Unit5 CrudeOilDesalting Exercises-2

PROFESSIONAL COURSE IN ENGLISH
“FUNDAMENTALS OF PETROLEUM REFINING”
Unit 7. Vaccum Distillation of Crude
Assistant teacher
Belinskaya Nataliya Segeevna
2015
Unit 7. Vacuum Distillation of Crude
Introduction
 To extract more distillates

from the atmospheric
residue, the bottom from
the atmospheric crude
distillation unit is sent to
the vacuum distillation
unit.
2
Introduction
3
Vacuum distillation products
The vacuum unit distillates are
 light vacuum gas oil

 medium vacuum gas oil
 heavy vacuum gas oil
 vacuum residue
 If the distillates are feed to down stream conversion

process, their the sulphur, metal and asphaltene
content should be reduced by hydrotreating or
hydroprocessing.
 In some refineries the whole atmospheric residue is
hydroprocessed before vacuum distillation.
4
Vacuum distillation products
 The vacuum unit can also be used to

produce lubrication oil grade feed stocks.
 This depends on the quality of the crude oil

feed to the refinery as only special types of
crude can produce lube grade feed stocks.
5
Process Description
 The atmospheric residue can be sent

directly to the vacuum unit after heat
extraction in the crude preheat exchangers
train.
 If the atmospheric residue is sent to storage,

the temperature should not be below 150 ºC
to control the viscosity necessary for proper
flow.
6
Process Description
 The atmospheric residue is

heated in several exchangers
by the hot products and
pumparounds of the vacuum
unit.
 Final heating to 380–415 ºC

is done in a fired heater.
7
Process Description
 To minimize thermal
cracking and coking, steam
is injected in the heater tube
passes.
 The feed enters the vacuum

tower at the lower part of the
column.
8
Process Description
 As in case of atmospheric
distillation, a 3–5 vol% overflash is
maintained.
 This is to provide some

fractionation between the heavy
vacuum gasoil drawoff tray and
the flash zone, thereby controlling
its end point.
9
Process Description
 The distillate is withdrawn

as light vacuum gasoil
and two other cuts,
medium vacuum gasoil
and heavy vacuum gasoil.
10
Process Description
 Vacuum distillation columns are equipped with

packing for fractionation and heat exchange
zones.
 This is to reduce the pressure drop in the

column which is necessary for creating a low
vacuum in the lower section of the column.
 The bottom zone is equipped with valve trays.
11
Process Description
 The vapours from the flash zone go through

a wash and fractionation zone where the
heavy ends are condensed with heavy
gasoil reflux.
 Further up, the column sections (consisting

of a heat exchange and fractionation zone)
are separated by sprays of liquid from the
pumparound or the internal reflux.
12
Process Description
 Vacuum distillation units have a system to

create the vacuum that uses either ejectors
or a combination of ejectors and liquid ring
pumps.
 Ejectors recompress the gases through a

nozzle where vapours from the column are
sucked into the venturi section of the nozzle
by a stream of medium or low pressure
steam.
13
Process Description
 The vapour phase at the ejector exit is

partially condensed in an exchanger with
cooling water.
 The liquid phase is then sent to the

overhead drum.
 The vapour phase goes from the condenser

to another ejector-condenser stage.
14
Process Description
 Liquid ring pumps are similar to rotor gas

compressors.
 One pump can replace two or three stages

of ejectors in dry or wet type vacuum
distillation.
 They do not use steam and can significantly

reduce hydrocarbon-rich aqueous
condensates in a system using ejectors.
15
Process Description
 Systems with ejectors are much more

flexible and rapid to put into operation.
 The higher investments required by liquid

ring pumps are offset by reduced steam
consumption and lower installation costs.
16
Gas oils
 Boiling range is 150 to 450 °C
 Carbon numbers range is C9 to C30
Gas oils contain
 Straight and branched chain alkanes
 Cycloalkanes
 Aromatic hydrocarbons
 Olefins
 Polyaromatic compounds
Gas oils application
fuel oil to substitute coal in
 industrial furnaces
 domestic heaters
 ships
 locomotives 17

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PROFESSIONAL COURSE IN ENGLISH

“FUNDAMENTALS OF PETROLEUM REFINING”

Unit 7. Vaccum Distillation of Crude

 To extract more distillates

Vacuum distillation products

The vacuum unit distillates are

 light vacuum gas oil

 If the distillates are feed to down stream conversion

Vacuum distillation products

 The vacuum unit can also be used to

 This depends on the quality of the crude oil

 The atmospheric residue can be sent

 If the atmospheric residue is sent to storage,

 The atmospheric residue is

 Final heating to 380–415 ºC

 The feed enters the vacuum

 This is to provide some

 The distillate is withdrawn

 Vacuum distillation columns are equipped with

 This is to reduce the pressure drop in the

 The bottom zone is equipped with valve trays.

 The vapours from the flash zone go through

 Further up, the column sections (consisting

 Vacuum distillation units have a system to

 Ejectors recompress the gases through a

 The vapour phase at the ejector exit is

 The liquid phase is then sent to the

 The vapour phase goes from the condenser

 Liquid ring pumps are similar to rotor gas

 One pump can replace two or three stages

 They do not use steam and can significantly

 Systems with ejectors are much more

 The higher investments required by liquid

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