Burette readings:

Sl. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Volume of Na2H2Y used

1. 4.4 8.9 4.5 ml

Calculations: For tap water

The volume of titrant used
Morality of titrant solution
Moles of titrant used
Mass of Na2H2Y
Mass of equivalent CaCO3
(Here 100g is the molar mas of
CaCO3)
Mass of CaCO3 per litre
Therefore hardness
Conclusion: The hardness of the water sample is determined and it is 225 ppm
= 4.5 ml
= 0.01 M
= M x V/1000 = 0.01 x 4.5/1000
= Moles of Ca2+ = 0.01 x 4.5/1000
= 0.01 x 4.5/1000 x 100gm = 45 x 104 gm
= 45 x 104/20 x 1000 = 50 x 45 x 104 mg/l
= 225 ppm
INDEX
 CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 OBJECTIVE
 THEORY
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATIONS
 CONCLUSION
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Anjishnu Das, a bonafide student of
Delhi Public School, Ruby Park, Kolkata, class 11 has
successfully completed his chemistry project “Analysis
of hard water – To determine the hardness of a water
sample” during the year 2018-19 as per CBSE guidelines
for the CLASS XI BLOCK TEST 2 PRACTICAL EXAMIATION,
2019.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

External Examiner

Date: __________
 Experiment
Objective:
To determine the hardness of a water sample.
Theory:
The concentration of hardening ions in water can be determined by a titration
technique, the titrant is the disodium salt of ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid.

Structural formula of EDTA

In aqueous solution Na2H2Y dissociates into Na+ and H2Y2- ions.Ca2+ and Mg2+ react
with H2Y2- to form stable complexes in a solution having pH of about 10. A buffer
solution containing ammonia and ammonium ions is used to maintain the pH of
the solution around 10.
For the detection of the end point Erichrome Black T (EBT) is used as indicator
EBT forms complex ions with Ca2+ and Mg2+, but binds more strongly to Mg2+ ions.
Since only a small amount of EBT is added, only a small amount of Mg2+ ions is
used in the formation of complex and no Ca2+ ions are used. EBT indicator is sky-
blue in solution but its complex with Mg2+ ions, [Mg-EBT]2+, is wine-red.
Mg2+(aq) + EBT(aq)  [Mg-EBT]2+ (aq)
Sky-blue wine-red
Thus, during titration when indicator is added to hard water, the initial colour is
wine red. When the titrant is added, H2Y2- complexes with free Ca2+ and Mg2+
present in water and finally removes Mg2+ ions from the [Mg-EBT]2+ complex ions.
As a result the colour of the solution from wine red to sky blue.
[Mg-EBT]2+ (aq) + H2Y2-(aq)  MgY2- + 2H+(aq) + EBT(aq)
Wine-red sky blue
It may be mentioned here that for the end point to appear, Mg2+ ions must be
present in the solution. Therefore, a small amount of Mg2+ (as same salt) is added
to the buffer solution and an equivalent amount of Na2H2Y is also added so that
the added Mg2+ ions do not affect the amount of H2Y2- used during titration.
Materials required:
250ml conical flask, funnel, beaker, burette, pipette, standard EDTA (Na2H2Y)
solution, buffer solution(pH=10), Erichrome Black T(EBT) indicator.
Procedure:
 Take about 100ml of the water sample is taken which is to be analyzed. If
the water sample contains suspended impurities, it should be subjected to
simple filtration. If the water sample is acidic to litmus, 1M NH3 is added
drop wise until it becomes basic to litmus.
 The burette is rinsed with Na2H2Y solution and then filled with the solution.
The initial reading is recorded.
 25.0ml of the given sample of water is pipetted out in the conical flask.
Then 1ml of the buffer (pH=10) solution and 2 drops EBT indicator is
added. The colour of the solution becomes wine red at this stage.
 The above solution is titrated with standard Na2H2Y solution. At the end
point the wine red colour disappears and the solution becomes blue(or
purple) in colour. The final reading of the burette is noted.
Observations:
Morality of the standard Na2H2Y solution =0.01M.
Volume of water taken for each titration = 20.0ml