its surface. The
remaining radiations which are known as “complementary
colors of light’ are reflected. The color that is observed is
reflected light.
A dye must have the following characteristics:
• It must have a suitable color.
• It must have the capacity to adhere to the material.
• When fixed, it must be immune to the action of the
detergents, soaps, water, dry - cleaning, solvents, light and
dilute acids.

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !5

The dyes are classified as follows :
1. Acid dyes
2. Basic dyes
3. Direct dyes
4. Disperse dyes
5. Fibre reactive dyes
6. Insoluble dyes
7. Vat dyes
8. Mordant dyes


In the present work, benzene azo-2-naphthol which is an

orange-red dye has been prepared. The theory for the
preparation of this dye is discussed in the following section.

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !6

 Theory
The azo dye Benzene azo-2-naphthol is a reddish-orange dye
which belongs to the class of azo-dye, all of which contains
the characteristic group [-N=N].
All these classes of compounds are coloured and form
industrially important dyes.
For the preparation of this dye, aniline is diazotized and the
diazonium salt thus prepared is subjected to coupling reaction
with Benzene ago-2-naphthol.

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !7

 Apparatus And Chemicals
Required
The apparatus used are:
• Conical flask (100mL)
• Beakers (100mL and 200mL)
• Ice bath
• Glass rod
• Buchner funnel
• Water pump
The chemicals used are:
• Aniline (C6H5NH2)
• Sodium Nitrate (NaNO2
• Concentrated Hydrochloric acid (HCl)



CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !8

 Experimental Procedure
• Three conical flasks were taken and these were labelled as
A,B and C respectively.
• In conical flask A, about 4.5mL of aniline is taken and
10mL of HCl is added to it. To it, about 20 mL of water
is added. The mixture is then cooled to 5 degree celsius by
placing the conical flask in a trough containing ice-cold
water.
• In the conical flask B, about 4g of sodium nitrite is
dissolved in 20 mL of water and this solution is also cooled
to 5 degree celsius.
• In conical flask C, around 0.74g of B-naphthol and
concentrated NaOH solution is taken.
• The aqueous solution from B is added to A.
• The resulting mixture is then added to C.



NOTE :  All the transfers are done under cool conditions.

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !9

 The ionic equation for the reaction is:

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !10

 Result And Conclusion 




From the synthesis of the dye about 2.5g of the dye was
obtained and the melting point was found to be 131 degree
celsius. These values are in good agreement with the expected
weight and melting point values of 3g and 123 to 126 degree
celsius respectively. The crystals obtained had brilliant orange-
red colour, which is an indication of the purity of the dye. Azo
compounds contain a highly delocalized system of electrons
which takes in both the benzene rings and the Nitrogen atoms
bridging the benzene rings as well.
If white light falls on one of these molecules, some
wavelengths are absorbed by the delocalized electrons. The
colour we see is the result of the non absorbed wavelengths.
The groups which contribute to the delocalization and also to
the absorption of light are called chromophore.

CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !11

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Comprehensive Practical Theory
• NCERT Chemistry, Class 12


• www.wikipedia.com


• Khanacademy.com


• Prepscholar.com


• AglaSem.com


• LearnCBSE.com


CHEMISTRY PROJECT (2018-19) RITVIK SINGH !12