PLANTS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES AS AN

ALTERNATIVE GLUE
Hibiscus, commonly known as Gumamela, is a shrub that grows from one meter up to
4 meters high. It is fragrant and the bottom part of its pod contains mucilage which gives
its slimy and sticky characteristics. Mucilage is described as a polysaccharide
substance extracted as a viscous or gelatinous solution from plant roots, seeds, etc.,
and used in medicines and adhesives. As herbal medicine, gumamela flower, leaves
and roots are used. Gumamela has the following medicinal characteristics: expectorant,
diuretic, emollient, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anodyne and
refrigerant.
With the knowledge of the Gumamela flower being fragrant, anti-infectious, and
mucilage bearing, the researchers came up with the idea of producing adhesive from it.
Its characteristics give the possibility of making glue which is non-toxic, effective,
fragrant, and organic.
Okra, (Abelmoschus esculentus), is a herbaceous hairy annual plant of the mallow
family (Malvaceae). Its mucilaginous properties are used as thickening agent for food
particularly in soups. The upper part of the okra pod is usually cut off prior to cooking.
This part also contains mucilage which gives off its slimy characteristic.
Just like the Gumamela plant, Okra also has a high potential of being an adhesive agent
due to its richness in mucilage.
Chrysophyllum cainito is a tropical tree of the family Sapotaceae. It is native to the
Greater Antilles and the West Indies. It has spread to the lowlands of Central America
and is now grown throughout the tropics, including Southeast Asia. Caimito is a tree with
a spreading crown, growing to a height of 15 meters. Branches are numerous and slender, the
young tips are copper-colored and covered with appressed hairs. Leaves are leathery, ovate or
oblong, 7.5 to 13 centimeters long, pointed at the tip, blunt or rounded at the base and covered
underneath with silky, golden-brown, soft hairs. Flowers are purplish-white, small and clustered
in the axils of leaves, with 5 sepals, and a tubular corolla with 5 lobes. Fruit is large and
rounded, 6 to 10 centimeters in diameter, shiny and smooth, purplish or light-green skin, with a
translucent whitish or purplish, soft pulp surrounding flattened seeds about 1 to 1.5 centimeters
long. The flesh, contains a small amount of milky juice, somewhat fibrous, sweet, mild and
pleasant tasting.
Aloe vera is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. An evergreen perennial, it
originates from the Arabian Peninsula, but grows wild in tropical, semi-tropical, and arid
climates around the world. It is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal usesThe plant
has triangular, fleshy leaves with serrated edges, yellow tubular flowers and fruits that
contain numerous seeds. Each leaf is composed of three layers: 1) An inner clear gel
that contains 99% water and rest is made of glucomannans, amino acids, lipids, sterols
and vitamins. 2) The middle layer of latex which is the bitter yellow sap and contains
anthraquinones and glycosides. 3) The outer thick layer of 15–20 cells called as rind
which has protective function and synthesizes carbohydrates and proteins. Inside the
rind are vascular bundles responsible for transportation of substances such as water
(xylem) and starch (phloem).
Corchorus is a genus of about 40–100 species of flowering plants in the family
Malvaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. Different
common names are used in different contexts, with jute applying to the fiber produced
from the plant, and mallow-leaves for the leaves used as a vegetable. The genus
Corchorus is classified under the subfamily Grewioideae of the family Malvaceae. It
contains around 40 to 100 species.[2] The genus Oceanopapaver, previously of
uncertain placement, has recently been synonymized under Corchorus. The name was
established by Guillaumin in 1932 for the single species Oceanopapaver
neocaledonicum Guillaumin from New Caledonia. The genus has been classified in a
number of different families including Capparaceae, Cistaceae, Papaveraceae, and
Tiliaceae. The putative family name "Oceanopapaveraceae" has occasionally appeared
in print and on the web but is a nomen nudum and has never been validly published nor
recognised by any system of plant taxonomy.[3]
Eggplant, (Solanum melongena), also called aubergine or Guinea squash, tender
perennial plant of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), grown for its edible fruits.
Eggplant requires a warm climate and has been cultivated in its native Southeast Asia
since remote antiquity. A staple in cuisines of the Mediterranean region, eggplant
figures prominently in such classic dishes as the Greek moussaka, the Italian eggplant
parmigiana, and the Middle Eastern relish baba ghanoush. It is also frequently served
as a baked, grilled, fried, or boiled vegetable and is used as a garnish and in stews. The
plant is closely related to the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and the potato (S.
tuberosum) as well as to several poisonous nightshades.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Journal Title: Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine
To isolate and evaluate comparatively the binding efficacy of the mucilages obtained
from the plants of Hibiscus rosasinensis and Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Methods:
Extraction of mucilages from the leaves of Hibiscus and pods of Okra (Ladies finger)
was carried out by a cold maceration process. The extracted mucilages were subjected
to various physicochemical properties for its suitability as an excipient in the formulation
of tablet dosage form. Different concentrations (10, 8, 5, 2 and 1% w/v) of binder
solutions of Hibiscus and Okra were used for the formulation of tablets and the
formulated tablets were evaluated by studying the standard parameters like diameter,
thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration and in vitro dissolution.
Stability studies of the formulated tablets were conducted for four weeks. Results: The
formulated tablets prepared using the mucilages of both Hibiscus and Okra had good
appearance. The in vitro drug release profile of the tablets prepared using Okra
mucilage had an optimum of 90% at a mucilage concentration of 1% w/v concentration
mucilage itself within 4 h. Conclusions: According to the observations, the lower
concentration levels of Okra can be used as an alternative binder to starch. The higher
concentration levels of Okra mucilage show a slow and sustained release, and can be
considered as an alternative natural excipient in the modified drug delivery systems. At
the same time, the above natural excipient of Hibiscus mucilage could be used as a
platform for prolonged release if its binder concentrations are increased. (Saraswathi,
2010 from The Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine)
MUCILAGE IN OKRA
Plant mucilage is found in almost all classes of plants, usually in very small amount.
Mucilage and gums are water soluble polysaccharides found in a widespread number of
plants and also in some microorganisms. It has different purposes ranging from water
storage and seed germination in plants to membrane thickener and food reserve to
adhesive, in some cases. Okra is one of the many plants which …show more content…
Since science always want to progress, this type of study will help the people in the
scientific community like doctors, pathologists and medical technologies to increase
their awareness that a plant specifically okra or lady’s finger can be an alternative
adhesive like egg albumin that is commonly used in histopathology procedures.
To the general public, their awareness about the study of okra as adhesive will help
them to use it as source of income. Since okra usually grows in warm areas and
Philippines is considered as a tropical country, letting the people know about the
benefits of okra will persuade them to plant. However, some people are not aware about
the good properties of the okra; this study will allow them to know the importance of
okra particularly as source of mucilage. ( Akane & De Lara, 2012)

OKRA’s MUCILAGE: Alternative glue potential.

Lady’s Finger (Abelmoschus esculents) or “Okra is commonly known here in the
Philippines as a green finger-shaped like fruit. It is one of the many plants which contain
mucilage. It was proven according to University of Sto. Thomas Department of Medical
Technology that it is wildly dominated in tropical regions around the world. Its
mucilaginous properties are used as a thickening agent for food particularly in soups.
The upper part of the okra pods are commonly removed or cut thrown and prior to
cooking. This part of okra also contains mucilage which contains its slimy characteristic.
This mucilage has a good potential to be alternative glue.
Through all of these conducted researches/ studies we have come up an idea that is
different from these and that is to try other organic substances like plants that may be
an effective alternative glue aside from the gumamela and okra.
The researchers will conduct a comparative research that answers the following
questions:
1.) Which of these samples be an effective alternative glue aside from okra and
gumamela?
2.) Which substance is more effective as an alternative glue and which are not?
IF EFFECTIVE:
3.) What can be in these samples have that made them be an effective alternative
glue?
 4.) Can these extract can produce an alternative hair wax?
5.) What are the characteristics/ properties 0f thses that made them be an effective
alternative glue?
6.) Are these a good source in making glue?
7.) Which is a better product of glue, these as alternative glues or the commercial
ones?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study of creating and transforming these fruits, vegetables, flowers/ plants that are
found in your garden as an alternative glue aims to prove that there are other resources
from nature that can be derived in making natural glue/adhesive. It can be valuable to
those whose necessities are some materials as well as school supplies in school for
making such paper work, It is beneficial to those who want to be thrifty in buying
materials for them to save money since this study can conduct in home as well as its
materials and ingredients needed could be found at home.
Commonly, as students, there are many obligations that should participate specifically
in paper works. For instance, there are paper works that should need some materials to
make work easier, one of those materials is glue. Glue can be bought on some stores
cost Php 10-12 or even at higher prices that are a pain in the pocket that for some
students they cannot afford such materials in terms that they lack financial needs. The
researchers conducted a study to promote an alternative way and to highlight the
potential of other things in making a product This study focuses on the potential of some
fruits, flowers, plants and vegetables as renewable product that is significant for
purposes.
REFERENCES:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763764/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corchorus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corchorus
https://www.google.com/search?q=caimito&biw=1366&bih=657&sxsrf=ACYBGNQpecIp4ZOvDEMn6c7V
BLNBrUv73g:1573988933432&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjsIfajfHlAhVOzIsBHYDdAwIQ_AUIDSg
A
https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=657&sxsrf=ACYBGNR6I3GwQ2wSVhHb8H8-GUb6v-
JqlA%3A1573991574058&ei=ljTRXaD-ApaXr7wP0pCo4A8&q=gumamela&oq=gumamela&gs_l=psy-
ab.3..0i71l8.0.0..9817...0.2..0.0.0.......0......gws-
wiz._g8mOHtp6Lo&ved=0ahUKEwigoZrFl_HlAhWWy4sBHVIICvwQ4dUDCAs&uact=5
https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=657&sxsrf=ACYBGNRZPPLIRFH6uC3uByIHP0KuuEJBcg
%3A1573991586800&ei=ojTRXaCxMJCD0wSr-
bPQAQ&q=gumamela+as+an+alternative+glue&oq=gumamela+as+an&gs_l=psy-
ab.1.0.35i39j0l4j0i22i30l5.15503.16334..17806...0.2..0.191.948.0j6......0....1..gws-
wiz.......0i71j0i273j0i20i263.BgKWH6DJwsc
https://prezi.com/kgjymzyqjbat/gluemamela-an-alternative-glue-out-of-
gumamela/#:~:targetText=It%20is%20possible%20that%20gumamela,mucilage%20to%20produce%20st
icky%20substance.
https://studymoose.com/okra-abelmoschus-esculentus-as-alternative-glue-
essay#:~:targetText=It%20is%20possible%20that%20okra,mucilage%20to%20produce%20sticky%20sub
stance.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239297451_Isolation_of_the_mucilages_from_Hibiscus_ros
asinensis_linn_and_Okra_Abelmoschus_esculentus_linn_and_studies_of_the_bin
https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/Sample%20Literature%20Review_0.pdf

Group 5 of 9- St. Augustine

Pangandoyon, Angelica
Leonora, Alliyah Maye
Abellanosa, Janzel Reign
Baruel, Arabella Teresa
Group 5 of 9 - St. Augustine
Pangandoyon, Angelica
Abellanosa, Janzel Reign
Leonora, Alliyah Maye
Baruel, Arabella Teresa

METHODOLOGY
The researchers will need the following materials and equipment:
- 20 pieces of Gumamela flowers
- 20 pieces of Okra
- 1 caimito fruit and include its leaves
- Aloe vera plant
-a bunch of Corchorus
- 1 whole eggplant (sliced into 5 pcs)
- Mortar and Pestle
- Small spatula
- Sift
-6 bowls/ containers
- Measuring cups and spoons
 1/8 teaspoon and cup
 1/4 teaspoon and cup
 1/2 teaspoon and cup
 1 teaspoon and cup
 1 tablespoon and cup
- 300 grams Flour
- (6) 500 ml Water
- Stirring Rod
- Stove or Bunsen Burner
- Small sized pot
- 1 stopwatch
- 6 pieces of 100 ml beakers
- 6 pieces of bond paper
- 1 ¼ cardboard
- 6 pieces of parchment paper
- Electric blender
- 1 medium-sized zip lock plastic bag

PROCEDURE
(GUMMAMELA AS THE BASIS )
I. Preparation Stage
A. Making of glues from plants
A1. Gumamela
1. The petals will be detached from the main body.
2. The petals will be crushed using the mortar and pestle.
3. The juices extracted will be separated and the petals will be put in
the plastic bag for squeezing and more extraction.
4. The overall extracted juices shall be placed in the 100 ml beaker.
5. The stove will be lit on low heat and the juices will be poured in
the pot.
6. The substance will be stirred slowly following one direction and
quantitative amounts of flour and water shall be added.
7. The mixture will be transferred to a 100 ml beaker for cooling. It
will sit for more or less an hour.
A2. Okra
1. The upper part of the Okra will be cut off and the plant will be
sieved by the researchers over the heated pan to extract and
separate the mucilage.
2. Quantitative amounts of flour and water will be added according
to how the experiment goes in order to know the ideal amount of
ingredients to be added and avoid the wastage of resources.
3. The mixture will be continuously stirred and should not be burnt.
4. The mixture will be transferred to a 100 ml beaker and be cooled
down. After both substances have cooled down, the researchers
will now test its effectivity and create a qualitative data analysis of
 their observations on both glues. They will compare their qualities
and later on conclude which one works better.
A3. Caimito, Chorchorus, Eggplant, Aloevera
The procedure for the okra will be repeated with the other samples but with
specific considerations:
CAIMITO:
1. The seed and skin of the fruit will be removed, the fruit will be
sliced into 5 pieces and will be placed in the blender.
2. The sap of the leaves ( there would be a total of 10 leaves) of the
star apple would be extracted and placed in a small bowl.
3. (Going back to the fruit) The fruit will be blended up until it is as
liquid as it can be.
4. Right after blending the fruit, The fruit would be then placed into a
saucepan.
5. The saucepan with the blended fruit would be boiled in the stove at
a medium heat and would be stirred constantly for 3 minutes.
6. The boiled flour mixture would then be added.
7. The mixture which is now in the saucepan would be boiled and
stirred constantly for 8 minutes.
8. After 8 minutes, the stove would be turned off and the mixture
would then be added with the sap of the star apple leaves. Then it
would be stirred once again.
9. The mixture will be transferred to a 100 ml beaker and be cooled
down. After the substance has cooled down, the researchers will
now test its effectivity and create a qualitative data analysis of their
observations on the glue. They will compare their qualities and
later on conclude which one works better.
CORCHORUS:
1. The leaves of the corchorus will be pounded using the mortar and pestle.
2. When the leaves will be pounded enough, the pounded leaves will the be
poured in the blended and will be blended up until the researchers are
satisfied with the liquidity.
3. The blended leaves would then be strained and placed into a large bowl.
4. The boiled flour mixture would then be added in the large bowl.
5. The juices of the leaves mixed with the boiled flour mixture will then be
stirred constantly until it becomes a texture of a paste.
6. The mixture will be transferred to a 100 ml beaker and be cooled down.
After the substance has cooled down, the researchers will now test its
effectivity and create a qualitative data analysis of their observations on
 the glue. They will compare their qualities and later on conclude which one
works better.
ALOE VERA:
1. Each Aloe vera (5 pieces) sliced into pieces will be slightly pounded using
the mortar and pestle.
2. When the aloe vera will be pounded enough, the pounded alo evera will be
poured in the blender and will be blended up until the researchers are
satisfied with the liquidity.
3. The blended aloe vera would then be strained and placed into a large
bowl.
4. The boiled flour mixture would then be added in the large bowl.
5. The blended aloe vera mixed with the boiled flour mixture will then be
stirred constantly until it becomes a texture of a paste.
6. The mixture will be transferred to a 100 ml beaker and be cooled down. After
the substance has cooled down, the researchers will now test its effectivity and
create a qualitative data analysis of their observations on the glue. They will
compare their qualities and later on conclude which one works better.
EGGPLANT:
1. The skin of the eggplant will be removed and the egglplant will be
sliced horizontally into 5 pieces.
2. Place the sliced eggplant into the blender .
3. The egglant will be blended up until it is as liquid as it can be.
4. Right after blending the vegetable, It will be strained and the
remaining juices would be placed in a medium sized bowl.
5. The boiled flour mixture would then be added.
6. The mixture which is now in the bowl would be stirred constantly
for 8 minutes until it turns into a paste like mixture.
7. The mixture will be transferred to a 100 ml beaker and be cooled
down. After the substance has cooled down, the researchers will
now test its effectivity and create a qualitative data analysis of their
observations on the glue. They will compare their qualities and
later on conclude which one works better.
II. Experimentation
1. Each sample of organic glue in the beakers will be added using a
brush to the following kinds of material and their respective paired
material shown in the table below.
2. A stopwatch will be used to monitor how it will take for the glues to
dry up.
3. To test its effectivity, the materials will be shaken, torn apart and any
separation method.
The data below will be used as guide for every sample of adhesive in
collecting data:
MATERIALS TIME TO EFFECTIVITY APPROVED OR
DRY DISAPPROVED
Parchment to
parchment
Parchment to
cardboard
Parchment to
bond paper
Cardboard to
cardboard
Bond paper to
bond paper
Cardboard to
bond paper