: IMS | ~ MATHS | - BOOK-07 | ed,ve shrakitenemamira : " ih OMAR SEAR aN ST = || | foo aoosaibrezs i . he taterpolation has been defined as the o of Banting bebwern tre Lau of 2 table, 2 fo dénygeatmrye mathematics: the | is ay | dency fre proces of computing, Sotevtned cate | vl valu of a function from a ter ob ven veduss| ofthat feuuekion. A oo ae i For example : lott on | Comidur the He th | ed Detht. sphs opulation consid [years ond The table git poutaiton for toe ye? fo yaar, rar, aed, 1931s at tm oetht we would Le 6 = timate, toe could be SR) Pe see Bese even to 4G guch © exteenates of popultion _— o furdtoo amar fi ty tre gi cata. : | ¢ pated a) ae o fh _ dapaed on the THE tae Sa ro | ton ty : | tem ty te ores ; : | ag of he Femstion a tes Boe wohethe: de, pouapecstion Expose voat the vol to be debit pohen assgectivelyp , hss Sn the tev Erni 9 ying | Joy are gees fem Me [eyed he funckies Fo wef wu Mae Gecigue of debematrteg the wok be Emonen OASe ae “tise eee mei as F rp Cabot valor of, iattch Ber “& the interval Gab] £6 Called ‘Saterpeiatvon’. - Theprocess of Aetermintng the, vain of fens For a vole dt be — : "Y outtide the Bueno! fa, 8 ff called extispolation- ae wen be noted that Ef ths function fis SC known’ Hie value of qedey nc tng | to any x cam he readily compacted “bo sire | devired a courety. ut, — proeticn PE wage bob Axfiualt or Somekivnes —fenprttigle to kuow the “tunchby gerbry % tht exact form. By Sach ae I function tn) 1 Replaced Wy a tyrone teghe Sn wohfet, agrees witty tye valu of Joy at the i vias (nat) didhinck point , Called nodes ov absgerses) » Yay er word, ve Cam find polyuortel fitay 1 Bech ate POE A, G2 Ota 7. SUh a poly nomad BE HC oulled he Latengeteting polynomtl of fey da general, toy. taterplebion of oc (otyled 2? wnekion te concept of frufle differences ft mportad he tuowl various fini differen of opens aud ahety fy npalit Retiiont oy [oes ie erage erent nee oO pm os fe earattith various Tnterpoletton | formulae. | = po | Interpolation with Bursl Lntervads Etnfle Dileep oet iin Hear pe hare © table of values nob amg Panchton Crk Yad REO? oot Yedoy the value of, © being equally Spaced SG Ue etetkh ~ KE OF sperm om eee——Fornierd DiPfeetes » Gh To rrten Tot Prete & Sek of (ono teal tp Se wt Yo PN ee Sw) tke drifter e cet £ 7: ere’ Jeong Ree aHtwentes Gy. B%— , AI — mange [respectvoy + we bere DY = To 7 4n = aon ! | | Ota | 4 | he spol A 9S celled —Porniee ddference gry 2 ee he ere calla d) 1 Perch fey) a cheeeateed be he aefferences of tee ~ftech Po> ( adfer eeee eal) Cece) forward gdperecce, ad are denote? d AG, 8% 2m Oy. ae here AZ = @ - 454, = 4f 4505 - 4 [nfo =O: Fo | =O) =Cn- | es ——F7 | | : Do BWM of | | D4 = OK 47, Ya =) = aed Ree det [2 Yeoh ry, J eke a~~ eS co led feegna She gnel a [ aitente ope cane a vay 4, = By, 0 SY OY ~fr yee}. Yq SFM 9 Ipcs, Contr tg Pe enn Jefe, FM orb herniy et et + pei 4 Ai ~ difference table ob corneal) wartous differents ; ‘tne_ above) ot By duking o. device Jor aiapoyg Abfined differen Can gstematicall constructug a dt rarreneilig, ny combenetg . \ yi ee oe kn maaan REE wittten ded Pra table For volar Gm 8d, get SL ee “6 called Pee) artference rence tbe. Here ,eashy | 4gifference. focated ty tee approprtale (9 column, mtdway bebivee the demas af the i basen be noted thak th prostous co ib can be not e. | Subseript “remains constont along cach diag? ! ofthe Fable dhe Pier -tesro “fo the. teble > tok BY, Holle the bending ‘ter hile she drfferemes MY, , Ay, B80. ge fated i dendiog dsffirences. —/ : | soi’ | a one O11 0-008 0-064 - 03 Se-ott cot : : 0.081 es rd - 7 os olug old a i i 4 0-100 0-003, . Od: ont oot) eel . ont 0-00" orodo of o370 ovoat aon i OM 5, 00k 1 ose o-08) ont C3 our -poner | fem) ben 4 Pon ction giver ly toe Ualwes Yor Wr er +g Which Te Heake¢ Poy Hew [og opete® aGSckSSaS AeA Arey |e qedepedunt variates n. Fhe ye yon, ee ee ee Bers bee —cteudd | dthferances of > FO | peretiy Bele atthrccer Vy, yyy 9) ' | rege ctl. pe hare Fy “te } | i | | att : te ety y= Ad eocetgs are called =) Sy are fuer a hee Vb Vy Tew Pde \ o4~ | i 7 ! - } eral, | Auf are i = Vee Via while the fects. backoort dvffercrces ate. Second backward | Se aden Aaa ket fy da gens Syl = are FM TOG = I dn| Ahuate beskward ine ee oe | Sy cematicolly, creng fora table f vetiey of | Care dey Ke 0.1% as dndicali2 belod* Back ward difference ~tHalle Bee ao <8 RAR SS Kee ee a — | we oy TE Tys | | ae eG Ws a i og ae Grom this taue , TE Gan be obsewed that ie. | subscript remains Constost along wwety tateworl Aagonel t | : Sentral piferencss = , | Sx komme appltekions, “central ‘aefferenee : i | metation f found te be move Cor pryertienl™ we] i [represent the suceetsive differences ofa foretby (Mess je ae the Gobel 6 te Mepresenl ceutokt Hfewence seperater and the - ubsertph” G by dot| any difference ak tbe wg of TRe bubsertght 3 of the. two members of the dbfowence. Ther, we panike bay, = h¥e Bia oR De em . copa: ba oe vigher E ifecnes ave Gye OH TP eth 6 > Gord e | defined a finowose 4 vat ite 0 ee oo Frese Central differed coms BE syste ately 7h [ ar vangad aA Shown behou . | : L prfeweny, Table. - i | Eaatet piers ate} 7 : { eh b | | 3 . ie Meh ? | Le 27 Ph, t : hs I 7 oat By aT i gi FU i ' ead i (A Gifeenay Gore « faudiow ‘ 4 siltyee & i \ | he he: following _altemative note notation may aleo be : | adopted to tmtrodince Binite difference. operators pak Yedey be a functional Selation beltoten de gelore we can Gorn the dWerences of | thene wtaet ; : sid, 4 bo, i a le and” yi which H aldo denoted by Ya> | = : Seppe, Be ove gute dontecutive wabiver of % |. : i ' dalfering Wy Says, ath, atah, xb. re i ;¢ ! : The corresponding valices 4 ay ore “typ ah | : i Yosh, thaay oe . | j | ie ii b On = heh ‘tn 2 IGeg)— te) pe Should “note. that ft 14 only! whid, “changyt aun not the FL Se qa 7 a . piste the notation afferent. a ie clear Leon the three, fables saumentcal cast "He come 4 a a that Mma definths numbers ecear Sa He came paitions wWhetier p we) Ch fonoard, backward or) central differenceste \ bape gperetor ym | sete rete [cya fer bes Beek of * : eee he oul vay dotted 98 ea fee a q eI = Fferh) cperes seam fecny, HE gis Caledve gros he & vere > ne function - aE ve apply wert value of 4 aye “opersker © 4 BAHL operotot j ‘a | suit of i Bo bvice 07 49, i tl ; ~ ! A it ‘a | - be | } 7? = i “sp i has, t geeeret, of oe apply te LE ; g | operate en mat bo fog, Oe aoe are | i Edeys Fem) . ‘ da terms of etd wokation , OF SOM a - hetoh : o . : : evfay =f (ath). ”foe all Reali velus fon Ate, © gos, Ie arte the, consents valires of ~the funcllon 4. duo. auite aa then we cam LY ob > ype dyno BBG ound $0 0% > i dhe inwsse opmator €) Bafined of Pc iauee : wil fe? epee? jet ies eet Lavetye oper se ee Dl ets depend Os a eregye Lp cn I RRR NE a oi [tore fo) | Te ane i) = | “To, | ov _ 7 ea ev ae J. ~ 2 ol i i | i pitt Diff la atthe opmater fs doptee) ag | a oe 6d, Pe : pF ade flay ene. meaty ed operate + OF = flea we pelation § ° 2 Relerion bho “epersters de % GS Dau et TP ae en Ber ay =: povg: Cae pepsnarin of OP = tug ty 4 iy a a é | i ao ee), F [0 ae FE | / Bh phe1 i ; Ve]. ye Beso that ey = yee FO’) | usteg Taghor's Levies specie, we bene” ey = 5 eh Fleay og thes oe Mayas oe i stem) eho $099 pe fon: —; WD he = fir D2 «ti pra fen [ Yt 1 crs) : fences at the operat? ~ Ba ee ee eS ape le prope opereten 4° fee pees aaa a constant Aken ACEO | | | Ow sf Leb fear = then doth) = white. bh * S ame interval of aiffesene Agen e haan fey 7” | e-e =O —_ [ae Affine goo] = Actin 24% Sh Cig constaut ‘then BfE for) = aDm qed 9 ae ave Iotgert ten Bo foy = 2 fey > aPfico pert > doe} # altin gor] = too age “geo gee + DE eary Adare wea deb, we. iL fe chew tbab sateger wa Fou) © sey siecle aN sapertcnler when 91, pi dm} fea. ~ ——— _ a | sod @ ae @ cf & OFew _ a age © prosin . : wigs oes foe ace i ete 2 alee’) 1 eal tet ae | Ce eg (| (eed oo£1 A Sint = Sin (ath) —Sine en cot a) sin (tt) = aco (ark) Sin Be @* ptogi= log oth lege o by = baGe) = hq (4) @- Aten = ‘ot teeny tose “ESS CBs 3 oY: ae RRO a no e a ho = bagevs) S eo) 0 we hee pete) Boe ee eee pee 5 (eo<@ e\ce a SET RP& & -e') = ah (e°- ar?) pe = Ghd: se BD = swi'es)-—O ORD od | ‘pp = tog cets)= slog) = Seif § 7 > Shaw Hook oy wage (uk) ws ae dy 6 a) (@ pis wee vio sma 8 IieUR ite EHE oe @ (r+ 4 (One ’ = £c%) . ae . ™ ye he The Tey 44 Ty = Cee, ERD OP) = 2 cot alv Bee £ (OF) COXA) = Lee} "ag fina C-vJ] 0-00) ony —0-voi| 18 9.002 20 ohh own 30 est. a 4 a Bble for yo Foo re tert) { ph _—— Conse uck @ difference Poo vet uu, ete | oth Ge tall eee MER BRE 4 VB 4h oe : ‘3 ; ta a4 | en i “a3 349 G : : oe 126 3 -lyst cs elymentel ‘ dhe nib drfferencer of 6 polyoomied of tee lh degree ame constaral ed all fagher onder olen the velnes ob fference oe 20% sot ens. abeaped wortt Inder deo” or able fe pod: Ler the pignom th of wre ot deghee inl, 4 K : at a, Aone a0 aay see AAT Lay Ore ohare B40 eyo constants ak a $o cathy te [ carhyr vale hh i the dotnet of arf F] finan) bo) . wt se ao AEM egeath) +E feathy= a, Cath) + a ea Gy = aq9 a, yan msSier je, | 2 notes ot a LOD eaal Heng ‘hanes POM sere, qe we a] + ape fy te i a a) ao bay yh enh Te frot ng. $a bO-Ne pO Pe bh s meeevk neath ge a i rRNA at we : : . agit bP Be on % whew BB = : Bina Gh, te Clear Hab athe i A Sen B 0. prgnomnal fen a Coty) eacmnfedny "| ae byl SOS fot we by Loveys] 7 pa or at vB ea, ae Sho MOTE ne oe Caren GH Oe SY we Cynq afte CO0: navidad “h(n degree: PREG. te ce gotyy Page eke ahiexor aed differencing Ki feare aan On mari. : a wslSed TH a contlad- acd gm = a Corder). cae = O& nb M— an} > ug higher end differ es oud tee = be fhe (og ovatant ef i egret he le fo og - The above tneorein. fF \ “af 0 tatales's dipotrction ad : cur vabiatle: gis egrtakley | a pipe dager’ 5 ! i Tle Comwentt of he, - pre al difleres cesa differnee Hote ©. fi hfe of os door on a diferente to cherk exrort i * pitts fables Com be 80d in wabler volutts Suppuee Hinde there “Hq éxvor Elin the entry Yo cof tule As higher Cae dotened, taig era Spreng} a 7 He constderalty magn ttied. didn 7 bak US Lee hove IP effets be pote. . ~*~ A ay Ey Ay a) . . . e Athy ie 2 oa eS abe. a | mb oa 5‘, de Dp By aa ij a Ae eee BYyre i Oh - Ba Byte if ay wo a Biygt © Sat aug | eetige TT tker Syyt 64} A a ee By ASE _ oes ae Bye te Ree y Aa, a 7S Sys -e a 7) /- a " a, “ . i ey buy 4 ~ ate] ~ 4 my : i te cy dae ot he above HHL thot Ural ghe exvor ereaser vsilis tre orders) dictferdus by ghe coe gficient? of es fn ang Column ode btromial coefiGientt of Cie)” ghus the cxveet fe tie fous dafference entomn are G Heo 7 tsa; 459 Pha Algghrade Suey of. the errors s, se i aijfecence column PC Pere. “GY. Phe manimum ercor th. each Colton eceeit opposite tothe embry co ant be, Ger ' dhe aboeTadt enable us to ditect ..exrend fn a Avfference. table. E—pr one fwidke Folloating and y Fe a uabie polpnomtal fa AcPference table -to Locate oud Cowell fe sceicnaeean ale, fagBereed He, Oe e-tisel belo az gelynowrie of the act degree, | ey mrs be eoatderceh Gey the time. t a; ; pleas: oe i ~ oo + 2d & FS 6 F = | @ 24 AS WH 123) . } Ae ay ae “4 = = L- Teo 2 ° 32 OF 4 2 a a ae ck a1 wr’. ~ i Ho BO : i Ay i es {23 t OS ef i i i chemiariearemurentsstnee if —— ———— . 7 SEES : 5 BE a af laud & a Lowi wha. : - ee eae we ar M gies Wer fray i { Te tum ofetse UHird” defferences being 1S, bp each entry under dy must be Mle be S a r—r—=— tn error htc can be waiter as pete), Gors-se , OF 243c) , wee 3-09. “sating Gort, we Mad thal Be. by - corveq ovat ng tovnes H fo ervey - . co qr eels = = yet & = 4% fy = @ : 4 ~ tence Hee Brine of Y=lt Te Ce eae at ace! &£ plimomial of degre . eee tre CHLOE envoy > Corvect on a EL eee gl ek gee tree ; qed) FE 0 plyrornted” of dagren S cho By reuse be AO gen 4m : par Share be the asue valoe; pow wee fomTe dafferees Anble 4, eerrot > Pine ae |' i i ; 8 oo4 * “8 i 20 . q | eet S Woot soo ‘ ; 2 ot i Bante © ygo-3e4 i 3 ate” 1-850 —26 jl EERE Torte ql A 1025 a RZ04E tot te i same 7° asso (Moe : | HOST i ee el ; ae ft i skwce the Pept, dtiermtees ay ue Comngtenhe: ~ ELOPWE = 20 “lob, L Pace =n00 >| e= 410 28 qae ae 10 ing volute: an wh equally greed wile oa GT qument a2 Yor ergo ooo Pa denote tie ending value of the feel on. Bf One i | i av more volt of ge fay ase mbna ae Lae TBad the milfs de: chy Garg the cdnste af agferenee tolls Tor abing ea nent eS e “> By Conitradkita a hide reine “table ed ; eal ae Kesord order effaced 2 = i 12, 19, 25) Gr , tet k be Be S€ule term che Fre Seopen dhe heffetera tealtc it. sorceress RRS'o$8 Pah: a : 10 3 s un 13 3 G k Ket, KOSS Gxace tre gecond order di =o Lohse Stat sun Atiuming) Urst the following polynomial degre A, competi eto Cate toad 4 2 ae poet S Boyer 5 & Pa wet _ | Oty Sis iss ae poe Ye sts Ste LF. : Afewenites ‘ase oft the series #8 58. op the eer of g belong toe qmeenene three velee Beer e eee C—O Gre wee Con sereth nis Laffer tbls eer uM ancesGe Rayos Ge tet four (5, Eonstont - dur sYy=16 “tise Ay = = ah, enactments te sy Stevkig exits) Ayo 16, ponent : oie Seo es Eke: attsey foorta’ Pigflerences Ah ey SYS Sty eas Spe were a8 ay a> Mis = Sy e > ts oyu 20) mr, to AY Aly Site au Siete) woe obs ry, = SC, Sigg > pa Se4.3 Maiatan's binomial expansion tna... ~ * Leb dye ¥yr Yor ~er Yy Genie the valuct &f the function y° = lx) cortesponding to Wie vahles ap xg RSE hy 4 ay tomb ¥and Let one ofthe:valucsiory He nissing since r ¥alues of the functions are known. We have AM yy=0 4 2 3-1)": a EM EM ete + IY ‘The above formula is called Newtoa’s.Vinoidial expansién formula iid is useful in finding the missing values without constructing the difference table Example 1 : Find the missing entry in the following table Solution :Given y, = Ly, = 3-99 = Let y be polynomial of degree 3 vay, = 2.34 = BE four values of y ace given. Sy eu, moret = 484 Ge AEE Dy, 5 BPE Yn AP yg 664g 54 Yam 4Ig* 64, 49+ Hy 81 ~ ayy 6X8= C341 % q Eximple 2 : Following ‘are the population of a dst Jara) War Horm HTT Fein GS ana y Or Find the population of the year 1911, Solution’: We have Sc _: sy, =0 i SMe vg 0 “ot sete me we Se 28 - | : . Ta Suet May Noy 5y, 2 yp o t ee j Hf toa ase : 5 “* Ms : The popittion of te ditt i 1911 4457 to’ ; | emple siege he misingeey : : q ea SS i Shien Seen Oy he ase Ty, Ste macine 8 Soon Laws sume tat y = fs) ws pian Geter oe a - ay=o ae re 40s 68-4 HPs o SHH Mt Bayt ye = 0 , { 44x 154 6x85) bog 7 ; ~ y= 12 a - ana a, uo =~ ye He 52h 1002 1002 + 5e— 1) JE 84 ay ~ 1Oy, + 5y,~ yp 89 Bey tax 15'— rox gy 8 I =21 @ 3 sling () ond @) we get Gr, BHI, ® oi ae ences: Ih SSTERPOLATING:: poLynomials Gein Finite QUREE REMC C SS PR STEATING: PoLyNiomiaks Seineg © pee Not rpm mm C Gregory ef Cg Ha) Be tice whic takes the vats y 7 SS UBS fDi esp dye 4, of te Indl values x be equally spacia i Yee Ya =, cotton rendent variable eg ane acne NOS Ot .bo ana sa _ degice In x king the sone Yaluen a6 y correspond to x = 2y-» ihers h is the interval of differencing. Let $(z) be & polynomial of the uth aie, 6)-xepresents the continuous finetion y= fe) sichethat fix) = ¢f4).1 = 0.1, 2, sm 8nd al allother points f6) = fort Aly where Rés) 56 called thé esror tern Geaiaindge term) of the iatefpolmion formula. Igooring the error tarm Jet us fi) = $68) = 044 4, (2 = a) 4 ale ~ xix — yt $e Gm alm ALG — x, eo , eai-be determine as follows. Puning x = x, in (3) we get Hie = Ke) = y+ aly — Fag ly — yey) (24) +25 (2h)(5) - «@ eR i\ | | | : i ' | i a ements sea Bauation (4) ca be written as se Mie, le Oa en A 4 MED ay Hee new Ig EP gry, ‘The sbove formuta is called Newton's foisard interpolation Tomutn 10 me geaes interpoloion lrain i wed to iteepotate the eabes of y wear the begining of a set of tabular vahces - cach TY be talcen a8 any polat of the table, but the Yormuli cousaine conty ‘Goes values OL y which conte aller the vate choseu 93-9, Bvomple 4 Given that 2505 = 114.3034, Jizsianigs01 528 =111.8928, i253 =y9825 fist he Fane of VIBBIG : - ‘Ssfotion > The difference tabte ie ~ > : as OE sok ay or . 3250074. Hao yy _. os 2510. was ST An aay, vos. Sine MS : * tine | 12520 tanya a . ance 12530 imsinsis ae eth SORE SUPA __ We'have x, =" 12500, 4 = 40,and-x =-12516 = vf : 2 2 ot es SS A12516) = TERE LOXOO FOF Fe ee = 111.8034 #007182 o. E8492 iS : : Aime ins.“ ‘Example 5: Evaluate y = 2 for x = 0.05, using the following-table % : 2 G00, 0.10 9.20" 030 0.40 2 ’ Yoo Vad. ayn TeeT 2255 Solution : The difference table is - . i eo fy Ay By ay 0.400 1.6000 * ear 0.2214 i 10 1.2998 0.0490 . 0.2704 0.0109 0.3303 vos . 0.4034 - 40 2.2255 oe mB Weaver, = 0.00, x = 0.05,Rinne Re8}~ noobes05% oar A, D foass0y 2 ~ 252g oe _ HBSS NOE=3) fo p020) 2.000 ~0.006125 4.60068) ~ U:900R20 ein are given below for differeht.Wanies of = Rud’ s9 ana i Se a \ : FE vies 85100 “OSG VdR UPON —O7660 Q Sahutionns. = 30 is very neue to dhe sartidg wake x, = 3B, : Aaeward intergosation focmela the difference vabie fe =~ : 7 Dee Te Ss ' 8.3009 i 00036 cae 0693 “200s b ao wens 0.0099 ° - 2 4 cee anos : 57 0707 2005 2.59 Bie have mp, = SBI, Sy, = 00736, dy, = ~0dDes, 225 poling ings vaoes ik Nevetn’slorwand nerpohtion SEB Reena PD py AE WERD > sGat-asoco 20007361 OMY 0029). foaNoa 04 os) $52} = 0.5000 + 0.0294 + 0.000528 ~ 0.00019 = 0.52993 = ot Ain Si URN a Rn 4 penal ' ee ra CITIESst a A RIE A TA |, Roa einen Fad the number can & ‘The difference table is Upper Hints of the case tgesval Frequency ‘arks cumulative Weequtacee a 50 ” ” “ in 2 iso = as) =31°Rosyar) + (ako), ° loskos a nbs ANiog 080. 69, 20 a8, 1 evainination the number enndidates wo Gbtained marks Wimite were as follows Karke 30-40-50 Hh ai aa sss jates whose scores lie belween 4 and $0. Sobition «.Fisst of all we constructsa.ctzaulati frequeiicy table for eke: given 373.134 . a Dy ay > os a6 7 + ostos = Nos 2405-3) 24 “5; 5 a wi = tategprecimately) oo : = The aunties. of students vio obtained mark Iss Hale, — somber of ent seo: Serrec marks Ieee 45 a. Beample: 8°F a: second: WOT, CE Sinton We catch france ite wid te giveeatettiy amt-g se pein pat ond thecgetaty the polynomial. ast se Wehaves, = Hh = 1, From Newton's foxward interpolation we get Meta s pa tla) ary ent, AD, Hote: There uray. be polynomials of higher degree which nlso:ftthe datas but ‘ewton’s firmus gives us the polynomial of least degree. tuhich ite the dees ‘28 Reslin- Gregey tanieveart inlerpotitina lari Soovion’sfagwand interpotation formule cannot becwsed fbn dntenjrntag @ sales of ys te end of a table of vals, For thieypurpore aeons ansttor fixmuls knows as: Blewton - Gregory back 7d, inter palit. foros. Fe ean: Be derived.as: fMaws. * phobia Bet y = fisFtio-s function which takes the values Yer Nye Sor. eoeespondiys sithe waties ry, 2,, x. x, of the independent variables, bet theeae oe Be equally systed with 4 a5 the interval of differencing, ne,Let cag t Hr = 012 ofthe wth dejres Let (2) be a polynom Wwe may write 62) 95 “age apie) 4 HH Seger He Glen Putting = = )fai)en(-29160) similarly putting writing ¥= 1 taking the sme values 99:9 cpitesponding to x = yy xy w- £,, he, G0), repegeints y =. fix) suicheshat 6a RIE lg AD Og =i 1 ‘| a : a ; | soaps OR anata (yt ee & Di, e ETAT OFM SAB “eRe pletion: C6) may be written as" ae Ege Me hese Dyn the shove oma is teen 5 Newton's bight na Be 9: The following data gives the midlting point of ar alloy oftesd.arek dia Wine 1 35 tHE feriperatine in agrees €300 Fr Rie percentageof teas ie ‘the-alloy. . ‘ = eee Find the melting: point-of the alloy containing 8i percent tezd, Solution The vatue of Bi is nearwhe end of the table therefore we ute the Hewton’s backwasd interpotation furimubt. The dl sesesemeee esetims SUR Does eeeeoae pee We OS amie ese sane Sotation :75 is.near to theend of the table; nase mums, ‘tis Fined (7.5). <2 . ° 2 Vy 26 » » ‘ ao” 1a . - » og eee ° © 16 26 ° = We get eH py we Mf 2h st) 9a ey, 105)=512 (-0.(r69) + 2 + (Os)05.+ N05 +2) 4) 6 = 512-845 ~ 525-0375 =421.87,eng Samana. sa a URS & 170) savsties all the E beyn deny spon tay g, > Hence Fi) vanishes at ledst once in eat : ‘tu Ins f(foostsna o og why i menias Sia seeming agement i ey 2) YALL where ay < eX, a ' “The expression (@ — x5) ft — ij). — 2,) fs a°polynomial of degree fn + iat : eee ed : ' Berne fee eres ee _ y= °C) ~fyle) Ae} a 2 Poh) =e) Enel 1) We Reap denotes the error in the forinuta then R(x) = Ju Gad on : Flestendlmn) 8 ot But = y= hao 5p = Oe = Whole = = fe — wh where his the intra of differencing therefore we ean write ~ Brror nfs)= 7 e cap Ala 2) fun). i Using the relation P= 74 we get sm eens AR EROSos a oR oe eaten aa 4 PP psp { . Sam “The error in IRE -orward iterpotation formal td Similarly by taking the auxiliary function FC in the form aantr-ao- Utd aon eden tead tose and proceeding a5 above we get the errof in the Newton backward Interpolation formeli as / . [rogers fier) ) whew wnnann] . Example 11 : Use Newton's forward jpterpolation formula and find. the value of sin 52° from the following data. Estimate the error y Solution : The difference table Is so wr66v -oons7 _ 9.0532 20007 Ser ost92 0.0064 : 0s We have xy = 45°, 2 = 52% ¥q = 0.7071, d59 = 0.0589, A%y, = 0.0057 onc A yy = 70.0007 , - _ 528 45° * aie =) aye- 2 rerr.esax cosas M41) 4 49. <= lst . fa0: 3 (60002) = 7071 0.8246 — o001i6+ wecigtavn 4 sin O7sgg052 5 (tet a #.0000392 Heepsise 4.3 : Find the missing term iit the following table a ee ao 2 a a Estimate the Production of cotton Ie yeai 1985-rom Ue disey pian below te aaa ae Toa Eehgee (71 130 te ee 12 in the ingiaep nae Hind the missing Figure in the fregjency tabla = Ren SS a ee CF ee (2 eee emai 3 % Find the missing figures ee Flowing: table © i a Pes eee 4 eo eS 4 Compete the tate | 2s a6 : f Te 0.55 i a 5 87 Find (0.1) from the tabie ramen aroma1 | 1 i ; a Spars ose nebo 2, ihe following sxe, data from the-st Soe a Fissure bgVeot 3.685 4.086.302 8078 25” Using “the Newiduy formila, find the presence Of the, seam for temperature gt 142, Joa 8, The area.A of cicia.af diameter d is given for the following alice 1m. table. is 90s 100 1 Bine Si74 “G62 = “Fos Fase . respectively, : 9. Compute (1) 77.38) is the table poz a EVI - igiim 8798 97 Wore 10. Find the value of y when = 0.37, using the given values ‘S089. 030 0300.00 1000" 4.2944 14918823) 2.2755 u ry 13, Find the polynomial which-takes on the following values — 7S im 7s _ 14. Find a polynomial y which satisfies the following table pstaee oaeaer seme aces es eo 508 15. Given the following table find f(=) and hence find ((4:5) = = amnoeane < farsa 99 51 16. A second degree polynomial passes through (0.1) (3:0, 7 (0.19), find the polynomial. 17. Find a cubic polysiomial which takes the following values i | ‘‘ tire ai + WB ay $560, 15 = 56, oy = 520g = 386 awe that ‘B. ta4n examinaion the numberof chadidates who Sec marke betwee certain Timit wate as foXfows au e ee ee ae : Never canada Bee Esisigte ARE bilibed OF Canclidstes whess mark ave lend Wnvo. mae 2%. Given the fatlowing score disteibitias of statistics ee 4 Novol students 52° 3a a . 2 Ki 7 woke - a © the nuasber ol stidents who seemed belowe 25 : 4 he numberof students whe siewad above 65 ° i ra GW) the number of students who socmed between 35:45 1 : Pansers : : | 2 2.660 3788 4. 23.5, 14.25 5. 3) = 0.123, ff6) = 0.090 6.7.13 z 3899 8, S281, 6504 9. 10.963 10. 2.0959 11. 0.46389 12, 27.992 é Merce he se I 4 eH) weet I Dea eH. W187 20. (0 26 GD 7 Gid a6 a | : a it ¢ ee mil a f 4 HRS Losle gives tte distance to wauttcat miles of a we vite horizon Por the given hetgtars a Thfect above tre “encth’s sudfou!. 4 Go 200 i eo a i203 1s0y Io TGs (9-40 22 |! q Find the valu of y thin. o 4 i SG neue fe . Oo F= UN10 fe.jit ion tenn MAME NR : nue 150° 43:03 3) dag + nol 6.8} 200 S0 a a # Yat a 0.0% a avo 1b 8h ~ Ob —0 05 bt 0-63 B00 1k 4 0 8 . : a hut (oo : i 350-19. ol 7%. ote i - Ayh : wo 218% oa. Gye eg re ara vthen CY s15-0G, DYyo= 144 SG ow, Aba0. 03 eh Kae nee gad We SO : - _ 1 jo.ub sof fee ee day tS? By + eye a ee fen = 9 - era cere es Bet : AQUA) = 160u-4 0.26 (1-78) + ne (H0-le) rose (-0 Cy 4) (0-03) G @80 C--by (OYE v0) 24 = (SOU fF OLGZFHO-CIL 0-002 F O- OPOG = 6. ot Sif make col miler ERR pepGD Grex ee ty1e 1 nea He end ee tee. wom. So er oe raking aye HOO Be at F Ege the bine of backwant J Bee 2H Nye ht PY dye Oro eke - Lipuuntorr backward -formeale Ji 3 Hed = TP I ten) Og -p PU) cen (eetany as) | ut “by = 21.24 +o. LCF +O au (Ho iy 4 @2)Ct- eae Co: ope 20-61 oy ur & | i = LPF +4o 2 —¢-01]2 +0. oof —p-000} = LISS moccHent miles, ths es.ste Tntexpelation With uneguo) Sytesvals >. cE | cthe. various Inittipoation formulae derived So-faxr passess, the disadvantage Of being applicable ony to enysatty Spaced “ Witaas, of the agqument’. TE Is, -theresave., desvatile to develop interpolation. —Brmulae © —for anes coppeed Values of 4. Mow we shal, Sty oo seed, -frmulaes a Be 1 Rermesho oo “ Logronges Sekupetotio : gp Ay Neutoas = general” Thexslatton ferns it~ dived differen Lagrange SReagelatn fom be nai distinc points onthe seat | Lee 40,8), 4a pet Uae and ler fey be @ Ral yaluect “fonction — clefired on sone} Atnese points. then , there eusis Pray of lege sn, hich inbespolates jrterwal 7 =[e.b) Contos Jenockty — on ental} i jeractly one alyso j fo at Ao. een Bak is PaO) “Heme di - . Byg--- | (Poot - : Ppa of get, we discats the Usigueness of the Mteedatng | potyromial ” f OF degae sd, which Fntupdote 40) at G40 distin points oy An 50 oe | | | a i | \ | i | Lek Fea) end Qa be two distinc intexpolatiag ce | Lcd allo Sab Rei} < fea) ond Aa =10); { pNow Lebo Consicke the Polynomial hea) = PAI AnCX) Se EY dad Gye ae beth Piprominls “of dee sn then hor & alte ayn of dgice 7 ont Sehying %senso Span Rea SORE en: tne dink Sis & thie: Cowaiztioe - Beak = Btw) — See) = fea] —4eai) =O in War) 205 T2O;aene nF Eke. wexx fos Cntr) chistande Pero's- i ! his, apie Her hersp. 2 7 Kacance 4 olyhomiat OV. of aye B Sol ket gaat W “mets Feat or Comptes - : J PoC) = Bne? i Ts, Shows thar He tniquenets fit Aheseplipacmiat,. 7 Pia tae data be given ok Me polar ws & 3 Gwe, Cee hds Ce fd. <= Cenrbhidei, Feujose —alasivng “Ue gorvel Bonato zanot shit: Gentiles EG Beagle cose Namely. The Fates pynomial) fy ep \ E Gey ety gD Ged . AE Wee Oe $e) Oran fut se h Gon 8 ae I = bey + Net, 1 bawk] > O af cccromintmeinncncmmmmnmmemtiesate RENIN i AUN navn oe te acj BCS) f a es —@ A tron ©, we hoe i ' Seer) a) = AL gy ast mot, ante | ietttt eeeeeees./eeeen | | | Sue eth |__ © i where to (4) sof = 40. Patkiey te to ©, we get - 3 foto) = 4 4, (10) =0 _ Posty aaa, in @, ox gr foci) =o . Licey a4 ’ elo s the Silotow — Can bE Gaprested tn a maiz Convenient fom T equatton @ & athe Lagrange: Polynomial of degete one, i fossing though Boe points (aorfad, Gt, fy 3~ Similasty » the Lagrange | fgronied of A “ough TAbeee points Croc) Gets 9k Eset) 1 covitlen a foo Panny | 2 Bey = Sok os 7 | i | Fades the U0) Satithy the Conliitons cleave tie General fut, a) det aad BT HOAM-H-- ta? —~— ©} I JC) p Grong | Demet ee Se gor Ow | = GA) 9 G Go (40%) & RR menabe the ged polynomial of —the ni * degite Sache: Conditions. 6 Ceatted the: Infargalatoyy Cigtonsofe se ~ Sabateteag Bae Condittons, In © 5 wot ger He epushoes : che = ae Aer LF fy way Pacer tart + - Sao Fan Fanny? fy cag FOR HATE ty = Gy FO46 baLKMb — > HON Boe abe Sek ve epanon Oo hove a Sgtubion HE. bi ty a % ~ = a ~ vaya cap rat lap} po Patan eR che wets of This determinant ,-Colled Yes és [ detecotnant 56 Cao) (tater Ci Gey try = a ire eliminating Ge, AQ, a, ~~ ~ Aq EC _ a 1 ry WAAL 8 ie “yo ay a rr ae es Besse . esata Aire Rgt> Io. Ros 3 kx —_ &. in « addune. ca WE ek porial® ad BiSeay Cenbsneticia Of fades Ay enanrdoama ean vomsree Pg) =45 for JQ. = a tab equate © gues tey)oo FES : & (45) afer ottta5 the, Somme of ©. tows, EC) may be ewrlten as Nein) == gs = (at) GR) = > GTA) Bf we. now sek A Ang (4) = GERG) Cena == REND C i | as doviously Sabisfees the eordition @ _ : 1 a ¢ | > (te) =O) | | | | |e Ween CH) = Salm) 26 ODE i ATA CD) se that CD] be cones toys Tn G % es _ Cou) ey e . 1 By (0 _ ' LRP Gana, oo [Ba is catted Lagrange neigelation format, « the Coeffrecats GA, defined Jn Oe Olted F taganges elton Goi Tnverse “Taterpdation “farmule ¢ Be. mvase Teterpeletion, a table of vataes of ond gfe) ce a mienbor § ced thes A0-fied the pote Xs is the tobateted fenetion, Wis poelein whee fo) 4a) fs “thao ys bE sued TL FQ iG “Coolinesoss aod stoii sais | Shes he Gittence of dinginy Bak fs ermteation at o pelt_a; es | | Notecay Morover the legrange fone Of inkéfjotan, ‘lems Gob detemined’ fe Sealey Spaced oF intact ws, ston the layerwian Coxficiants i @ re Conietieigg. fej | congested i prize by he hiBeving 2 hymn | [re ifxenie, me tise “given tous t | . PR Fe Arto We A - amesmote BE Me predate op Be VEE we He wry me diegenh ae 2S Hy) + ces, product of Me élemenhy. of Kel rr ——eN gk 0? cay end of Me bri’ vy i Go) Mon jeow Le Gen) ni” pe Ing a Cod Oa . ies ets pyre pol ttey — ee a2 ye nites ee ha) pp = ta) LoefAOnts Con formes ®: 7 GAD Taped 4 ma Fh GND gen) if | | i | _ ay Gap Oe) Lear Pn OD = Gig cay ery oe Geen) Sy osvas Caer) GD a Lagpatg’s Parte: Reaatalee Gucepslante} Ppt OD cee ee eten aig Gaff GAD ad chs lixto:- Gf) ae Chet) Fant) fof) os 4 HIDE . (ef eF ie | prelenas a ] a7 Can Boh ee Z fo and tapy are Gone § a | . ite oe 2G G4) aaed (eo, vee er 5 jst” wre have . | - i | fga BOP re L hs . . j arew oe begrstgeds Pn bat fiolent ony a ; Lifermuda 2 Fi WP potas “s ” teat COT OM) OS) Granny sya) ‘ fegd BOO = 1p Laecuyecyy for By ; Pree Curay oe ca SORT, op GMO Le anid a 9 Orpen If, i ee neny oS “eserves =P IEE Gousay) 4 OVO Fy, gen ey Coes) sage & ve}. : _ + ODEO Es ygud) , WEDEVE few) | wey Grea * i = FPA ee BEG Gag 7 O- TOL pod. a 7 fgg 2G tye ee Sq ats apd AEF ~ | 8 ma a a byag «gels “Prose, j SF pga polanths”! ferme. : feb we hawe” fy Ge Be He Fa mG hye Ft ast on eee : eee: REscene a oe (yert) Gems cyte Cesoye MO _ (enn (F219) = te 1 CG—15) e-pO-p oy) OT pOay 2) hen NG cata co) ded ae, @ seal” 2 ESD 6) + 5 @ ak 4th -H 7 eG OF a = 1264 _ gh funding yo Shr ats 0 beet? ‘ She Te ep 10 u sayy 7 Caagresgets Roey paleet oo” fare fae We vate of Sh C%). a a : 'her yey = Ge -D ReY ——D Sto WA = (E90) (% Roe Dd & Hay CfA) ‘SOR 9 5143- @ - te %,) = ory ok = Bore -%, # Ca. 5 ohny Lageargels BAe poles ee, ap = Ye? . at od tubule Se wes of x my 7 er 4 ey bea ey a oa tg) dea ekave Pe, uke go tee we Prd i i i i i(eed ED QIAO. ne Sg NF TT : (4-DeD . EE waCarte) + 2 Or3) i | i = q a i per yey @) | I I EE avn ID one ett j a =p [ ree eagd payee tok AT pend Bee CM poly v omnfik wheat a ete the Fo lloutag 4a eee tf =) 9 YG) 19 ee Be TO ea ce 1" verre, ohh 7G: i | ayes ce por OF wi ead he uadgne _ poly bowntt Peay ed? (Tag dagen 2 eee oo nt er ep ark, Pe See rustog wo Leg ger I eit form ple = pare plereen - ~ ah gs, 1H, MOH30 od YOO 8% Ho) | Aue tour- goinr! inverpblalfon Poy noite) i ; i thatr panes fie Lame Yalieg as Re “ian ckon Far ae the given: pofete~ <> Given table of voto | Wein SAL Sa|? Show thet Sots heag hey pte =) for aux] bop seytge ctoonete fad a cutie, st, approntinal ey te dewey dal i a: bob per Seog ; = Bp i poker pol Po do eapre® a cation! gus so Portfal Lrections Tm Re fo tLovaieg ney Lor Ha gteen sotidral furcecon pe On CRO, pe Consider the numemtor flay = Bee oth 2 fabutele Ht values for meh eg of tagengs Tanerpotatt on ~Pommedba, wage fen = GOD ©), UCD te) CVEY cp (acry GvG2) Cyeey | Lean) — PT) pL cxraneangy | j Hee atl EID OD ar eo 5 Salegasdve formate Ve wd ae saree et aia is GE press He fering eoREL Ep@ay —Jo-8) oo ae af pooh ionsa aan 2 of Teeetion Soe ati, Trenton Ervex 20uds: Transat, oud -the polynomial .P(4) Coindides caith the! fee) oF ond, «fond it deviates, of ll other pratt, fn the teal Ce rt) as’), hoon Ww vathe, gare i: “this deviating is” catted the. Aruncation © error and may be coritlen at “e E74) = fe = POD woe wit ‘noe dave ‘ on expression “fir 3 apt etoo ve) foo ute athe. veut Rote. ahfoiers . co) 13. Continuous faction [ab] ond. detheeneate on (a,b) ‘ond if Gta) =gcb) =o | doen there’ exist at ease one. point Ye fan) suai FRF ate 9 aay en ECH1 =0 TH claw) x9, be fered then for this we define & donetion go as fre). Es qo tua elo Lee - woo E ro) (tm) 1 eat gtso ak the thee dishna points on and t2%. s 6 | Ditferatiotig © fuice th serpar to “| wwe get 5 = 24) Pe) S ¢" aed we Gan ecr ) @ Now by Gollet theorem, IG )=o i selivg @ 7 for ff), we get | “fore py «a CrCa-2d 4G) ——~ © | whie ia Che aS Mor Fro, 3),EES i eR RR | ‘ Shion Bead Go-Be — Lumaticn erer : SY fan — 889 Te Comte) (UNC) - Es 5B Ow) (29) UY) 5 Fubich ig Known “és the Erwntation efron im, finger ae Tf we detemmine ce bound -br'f") Dro’). Le. [4M <8 x é Fo yu) : awn Hor = peaks 1 Caadenaya(yal: SG max ferro eannereagh? ws rs, - S Maw neenga, (A410) 3}, ——-@s The warimewn . Vatiee of [nmr Ca-x))| Oceans ose beenf “ and © beens | y= Pry] 4 (A ey, ——— ©: JO fave ef veteces for a function f() tora enetrenefiay, | Farthes the equation GD way atio be cred to Coutuet f. fe equatty Spaced neal pois “GE OATH Feantiay on | sterpdating Plyromal’ Peed is fer than given. agar [Mt exa]ce dsxeh es EM Se CoA) = o.cgges and Sin (02) = Ap MAmate abe of Sia (0.18) Lagrange et } S thai The Warimum —hancation ener Wingicthe Eincie ue have 3 | sesame 88=(0-S) (.0-09983),4(0 5) CO-196F), - Bs ontiqas ~ . she clundation errr Sede = GeV Er Con) where.” ON FOF, oe ey ie apSixe Beto “be” hd In tabutation of J feayriwe te AB] interval, [437 fothak: the ines inlerpebli wi te Cormect, FO hur deciinal places } Fst Fey = Sine | sy tl = cox ~ | wy PIN cay = “Sin aly max | -iwal 1 - - exes Hoyer Ort oblaivn Pg : RO) s9006° = This Gives hso.0r ne — 7 j# Tamtation earox for Logmage iclespolating pol rowiall | @ dye ne we tues That the Lagrange Tntecpdatthy —potyremial of | digne nis oars Bon = FT @. © ro Gea) My (47) athe woimun vote of Esimy| BE fo. .o.2 is . Sin (0.4) = 01/9864. | «eG |< | Corson) Cous-0) | Conasen , 2 = (olaeet) Co.poiis) "C= bing [romna, = ©-c00as He [or,0.3} hag 8where Wy 2) = fmtap Cem) --- fan), she trantzction errex ir, the layrnge weterpolation ts ors A ey (sx) = fey — 0029 Gree Ey Cftxy 20 ak %2Rt 1 1F 0,127 n, Manin eB osd ea wr défne Q-hauion pip a / 5 Ely nt (9 i) ale i I gee 40- Bin — Heo - 96] fom fee cleanly gitieo ot tex ond teu, teens nee j times Golty Spe w +t 3 b&w = fry — Oe Lens oy) Grey (a-)- = Caan) i My esi the Rottes theorem « GM 2.9 50 “Diffeentioting ©. e soja . ie E Bing @ bo Ao wee pe | . : = penyy Tn ile? fore Pf fore Prem eae? tp : . 4 whee Yas Some point a Toor re 7% yt] fi Heme the thangton ermor th e(hay = ae i: = a pe whe errer » ‘7 sformnnta Ceqecation @J AS ain 3 Aicowkcol eter. begmue fargcange Interpotiting Fare eteutely i c 5 L E ed in Feaiving inpottant “Foiitine “ten * =F neseatol differentiation and — namesig:l “‘nteg ection: near RRS RR he the Feiosngg fable furs the: Valier” of ar an inkespctating Feyromial of degree Rais te. the! datas Bed the mraypilade Cf the maxima possitle enres em aN NRTah abe bht Compiked Valen. “Of 409 when mee Lar ~ degree: Feljpornio! appmmination 6 tue Eye) = Cute). CAA) Cahn) (aer4a) C2) Py) eu [Feo] = Je-tecere 3) (Athy (a1) C= 16) fe i 5h tn the a Wa U3 ns ws Le fey 3320) 26672 os ull Hrasdo i ee fated with the At gibt the ~oognitude of athe efor” Associated Since Oa) = e% Hy Peay He% wax Oar] = eh = 4.45% -——- @ Wasrehe 4 sutatiteticg © oD ond’ pang = 085, ARE Upperboues on the witch. of the enor _ ‘ 19530 = |Co-es) 60.05) Couseoasyeo.3s)| (22) ©. cooo0136. intrfelatg Polypestal of degree 2 the fametion yz logot defined by the Abe lagiange Blowing tatie Of abuses. Hence dalemine the Valor of 24 and ako chain bound 00 the “enor - 2 25 “80 Ye toge’ C0AS 0. WEP 104861 sale: Using the Lagrange ‘oterpalrion Forrmentn: ‘woe hawe| 228) Ca-3) Ces) C40) (o.wiais)4 CICS Camesay (os) (-0-8) Bo, 4 Ga29(a~ 9-8). (9 Cos) = (27irc ats) (oeraisy ~ (ee 2005 14 1 Cont9) OW 1 HOP Ceasers — | i t Itah is Putting od ye a ca |r magnitude of the ro O.shoti § Be Plponiat aprrcnination JS given by [eaey] = | O20 G80 Cea) ty): : beep = Jew 205-25) (24-36) Ee te “eda ames coroner, wae Pear] = Marl] asad dense 7 -~@ fF Saltitutng @in ©. wn i the magnitude of the enor [set s | 4) oa e274] i i { - ; i } i } 26 + Actual vate loge at = O-9RdaIg : Sothat | smo} = Loequnee— omzsis | * © = Gev08eH6 (Actual esro%) ond we fave TEAS 0.00115 (Iicccamiton Chch agrees tot the chit Srroy tain tate= te perme slfe=2)( 29) =35)(0=12) Go») ae 4) e=n0=a(0=4). D4 fey 6 2, wayaeay ** @oye—ayenay x (17+ Eo o @ (P-a2eir—ta) (Posse) (Saat +sh) ce Ey fir) = P= 732 4 18x 12 x12 is the required polynomial Example « Using Lagrange’s interpglation formula, find thé value of y cofresponding to 1 = 10 fem the following table Solution : We have a5, Jeans) Goalie —aa)leo~5)*© 5 Sistituting we get _ bt {19=A)00~9K10-19, 9, (00-5h00-3}e- 1) E90 =By8 =i Oe Hey 9) 5}(10—6)(10= 11) (29-3}00-60—9) . & . NG Gp ayy * (14) + HMw OGO-9)., 3 * 90-40-19) * OG si ayit=s) te i . 6 Ory i | 3 A ipeise 7 7 : A Bo Nad by Eagrange’s” formula the igterpoltion polynomial which : a corresponds to the following data i a oe 8 . M8 S35, L B Find We polynomiatatesee thas sclvase tthe lowing data i : Scat areca ; } mi : 4 % Find the polynomiot of the las degree which ain the prescribed vahes : at the given points : The following tab1E gives the sales of a concern forte {he sales for the years (a) 1986 (8) 1992 F Year DS 907 1909 F957 pe ve years, Rstimate i Compute snas¥ torm me tbe a Se ee ~ % Find log $515 from the table, See erator ess log. 0.7076 9G 87S OTN OTA Ew 07076 YH OTR orale 8.7604 Use Lagrange’s interpolation formuda and find j(0.35) £08 er a? 03 aa [Gk 1.0000 WE Tate aa ee sins 0 1st U3ei0 05000 at % Use Lageany formula and computeSOARES an can tipi wk wea eral & 9, Usecbagrangi’s formula and-compute 5 a azo Oa 036 Os a cr aC 10, tse Lagrange’ inverpataton formula ffi, Glue Off) for fives the owing table Answers: ‘ LP aBEFS Bene oe LB. gF A We A A657 5. (0d ‘a gsase. 60.6293 7.07118 8.1411 9. 1.6751 10. 1nies for certais vals of 6» Find. she valent 9 i 2iB)-= sh eae qc toe tae Bs Solution : We have @ = D1: =H: g,, 25° F & 038, f= 05706, F, Bising the inverse“interpolasion formu we dant sesité (e-allrma) (Palen - Gonna) fe-alle-a)” alia” ae a) ye = pea 0.4068)(0.3887~045%) (03706-0.4088)(03706— a (03887-03706 }0.3887 499) . *(oatee--0.5706)(0.1068~0:403} " _(osss? —e.3706 (0-388) 0908), (aan —0.3708 {0.4423 05068) saabie and r, 2o.age, = 7881+ 17,20 ~ 3.087 = 7199 22 Ager J, Taampte . : Find the value of x whes y +03 byapplying Lagrange’s formats Taversely ~ 3a Pee MEO Solution : Froki-Lagrange's inverse interpatitiowforenta we get 7 caer |S hronlicn) | bomb ad Gamal a) 13332, 2899 nn Pre Sebstinuting: xy = 04, 2, = 0.6, 2, = 08. above formula, we get = 0368, =4 ih unequal Incr “03-035303=0287) 5 94) ‘Wask3 —03830)(03683—-02097) (03-ases9}03-02957) ng) a iin g5ceyo5s2~0209) - (o3—03683)(03 0.3332) a * avr —saiyo3t7-0.8) AC) 757 + Bangle + he ovo wpe testes te Peg Fei Jot ar corresponding to certain vaities of x. FoF wehat aig aS hic 1 ; a eee to5? : ieee “Hh Solution : Here 3, = O46 4, = O47, x, = O48, x, AB. vy OBES, Jy = 04937452, yy = 05027498, yy = staal From Lagrange’s inverse interpolation fc fe = bowle-wlsaw)_ , Fee: i ery Cr “bday (ewbnion) 6B H-se)_ Ge wer aKien 95) 2 is —aellvs alles) “4 9.484655 9.495745? 0.s027498 0.511689 (05 ~04937452)55=05027498)(05~ 05116689) 5 nag (Gates —04837457)(0484655 — 05027498) (Oas46555 -O5TIGCED) oa (05--o4ssesss}(0s 1.502 496050515608) ia) = (aesa7as2—0616555)(04939852—0 5027498) (04937450 051 (05 ~04846555)(05-0.4937452)(05~0.51 1668), oo * sorza88~ onBesssy0.027498--0.4937450)(05027498 -1SNeGHs) (psnosiusiyas-owsrnyas-os0rnen os (055116683 ~ 0.484655)(0.5116683 ~0.4937452)(05 05027498) 047, = 010707787 40157737 + 0.369928 90299495 = 04769537. | Iiti A. # . a {Mample 1 Show Hat Lageange’s interpolation fornia cancbe weiter fit eas ala sccm as). bails) > Solution = weshave 61> Ce — ahem apse ~ 2) WG) 26 — ea x) Ge npobe = 2 a oe BE aM aad x ge ae 2) J to Mew gle Spd = 27 2 Ole), 2 bs, gl, 49, — = er, hes aS So = He. WS satay | Bxample ©" : By means of lagrange’s formula prove that Wy ~ 503, yd + O2lyg sh 09 ye toad Ff ft. eval] Solution : yg, Yay $y and ys ate given, thetelore the values of the angutmests are So, 3, and 5, 9; 38 Wo be obsained. By lagiange’s formisla eke Ie, ih = Esa Sas"? DA -9) bal te 3) EE RR-3"" p-Fp-CIe-3" eget ODUM) eshte Css S-3) ">" Fargas)" Th aking x = x GEIOIOLD | Orsi 3e-3) (ar 5\aea}o—sy? * sr gis aKs-a)” SERS eA RAM AIeerpotation ul ea ters “aes oe OIA | OHA), CO, Saya? ercacay’? * xa)” * anya)" tone : a = 15 H82y., 1055-0994 = = 99 #245 40295 40-3 O95 493 ~02(¥s Va) +029 Ys) - yy and gare give yy i to be obtained. BY Lagrange’s folliuta. 7 = OF 0-0-9 (0 3)T-1(0~-3) CaF 54 * aay Ce Moe Nos, , (043K0+ (0-9, Seana) Br aIGr IE)” wee ae - orn) s)} jow-Sou-rl] Bxaniple + The values of fi) are given at 2, 5, and c. Show that the maximum is obgaingd by ‘i 2 oe -2) 0-10" Todo RA TOO] Solution : ty lagrange’s ormulé J) for the arguments.e, b, and «is given by He) i sso mana| ‘Sr axiom or mininum we hove:/)=9 BAND yyy Bal0t di dele | === e069)" ALE Dike (e—o)160) +(e ayo + 7 LP O+e-eyox(e-eyoleo. (=e ed+(2 oars (0 2) Aloo ete Me os Poy 2 Given 30g, 9654 = 2.8156, ih een 88 tego = = 2.8189, 105;.667 = 28202, find log, 656. Soliton : Here, = 654, x, = 658, x, = 658, 5, = 661 and ft) = tog, 656, By Lagrange’s formula we have boa }e~ oY -x ah sks) -ayh on Nee)" Gals maalfn oo Kn de)= — 658)(656 - 6503(655—461) 58)(654 — 659) 659— ~ 661) “C8 a) ~ 59 K656-c61) nes gy“) “, > (656° 65656 —6583656-eany (659-658) 655 658659269 1 (656~ 6541656 650) 656~e29) =" (661— 654) 661 say esis) ys) (25169) aa (2.8156)+2 2 (28182) 209) 2 sa09} 1033-4 7.045— 56378-+ 02057 =28170 ‘ EER RNfinan BREE ARE ta pessoa g & a AMR Incerpoletion tihuneiqual Iritervats ° Example, ./ Write down the Lagrange’s polymemial-passing through (ry fo), gettext lay fa (yf Fence express yy — a —3) *2 SHH OF partial fractions sotution "The Lagrane’s polynomial zhrough the points (ry f)-éy fy aad oer given bf a wees aya abet yo deca Consider the numerator 3xt#r41. ) hy Let [oy = 3h, tabulating the values of (x) for = 1,2, 3 we get Using Lagronge’s formula, we gel _ a i (e-tKr -3) 203) <>" @aaye-a) “7 onx = Senay 2) 15 mhe- + 2B he) BP beet 5 eae 3) 2fe—afr—3)~15(< MMe 9) +5 tnercise « 1. Show tht the sum of coefficients of y, 5° in the Lagrange’s interpolation formult is unity. ivER Hy Ye ye ane ey Using, lagrange’s formula show what ce 3. AE yg: yy ps me yg are the consecutive terms of a serieS then prove that 15 = O05ly, + yQ) — 0.3, #4) + O75(y, + 40. | oat tee, AE | ds.a nin URE NRA Nearcericet Ase 4H all terms except yg of the sequeniey ji, Hy Be given, show. ha value of 9, is 3 [Piped est) : val] " ‘3. The,fotlowing table is given. = 5 shove that the for of five Pv aka 42 6 Using Lagrasge's interpolation fermi; éxpress the funetiogk ~~ ‘5 sum of partial fractions. A partial fractio stein 7 Rapes te Wisin ie aif aye “a) HM of pata! Cosctons 5. Using Lagrange’s formula show that 106 413, t 1 & FER ai vey 3) 9% The following valued of the function} for values ‘of x ate given: 1) = & |: 12) = 5, (0) =, (8) = 4. Find the vals of (6) and alo the vole of sae whieh (G2) i maxicoum or miniaum | dnswers sovpmots): DIVIDED_DIFFERENCES. . “The Lagiiuge's formula lias Qhe Ajasbaik that if another interpdativin vale Were # inserted, then. the interpolation cor pre required (0 be recalculated, his Fabous of __ freomputiag tho interpolation eonficieits iaaretby using Newton's general interpolation Formula which employs what are called viet dierence’. Before deriving this fori, ‘pe ahall frst define these differences. TE eg. Yo eg 7 Ce) nes vent then the lst duided ference fo the sguments yf defined hy the raat ie 1228, BW amae" cE amt Similarly bey s9)= 222 a lig. aa ‘a second died lifference fy ye dae a 8 : ‘Whe shied divided difference for y 2.15% iedefined as Gen tye2al-betl) aaron, = Geoetitaetid = = '(Oba: 1 a aiferenes are eyinetricl tn theirargumtetrin intent of the order fa rpms Eoin ot iy 0 a a Tig ta oq et GiD@ iD Elis) wena) ley tert 0 aes, sh anttso-en, Obs 2 The nth divided ferences ofa pabomial ofthe nth Segre orcettant Latte siineats eel spaced £0 thats, sym" ey ot Ta frag AZ. = no : * beal—bse 2) fan _ to 50 toa 4 Fe Bae an in gonerat bey op mee 1g bate futon va nth degree polynomial, thea Af willbe coetstHje Une thy divided difrences wil aleabecnatant. S _- 7-14. NEWTON'S DIVIDED DIFFERENCE FORMULA Letyy rainy ge heralaes of y = fle) corresponding to the argument? 2, 4,.Then fin the dehaltion of divided dittarences, we have y veal sothat Jeyr Galion) coe “Dd fx.x0) Astin erga Bh : seh gies tea ebin sy) eee aple, sy ‘Substitting thie alee uff, x9) in U1). we get paype te ling A) ebeeghe nie se) 12 ‘loo Teag ey 5 a ee : whieh gies Iara ty tad adn A ‘Sobtitotog thal ean) in (2), we Soin PaIe0 ee splig nl ole ape~ lag Haake age Fensgsy ay fa) Srvcending in tie manne, we get Dare te heg hl Ce zara ey a aioe Beg te So ahe ay nde allty ty kl lB) which is called Mevton’s gear interpolation format with divided difesrsHOMeRICAL MEINCOS Maan: ‘Example 722. Given the values x Pe ae fod: 180 392, 1452 2366 S202, = gwaluate 9), using @ Lagrange’s formal (i) Netstor’s divided difference formate. (PIO, B. Tech, 2008) SokMnHere x25, 22% y= 1h, ands . Yo 180,34 892, 7, = 1482, Putting = 9and substititing tis ore values in Ligraics B-O-199-19@-1 @-H@. f= aS HE 1351) 9 0-99-DO-1i9-1n *Gie-p a1 aI- Io 19 * (21-17 v : (9-10-19 _ ' grew pea is ' 25 58 i Pia Seeasmans ee saee (cy The vie dinences table ie : ant als? ra aa i ‘tree differences ‘erncee see 10 + “a5. 7M nar 8 “Taking x 98 the Newton's ide ference Tormul, we otsn ae 718) =150 (9-5) x 181 $ (8 SX9-~ 1) = 24 4 (9-3HO 799-12) 30 404» 1916 820yRE \ ae eee eeeeeee een ona ' 1 i A | nerenrouATION “eammple 7.29. Using Newtorts divided difrences formulate RG ol (15 4 | sion : Pa ee as fio: 48 100-206 500 1230 2088 ww.t.U,Bmaktp200@) South divided difertoce tale * 2] teats [aad ed | aa tn : citoows | ditereee | aifenee 48 ° 00 a loon 7 fae a ww | 20 w a aw | ni 1a o_| aoa | im the Newton's divided difference formala;-we obtain = = a 10)= 4048-0522 18~ W-BIS+8 DUS SIO Sts SintatyI19)= 3180, (én 734 teria 9 polynomiat in sje the loin dts ee ee =e 3 a mss 5 sa. (001, 5 teh, 2007 iterancs ej Titan’ [Baa aldad [ander | ad Sinemen | “aiperenes | “Sntrenes | ‘etree as - 24 ot) + er tie HE 2B) C3) 4) lig Fp a) “5G ake «We O1- 14) « Ge « ae + Mie 2a0 net 58 GEN Vz 5, tog emaeA A ina rea esa numerical Entree ee numerteal old var consider a’ function of Shag y “te function HL know and Stele , caus eilg, exnabe the’ definite integrls Hooues, funckion aL Such or gue functions 14 complied” such at foo Which, lwve vo anbt- chergivockives expastite Soteene of enuikony” Paddettons a Sse a. powie m0 ca, ae BRE oy rirmerital) a == fhe -Pubetion. eee Bret iAgsors to. the given Ber of vel eheres Oe Ss Bathe: Here we df oe do wok HHO the, fon ¢ Se ote Se gp Sutlalle ntixpole te ttl wa The dS las . paegrte oh appronivaoke srkenpolects 0 Formula eohaps tC a eathead of fey: he Wr on on sunckiod af Shel. vortoble , Hoe prookt € called Queadeatare: , wer hove Skudied gacsoh interpolation fru toa dgeon dake Cet) cae daffeant intege bor tks foceruilas li beatae. <7. $0 Soewatar Carn en. Mme depending Pes formulae Ve ted. | 1 tyre of the tnterpolatYon g i |rT at Bevive oc general quadrature formube y now ae wesentithial Inkegralion the Newton't fo oy : ardferrne formula, “ces Se Pere aed Formula ee, niMfor equidictants_ov = (e . Conder “the integral se} aa, tghise AG) tak the valeta” . Joust eye eo ae, eee, dena de, Art © 9 tens when = cag teh, nae me wT “— “io enlaod E woe daha fig by ' Guthate. Serkepd ation for cous | Lee te Guteand [opi] be Sida | acre tech Trdersals of estat” Feb ag SP Ae Moth, aemat eben oo Leone coy Ee et nb sh. pperateebig Bor ly renters Sh SAO RR SERN fo i bi NOTE subemplalian formule at co na the det Qos fr fai dn. . i aa oS Fen: i a een a » x | Jae PAY ey Do MGV OMY. OC fy a DL al i ~ oo -Jh—6 Gece Po A b prt 2 %etph = das hdp SK. a - - than me Koy PO oS Pigg aie a (tenis Ce 2 h[atetS Sto 5 (Sey Ce ; OP abet _ oe quodeki oem 44 peagton —creet formulecasera. ENR Sc e of fiest order do frat differcases of onter Lig Troperottal kale t- » puting ner, dn tht quadrature domula , amd taking the Ceorve thro Cmrby ad “4 ange Con) Crys) ake fraigh thine hey @ polyoontaal thin Pith’ become 20. PoE Pda WL tetaaa] be He = AL tet Herel] FS hb (et dy for Bre nant interval [awl] we deduce Seal act "J fouts = § fords ™ tortil, 2b Gt £44) ~ 2 = ba) aud £0 On. - Los dated Covang hoy tee wt howe agnb oe J deus =f See 4 Ret Cnaph 2° BR Cha tay) | ea ore ND oeea RE. aading there on Solera, ve abba, stn i {hog afro og + = . 7 got, ct paourn 2g the Ayapesotdal wule. = — ~———_- a Hone i fic dq Ady! Stade! ste good Cte fad ond asthh, cos Cina Bon eden thE Hands He Cig eed, OM te) 57 gle oxen pooened by cama gedinakee tery and 12% od HE 7 appro eatly equtiobut “tp the, Sem ow a? Cony eration} dhe error ef the -tapesotdel formula Cou te Mratnd $n the, ollamsig oa: » pak day be conttnuns, Well behaved ond PoUees Continous derdokiet Sy [, % } ae eee le eck 43 re Me, Empaatogin y tn Tau lor't Khevbey Oorots Jos 2 go &) geo Cra yt me = hen. syd =f yoo 4 les Uyee Jf Tia a! Gon" pe fle _ 7 : 4 is “per Gere) g ts Boag gee 2! ei Fe 7 oe Creo ED gl Gr? yt : Y ah REMAN tiben . , = het gl Pe go gee site Pyde Bet 0) Me Sham caf the fate Aoareaten falling aan by @ 9 Gr goed = yer Bs Gee ie mort % he HGH tH et Ft aD taesexe ctoeamaen a 1 a a Peco OQYG, vehove a : 1p Be ybpee ee Ay b [aot boty Melt Tat | . - a WE byt E tet Se to Cucptvasting #0 vale from Qs saa oa 3 Ne (ddan mes & (57 soul no te ee By a Gntlaa eau Pre dnd | a en tye feet seabin’ , dike -exrort vin Cured, faa), oo? Cova ed fas we bewe o 4 Bg Liteaien es : rs jig ere EB the be : oko ; te value of Diecrming Hor ‘D eee Men wank 5, aac bea toe oblaen sn ye € “ih y'e® 2 8) Beye) - he, (vnhebo) tewer, the e70r tithe ayngengied Tae fe ae ae eeessh eT pateing ner Sy the qcodratione formula, and tabeg the Cusve through C0 fs), C% tH) and. Coty) od a parmbola. ie, a poly combal sof ceeond ordts 50 that defferences of order’ ~ higher Yan” Second vouleh , we ger ee agro, { terdre | Saree he ho = hE or S 4 +h ($-5) A “ah [te teaay + $54] ~ = hE gh Cr rat) 2 B= AY Ay = aL torah] Cr = tC) = tho Mateh [sade = 2 Cbd ett ae] wy a ee San —- : J teida = Aptech tha ty), 9 st . f _ eI Haven tee} a —r—ss_Ss—s=sON ‘ Pare det ordinod4 do. Motor ce : pes i 08d, thee FP pard ef fide | Ko » ty ip fferdae - Faw Li . ; | Son as oo oo an,FATA a i r 1 a vb flyer egret Cet 2b ay) ¥ (ret ct cove Gat Ah z a | & b [Carety)) +2 Ube dv gaa) FHM : aks et cacy bast ot 2h turn of fisst e al ale gta foo ovdtnaks yh cf pdt Hf Form 05 Soopeeslt aves Saplye = simpsons SE sei Eg yp bas Satlie “even, HH Lua ete nee” ane avison of re / Br ee roholt of ub of tds H exvov fi gions os formubas error fn foxsi itn Ta Re a RRSSEMM Rca SEN Sy ae i Aho asaReing - at be th roth Pak = | donde [doar 2 is awit a] eens tJ foyde nto Dh Siro pons Bf. Rabe — oes aie putting ner da the quadrature formula ond “tacheg Hire curve fivenugl, CHE ye) FRO 1s on & polynomial of tint order Sota Didfereny akove the “Yted order vsatth, . nO ah : Parada = f bovec mo a _ + = +b WGo }* OL ab Cet £ Ate +h Oe e te) 2 ab Lae yr tet): € Sutlauly | - avath : { Sridae B Cat tet rach) aotah ced €0 0. Adding all Haw. totegeole serom, he Th Arn token Re areelbiple of 2. ; = = BEL Ger sacar gy) rT Soe eC 9 Meast3 + tit tyet eit C@ettn)as (yrds oe % A tude Ye t= + hes!) ne ube on 4 wh VOLT wollen yey -Siempoor's fg tote He number of ub brereols should be bey Ok mull 3. |, dhe ewror & eiegtoo' “BR m ae gh HORS py en ye noted Heol wee Ie, Sorrel ~ Btaagsonis Yo 08 fy es oe wet wt coor the a gy magenta = wituda fie OFF “J enpsose aig Mee : Hea, Sen plon’s ye ate, oe vectatabe oo Smpioris ale, ‘Nominant cen: in ee ore en foduube. Lag +a wean. ae eS Civagso ns Yq eee b&b 8 ;j @) | icicle o ¥ s je Example Ps -Cileutdte the vabic: JEM comet upto ddd Stgnsticant figures oe Jig ipto nee Sig is “waking sig inter¥as by Trapezoidal rule. = Z ee aera a Solution : Huge we have i A =} i a . ‘ a potas O-0GQUD 8.18268 0.25600 @-33T1T7 OOK 0.45455 78.90000 B Me i ‘The Trapezoidal rule can be writign ap eH ypsoe)ealn tos tytn ti) : + ={pll0s0000:0 0000 «ato zee ogsI00 48-335; 040800 + 045454)fe ef = = 930512 es oe 1700805 , correct to three sigoil Sas . . é yo ? { ed a i i aple2 + Bind the value of Ese 5 savincervai ay Trapevoidal i ates * : 8 rile, correct to five significant figure® Also compare it with ies exact vate f # Solution : Here = ae a 1 : : Isp i : O82 and aH5. : ; ete lege . i : = | i Eas et SIG “FUGOTOT 0.961538 ORV A 7RETIH 0.600756 OSGI a te Using trapezoidal cule we get (loo) tye +35 40)]site | ! Niighercel Araby: $F lCet0en00+ so0me)« (oss +ca0s9 073524050975) - 07837314, 0.78873, correct to five significant figures, 7 The exact value” 1 ax=0785%0, 4 eZ a correct to five significant figirés, + The etror is =0.78540~ 0.78373, ore? = Absolute error = 0.00167. Beample 3 Fist the cate of ib et. décimal places by Trapezoidal tule: Solution taking 8 subintervals correct to four Here COS 5 ee 7. ime Sg cea aca amen gma Fe 0.06000 9.17809 0.30105 039798 047712 0.54407 0.600068. 6537T-S STP Se ee ee? Using Trapezoidal rule we can white Fle 9) Alo. nen tsetyctas en)] i i . cos ensure C8 I i i ES+ i Numerical Titition Sho 47712 +0.54407 +0.60006+0.65323)] wastes fosusicn ibosa 6. . cian th wane [8st oe gent he by Stinpson’s.one-third ruleg— ** Solution “Wehave Giese peers ‘The Simpson's rule is . lon te) + Ary Hs 43s) 2s %34)) =T{ev20000 1.82212) +4(110517 + 1349854 164872) + 2(1.220404 649¢62)} = SYeszasay «4(4.0379) (enae)] ; = 09221186 = 0.82212 21s gz. Be Ae ae et following table, the time being reckoned in miliures from the staft-and the 5 ing reckoned Yo mit 5 speed in km/lfour, . eS a einatess + We We a GAD WOE 8 ST fete Estimate approximately the total distance tun ia 20 minutes ~N eRURaNRESae Nunserical Andlyss 3 Solution : i 3 \ . : 4 4 “ang iatp tact ftom rest, shelly » = 0 wien - ; The given table of veldiitées can'te written oo ee Dae ae a ee ee i hs ee Q : - a0 g The simpsoa’s re a oe - a Join a) “Af 9599019 )¥ Ae Fae 90 3)) : ° = giglloro rane-+soesi2s ive +92) 2286 ¥464+320+8)) Eovomeravnsal = 825 bn, The distance run by the teain in 20 minutes = 8.25 kms, Example 6 : A tank in dischavging watec dough an orifice atia dépee of x metér below the surface of the-waler whose area is Am? The following, ace’ the = Values of * for the-correspontding values of ata EB AB igs 2705 Dame hea BA (Sees Tad 19S SDE a oes tee Se a SRNR 30 Using the forma (O018)F Tothe time in.seconds for the, level of the water ta dsop from 3. m to'lS m above the prifice Solution = We have b= 0.15, ietherNese od 4 ie of Values'of and ‘the corresponding valtes-of “Fis «the tabli 325 Tao p55 270 385300. Hing Simpson's rte, we Bet 7 A XH 3 | teecIlessnbeaoreacoste el A acon _MGpaisirdnysomevsenase sie] ET ae Pea ee ae: + hanise + 120 v7.08] - . 19743 : . gent9703 ie aa Using the formals aE i ye a - Ae - el oe : | ; : vem i . 2 : apese ssh Sa ca ARSE. ‘The table of values is : ee son's thred-eighth role is ah Hg t,) abort ns tase] = cagl(-+osoooaan+ 3{0.9729730 +0.9000000)] qa glolowns077 -+05901639) +2(0:800000)} ae Soo0qv0 +9.4669338-+ 16000000] en =0.7853959. - ant trample 8 Astute fon rose four deca pces Solution | We points vide the range in-three equal points swith the division where“ 7 The table of values of the function is Fae Vetere 226320 2.71826 By Simpson’s three-eighth rule we get ~~ (vo 95) 3000499) 10000000 0.9729730 9:s0u0000 9,6900000 6.692377 0,59016390'5000000 serenaNumerical liPagration 3x [err 2zas)stiswra+2.36320)] a6 Aerie nse] oon + [er ae=aoinm, al k i= oneasin™ 48 by wile ‘exainple 9 = Compute the ite Solution : Here we have! soils) fone ey taking n= 12 we get FH assess ; 0 wot s EL aginis ented” i ry ” m sd 2 agen oy © om yg asa asabanh : . an. 0 aman Mm 992882 90 : Ea Sages v5 0916930. 1) : wet MELE oosans Piel va. Netiritel Analyris By Wedille’s rulé we have - VF -01625in? 6 a = : i= ee i Falls tind Soreyry, tn] : i Ll +y))429) = Ze llrr000000. +0915423)+ (0958619 s0969S18 40547647 +. 0.916930} saa 4 ‘lor 10979541+0937269.sosztiz)] : g Ffetosse067 +a92¢001) oos05 g ! + I=1s05i03504 2 Example 10 Find the value of foteree oy wastes rte, — Solution : Here fox) = tog, @ 2 taking 4 = 6 (a multiple of 513) we have Sea Bz PTET a551 wate erg ES 657 Weddle's rule is Jog = hy + Sy, 45 465 FY 4545 96] =! 02 Ty 13863+7.1795 «1481649; 156515685 80470415487) " =o . = 17a ae oe 2 flose<=tezrase. :aR NE Ron files opis Exercise 9.4 : a r— 2.7 Bvaldate fost) {aking 10 intervals by" Trspedsiaal tule: 3. Given Wate? =1, e! = 2.72, &? = 7.39, e? = 20.08, ef = 54.605" appiédiotatidi’ valid of fe by Trapecoidabfile. : ‘ Z 4. Bvatiate [V1=2 ae by (@ Simpson's rule and Gi) Tapezoidat rile, taking six interval correct to, two decitnal places. 5. Evatvite [aia aking # = 6. correct 6 fou siftiqnt (@ Simpson's one-third cule and Gi) Trapezoidal rule. Gy Bwaluate 1g 4 subintervals, correct ‘to five decimal places 4 Simpson's one third rule (2) Trapezoidal rile, i Coviiptite by Sitnpson’s one-third rule, the integral f(a edfiect eo coo et ~ three places of decirhal, taking step length equal to 1, . 1 7 7 B. Bvaluaie fsins’te by (@. Trapezoidal rule aid (i) Simpson's one-third ° ; Fale, coriect 3 foitr decimals taking x = 10 9. Caleulate approximate value of foins"az by using GTeapezoidal rule andl (iD Simpson’s rule, taking | tyNumerical alysis ~~ go. Find the value of [eoirar by Gi) Trapezoidal rule and Gi) Sintpéon's one-third rule taking «= 6 [pe commie a oy taping nines etd ate : coking x0 ( os 7 i evatate [dr taking” x 210,94 @ Traperoida ute and Fg « . i (a9 Simpson's one-third ele : 4p. evatie forts ting fue by @) Teapecoda le 2 |) Simpsoa’s one=third rule. 14, Bvatuate [coer dx by: Weddle role aking #6. tae ys. tvalune [Zax by Wedille’s rule, gpriéet to four decienals taking } De 5 nen, . SC ee dx taking thirleen-ordiriates by Weddle’s rule correct to + five decimals. 18. Using Simpsou’s, cule evalunte AfTFzind, with sever ordinstés i 19. Using Simpson's rule evaluate [/F=T/Fds with five ordinates.i Brg Nenevical Bitégraton 1 20. Using Simpeon’s rule evant: f-Lde taking n= 6 2 22. A river is 80 unit wide. The depth at a distance x tnit from one hank’ id given by tie following table ae es ee me oe ee 22, Find the approximate’ valde of [Jes 40 Usitig Simpsoi’s cule with six ei sg ‘Answers 1..0.260 2 0.998 3.'S8:00- 4. 083 5.-1.297, 1.170 6: 0.69926, 7, 0.083, 8. 0.5112, 0.9203 9.115, 98 10. 1.170, 187) 11. 1.764, 1365 13, 33494, 018400 13-98%, 0 2994-9 14 LABING. 15, 4.7854: <46:2.49 1711020 18.2549 “9.1 20,9:1992. ZL. 7108q unis 22011078 9.1 Hewtan - Gates:formula Consider Lagrange’s interpolation formula j : . aKa Intogeating between the limits 3, and xytnh we get Se) tiol(o0) sitet tla) etfs) . w Expression (5) is known as'Newton ~ Cotes formuta, Taking, =k for ali r such that Wenamertcal Solution ot ordinary ty i otffeventtal €q “equations Sx —= i | Bar the field of Sclence and technology, Pop, problems canbe formatahd Surbe number differential equotions: Such probleens fo ahee Pield ore Keducedt +0 the problers a solving deferential equations catilytng scotaie ges i condi One oke anvoligifeet inlay of sp | differenti ak eaualtons ane agptconte only to a. | Leentted clast of equations. Gutte oft dxfjere rs fo phystoad problems do ret i belong to amy of “tiese fanitiforr yrs aed), One te i method S | neakes tmportere” machin Gre New equations —appemrtny | a | | ch bged to resort -to numerics . hese aelteds ade of ene whee we aualise thal Congpii readily avai latl: ely constdewatly & i} fl tovution odor oodiiedy d aesenttel | means foal cenit _enpre sO" | a Pinite aunber of dlinnentery| feaneifoar of 1% Sach & Lolukion fadaffcreiticl! equatfon 2 Rw Lhe fide | ef Clution. Zc dne abrence of seth ov SolcitTon, to numertcal methods of co cqumertcal oem equation F ory Seyterns : own as the Claved oF Rint we have, ¢ecourte a id ution . Q Te describe variance wamerfcad methods lex |) 4 is| th 7 R © Golutton af ordinary differential Cauatfont, |. het ut eontider the | Pint onder aan _ equation Be fop , —@ tofty the fnéktal condition FOr de> dle méthnds % deatoped 5 cegpbied ote the “ galustton cf. Systems ot gi “odes eqation’ adad eau gid He olsrtlone “JR one of pe doe forme cy pserig for gy dnvterms Ba aon gamers FS, from okie tre valet _ _ ae hy dace Cecbs Hi HLOP. oS tra Ca at) a et of tabuleded valons of or Hf jheemetno dt” of Taylor” ant pied Lelong 7 to clan). Sa oe muods 4 O ed by co trustaked — cevtes, each | agprartnet | corer mm of gpohtclre FE a fence bon ga, Ge corse at ane poet i : ‘ & Anformation aboot the plubfon He aot Feemae® Ag Such ,treae are gegersed to 4 Mn _ gr metiods of Milnes, adams - Qashgorth £1¢ beng te The le hep ne trod Euler , Runge _kutta, TITS saipstnecintgteenoefatter Class solutions Cie, law @)) © a there peat polo on the curve Ff ev : ahead, by gerdorming. Cettont metrods | the fo thor stepe iN Retfirvents aceuroty Ft achieved. fe such thew wwettiods ane called ctep ly cbep methods Go ‘mulhisier etre ket, weutbeds ae Eder ond) Runge - uted for computiag gy OVE ax Lente seoange : = t £ Titues volexcar’ Milne saund’ Meme coeds mage | : be appticd for Heulings Y over * wider * i | a vokned, F si | i Gls metneds - Hil qund Bdarnc Ree / : Skating yrald ah Ble OO found by picard$ } Oe) ee “aunge tole meinods q Inthe! aud poundary ceoditiont. i i ao ordinary alter te! aguedion of te oth order 86° of the form cooteing a otbitoary | | cena ae | i ae get coletion a rrrr—C— PCG, Go =O —@- fo ovate tH pasticuter colation 6 condivons mish be gen fe thal the Een Gere Cy Gam Ke determined.FR were “conditions are presetbed at one potok onky Caegete) then the drflerentiod equat'ey) Comsitote on Snttbed | ! together usity the Ceaditons value prebl A Pre. SF order titeot art preseafbed ot $e ge the Coad of MOTE pornts then the preblew it temned es os boundary seals pry blatm,- toe shall First dzactbe moet ods foo ing] - fatttal value provers Goode tyge 8 ~ Gla few: {Or = Jo : _ i aust at treend of fe Chapter OF | | uttine mnetheds for Roe% vole problems Aue Second enuattom : & ' e ee| i ‘ 4 Be derivaliwer fa dhe above fein eee 3 We Taiilor’s series metiind. Bhe ‘Taylor series method pvidex & folution ‘3 - : af a equation. a = fea) ‘your ds =e rye attume drat fovy) sefheciet po By _ Ba f ee eod waits epee SBE yor ts tee O08 gE) tren HAs Taglor's tes power ccf (20) ca sextéy for Gee ey | | gow oro j 1 12% iG [ot Hd . git | sa) “Ybor bye gor hilt Bet Notew hem ee the | Raown 5 Since, the Selustton net i are not nop eapansian ko be sofficiend iy He qqsumed expizertly denvever, f the APAvalio cm differentiable — ond therefore, be obtained Atcedtly from the given differential equetion tkself. woking tier fi ts Len Soybict ; chunetion ty we bane wie nee Na dey} = ary 7 as 3 2 he oe y= 40°) . = Ethel] |oh ee Ot Rt Be BB) 7 + ty Card fl = = an tye Hy + fy e}r hy Loh} tant Alay t4 ig arty heh) | g i r & we papthagt hag by Chon tng fo) t tater tly Jy t toys te 7 ££ “y Lanta an Wyk monet, we Can ; j £ fpr the devivedi ve of yy. Saneterons of 4 Frog) aed Sb partcat devtvakier. | dhe wethed He bet nkerstood vy The i balloting canna be i 4 Foon the Togler serra Fo? YO? Aad Jor) j conece te ous dectenal places HY go gartefies ya any” axa yearn t | \ 7 | . / ' SE He Tagen Seals for en ges wl yore eager 2 ge Nye yee was cee a Ake deviedeg al, _ ebleind thas - Lt eeeI ee | aus we have jyee » rr Cane net 7 |e ghee ioyd!

with ft = 0 and compar resi withthe closed form solution. Lt Us compute the fist fee devatives from the given Now, using Taylor's serids method, we have «why 2 HO 99 4 = + 4 Het wy 28 Subatiing the above values of the derivatives, and the initial: condition. ©), we obtain : 4, OI, | O01, 90001, | 2.00001, COED + POs Os e+ Te Deon oriosata , ‘Therefore, Res yeLt) = y, 381105414 204103 Taking») = 0.15055 at = 11, thS values of the derivatives a computed from Bq, (1) are 11 + 01103 =12105, : 14 1.2103 =22103 Substituting thé value of yy and its devivatives ito Taylor's sesies expansion (2) We gt aflerretaining terms up 10 fifth derivative only WoW ye Cee ey ww S01 Lv z 6 24 0 0.1103 + 0.12103 + 00110515 + 0.000368 + 0.000184 + 0.0000003 =020934¢ ifor Scientists and Engineces Hence, (12) =0.2429341 = 02429 ay To obtin the closed form soliton, we rewrite the given IVP as On fategration, we get _ ya nd (es OD + cel oft ‘Using the initial sondition, we get O=ce-2 oF ¢ ‘Thesefon, the closed form soition is yerentedet ¢ when ¢= 12, the closed forn solution becomes y(l2) 2-12 + 1 + 201.2214028) CContparing the results (3) and (2), obtaiied numerically and in closed form, we observe that they agste up to tree decimals. > — 2.2 + 24428056 = 02428 (4) -SS oN “Conputer-Ortented Meer! Methods examin 72 Given oaev] ad 0) = Fd eves of 1.) and y(0.2), using the Taylor sexes method. Solution ~~ Given" 0 yf =3r4 yand ry = 0, “Taylor series given by = a a a aay thig sage ag ety ‘ nar theres 0 To find (0.1): sos1s - 2. Bquation > jp ate0 0.5) + OD pays OP (625, 08125) +. 2 6 Oe og ORI = 1.0665 2x0) = 1.9665somutreniy Murer! Soluion of Ordinary Differitet Eouap- : 2H 7e Find y(0.2p: Taylors seties tormula for (0.2) is 23 4 283325 = 3.416625 _ = 0.85415625 Equation (ii) = 22° 1.0665 + (0.9 83225) OY" 6 are) e +P cvrs135 4 8" © 85415603) = 146796 “= 10.2) . 167196, EXAMPLE 73 Oivain y(4.2) and 16-4), given +4)=4, taking k= 0.3 ee ere emer aen racerComputer-Orlined Numerical Methods Sotietion : foe a to 4 yoo 42, 9 = 4A, = 02. Bay “Taylor Seies is given by myo hyy + Se 98% Se + nisye th + 538" 3% To find (4.2): +0 — 0.900125 = e Y= 202 +P OP CVT = 20! SF —_ 2. Equation i) => 9.24 00.2) 005) 4 OM (4 .ootisy + 2 Gio0000093759 # 244001 ~ 9.00025 + 0a000000125 6 == 4.009975 : n= x42) = 4.009999 To find (4-4) ec a = ‘Taylor series is given by | we nantly sor tyr + Sama @ ww IMunerical Solin of Ordinary Differential Equations oe =o0isi89 ® we 0.046189 so TGR ap (ea? -a009997 : : 009842 | ; Gh? i . “019%, 00098542, “[@2) + 4.0090967"* (4.29? + 4.009998)" (4000000420469 + 0000000021024 7 = 0.000000630704 + Equation (ii) > Vi | 7 = 4.009988 + (02) 016189) + °2" «a onodaessny + 22% onaeeessor00 eee eo 197084 « 6.00000090096094 4.019234 SKAMPLE TA Find (0. gen y= 10) = i Botuion £ Given y Lixp= Oye hepa Oh a DY “Taylor series is given by ee @ H le Lanne ;: Bind Computer-Oriensed Numerical Mets ¥6" = 23096)" +29 96 #2095429 - + Equation () = ' parronc y+ %orOM% ae = 0.1 + 0.000855 + ~ 900333 . (0.1) - 900333 . ’5_Methad for Simultaneous First-order Différential Equations a ‘The simultaneous first-order differential equations ofthe form 2 jeane ae he YZ) epee ya snd oe Behn with initial vattes y(49)"= yo and 2649) = 29 ‘To solve this system of equations atan intervilk, the jncrements fn y and 2 ase obtained by using the fdhmnulae ; and giventhatx=0,y=Q2 Solution * ana sca ief 2 Mare ato of Orting Digurensis EaiBins # 70469 0)4 27 Gy LM os, _ : - =03 +005 0s La y= 9103) 0.95 “Tayo series for 2” is given by ne ; neg hortig Mag + o wy gfanrgo=0 (yt) 2 Sen saye! +70 aro Pen YY AY) Hays Hn! (ay +0) + OP gO oy, 2,14 +82 ey 1 veers+0009 009 0) 009 EXAMPLE 7,6 Find y(01), (02), 0.1). 0.2, given ay Ce Boge Bay? and (0)=2,200)=1 i Fees 7 and 70) =2, 260) Solution Given e4n2'=2-y20= 0.90 . To find (0.1): - “Taylor series is given by @ B= Ry x42 3 Were vt lex-P os Equation (i) => _ OY 65), OF Cy, n=2+on + Cae O% x . =2-+0.1-0.015 ~ 0.0005 2.0885 = To find (01) ‘Taylor series is givea by je 4G ao thg ee wo wenw =0-7 ae9 i i | i a ‘ Nanericil Solution of Ordinary Diferentel Egeiigne °! w= 1-Day 21-20 - 263 B= Pow +2067) =— PRED +2077 ~t1242) =10 Equation Gi) => aan eo+ QP 35+ OM ane. 20 04 + (0045+ 0.0016667 =} 0:4 - 0.015% 0.001667 . =0.536667 To find 02): Taylor series is yiven by n=H share yee wm, ata = 0.1 + 0.586667 0.686667, Deas Lena? = 140) -2.0845" == 32050 #12 : ¥ -2(0.0885940.686667) - s.867ais 2 Equation (3) => Toe 2OBAS + (0.3) (03886667) + OR i 32054)" +2 sans. sasenn nema nes eee enero LUE NORRIE TEE‘Sie omier Ones Nuns Meds 2.0845 + 0.0686667 ~ 0.01623 ~0.00081045 = 2.13663, To find 102) Tayldt series ja given by . waa the athe + aaa? 2 0.1 — 2.0845 == 4.24514 - = At=1-2ypi' — 1 = 2(2.0845) (0.686667) 5 1.862715 é gly yf 20071 ~ (202.0845) (3.24514) + 2(0.6866567) | CD" 1862715) 2 = 0.1 = 0.424514 01009313575 » 0.00209766 0.33173 7.A2 Taylor Series Method for Second-order Differentiat Equations ‘The differential equation of the second-oxder can be solved by reducing it to ® “ower-oider differential equation. A second-order differential equation can be reduced toa first-order differential equation by transformation y= z a@y % am Sones #122) Y= a 2) is editntalSquaton tog ial contions G0) = 90 and yd =cranes mbe SRR BEE vate 9p, yo’ are known values, Sedling p=y', we ety” =p” “The equation (7-2) becomes tere im of Oiary ieee Eons P= Ss. ¥,P)withisitial conditions whee Jory ‘By potting y’=p.y*= p’, Ea. (1.2) bones Key p ‘ith initial conditions Hed=y9 wd ¥UA=9 > “Plae)=po Solving 9” by wsing Eqs. 17.4) and (79, we gee pee . = Po thn PE Oe “we get Ba. (7.6) 25 cate perth Eage Similarly. proceeding ia similar meennee, we get pe yee Byer ee a Rere erate = We calculate», y2. BHAMPLE 7.7 Solvey”=y-+ 29", giveny0) 1, y'Q)= Cant caBhae ON. Sphution Dikferembating with repost to x Pay ay bana eye ves anc sna We know that Taylor series is given by ee al =14 4+ OM (yO = 1.140) + Oy OD oye 24 = 1.050125 EXAMPLE 7.8 Find y(0.2), giveny" +9 Solution = ¥.197 0.39" 198) To find (0.2) ‘We know that Taylor series is given by nay hye m ua ra > oa S i + Equation G) => (02 mathe. 207+ 2 a a a1 ODE “ext . 21 OX ey oe. oy te HOD= 1 = 99 #95 AEG WH 10) = 1.90) =O. @+ on 02 Oy. . @ et een |ennai EEE — imei Sion of Ordinary Difereniot Bgurins = 1-000 + 080867 ~ 0906? 7d Soive Lary, gveny=0 find get yC.1), XU2V OLS Ses tod ‘ins, (35) = 0.110542, (1.2) = 024281) 72. Usiog te Tayler ceriesmuthod, ind correct to fout deciinal ples the ans. 10.7 LMS) decimal paces, given aay = Fab tay and yi0) = 0. ties 102) = 0.815, 10s) 03880 4 nen S62 ant) end the vas 0.1 0d, using the Taylor sedes melbod_ Tans. (0.1) = 1.0665, 0.2) = 1.167186) ‘Solve by the Taylor ses melibd of thied- order the pk 2: fo find y, for 2 {deas, 6.5) 3.0057, 70.2) = 1.01812, y(0.3) = 1.039957 25 Salve by the Faso sees pptved (OF fourth-oxder) PH, Oye) atx = 02,04. : Fans. (0.2) = $.226,910.8) = 1.54205) 71 Bing te Talon sexes wets solve ‘ Bae ~y.yQy=tax= 0:1, 6:2, 03 ana, a“ 0.9052, (0.2) = 9.8283, 792, (OA) = 0.6851) waian yd gie> . oe ae BaP a¥ and 0) = 79 Using the Tesloe meibed, compuie (0.2) and (0A) comet toe” name esr OTTchemin — abanoeamMnNs 8S OB. ee Bran Compuser-Oriented Nemerical Methods 78. Fiod y(0.1), given ge x+y, (0): ind (0.1), 10.2), 0.3). given Bee . o y oe +40) = 5 ~ [Ans. (0.1) = 1.0047, y(0.2) = 1.01812, na sine Sayer wees 12 13 ema (am e128 90. p m3 1410.02), 10, 02) 1812, $74) +e He x-y and (022. A=1. “ > (Ans. 2.0845, 2.1367,-0.5867, 0.1550] 132 Beaute x(0:1), 40.1, 10.2, (0.2), giver faa aoa given x= 0, y= 1at=9. {Ans (0.1) 201105, (0.1) = 0.9987 (02) = 021998, 0.2) = 09972) 7.13. Find y(0.3), 2€0.3), given where (0) = 0, 2(0) = Lo = [ans, (0.3) = 0.3448, 2(0.3) = 0.991) 7.14 Solve for x and y ; Bers, 2 . 7 a piven e=0.y=1at - i : ce = |Rimeeak Sti of Ontinary Diferénial Eyusions BIS Solve umécivaliy.. wsing tie Taylos series method find approximate wales of yond cxtexponiing ox = 0-1, O sven that 02 AO = tant nan, Bar? rs fas, 160.3) = 2.8845, 2(0.1) = 0.5867 a (@.2) = 2.1367, 2(02) = 0.15497} RIO Find ihe,vobie oF y(9.1) aod y(1.2) fromm Soy YG) = Vhy ving ie Teporstes method and.) = 4.1002, 961.2) = 1.2015 297 Green EY (2Y 27 wean 1-astn the valine fe 08 09) a (022: comesl to 3 decimal places, using Ihe Taylor sefies < mcthod: Vans. (0.1) = 0.995, (0.2) = 0.981}. “ZIS_ Using the Taplor sesios method find (0.1), (02) given y"-+ ay = 0 -andy0) = 1.y@= 93. 2 rns {0.19 = 1.0498, 02 ne 4 ‘ ges , yap set ' OREO4 i _ mont | tebuloled voles I | | | | Oe guber’s Meth: wwe have So for ditaised othe metrods which vied the folulton of differenttal, equation tn the feo we oll nop dusestbe tre methods of a tage series wohich gic tr coluton © Sy, thy dorm qrases considur the stent matin of frost orden Sie Sg) eee ay witty tee fal ceadthon you ede Uk te feud dhe Appront make velo Suppose we dy Sey dn when notes y [ro] woe diate the intense! | | | of eeuat Ton lh keg hy, elected i ee a) Lp us eaceme that - fey a A Cre, bel _ i oe Pree]: Bategralicny equ dion @ 3oe hee aT ben: dea} fe a) am oe [Foca La Poe PM de tS tea) eta) = 4 Fey 4 AO 34) au = | solute fg wauta ot” Beaters HeribZon formate ‘ Bly ve Od en OP OS pateassice expprondvate wnlues af pf cs fellows ; smc ae: yy eylan = Ye tb Fea 3 yon) = dr by) Yor = yt bAG Batted Koda ve mets d hes fe acesmuiafe oF a} Re fasage ences Twat F He, pos cess Proceeds Ghe process He vesuy » mead te ebharts | taroite ocemecg © a, Metal Be Lee ko_tke ot trailer “role dh: fhe panded thoutd wh Ko oted _ | found. by ea | a ' ‘ i swathed 9c decening Aartier and Brew fhe be vals Ge He meme KB fights mrctked eloShi ; ds : a) - Modified uler! meeds C8 3 ! wot 4 | Fm Euter’s Formula &% “ive Beit ht Gey tea) = ® ber Y Ea = By deuett the te vole af fo canbe ving Oo apport of zttal eae caleuloted ot fee > 7 + te. 19) Am aed Bites ; cova) bY Hie Be) ® i Keplactng £ acy 5 Hh it fe rotdel ude den t f ny, gfe tade te] a pmratt value | / . tee spree i ig dood) 4 ne toler! : | ee potot” | ee) ae and i i ok Pee ed tet tei) cates) | em ts sts enetion ea ty Lik opreoxt+ ame “Cr PRR ESRERR ERR SS ARE ebS h4 enauipre Solve the equation “E=t-y, r= 0, y = 0, using Euler's algotithin and 01, 02, 0.3. . Solution = Given ¥. with the initial condition x Lf gt we have 4 ages = Taking » = 0 in Ye May a) we get Yet Hy ap 0+ Ona -0 =O.) beey0.) BEY Mey y) = 0140.00 ~ yt) . = 019 + COG =a), : 19+ 0.110 — 0.19 “4 19+ 0.0081) a 271 = 03 { tee! _ | 3 Solution by Euler's medhod ° ° i an aa 02 ous oz Nermesicul Anais with the initial condition tabulate the solutions at Exe ak Sol : fatieeregaes RES TET ee fWw 4 e. Examp -: Given Posty, (0) =1, compute (62) by Huler's method taking k= 0.01" : : 4 . i Ei [ wen initia contin 00 = 1. : ae ae . HE Wehave - a : fap sey ' S iy= 0. yy = 14=001 i @ ip + h=0 +001 =001, | 3 + 2h = 021000002 - i ‘Applying Euler's formula we get 7 oo 1 =I0* Mhey 30 net ashe : 1+ ont ce = 00 LAF | : wa =H Mes) i: = 10) + OODLE x) ' = 1.01 + 0.001000" + 1.01 60.02) = 1.0201 eee Example + Solve by Euler's method the following differential equatiog : : we 0.1 correct to foil decimal places 5, “With the initial condition yee le setae 0) = Solution : Here | 4 iSista es cestamame TSE — M605 vee gan EGR iteaeaticongean Be IDO =H Hy. ee 10200 + (0 onl 10200 — 20 1000+ =3.0392 — RE H809=16m, 2 ee NTH= OD Hy 4 Hiey yy) : 7 y. 2y, 4H a a (ss 1756 — 0.08 : 073600] E208] 107564008, = 1.0938 sid) = 1.0928. _ Sample —: Solve the Euler's modified. method, the following differential 7 a Pty, 9 1, when x SEE AY He oti ‘equation for x = 0.02 by taking & = 0.01 0. Solution : Here we have fey eBy we get ¥y + Hlry. 6) : Le OOD? + 4) me + (0.010? + 1) = 1.01 . ” Applying Euer’s modified formula we get Pave Flere) ales] / 1+ (0.01) +107 = = 1.01005, - Ee waa ALibve)* eval] 7 a =r 24s (000 sc = 1.01005, = y= 1.01005, i Sif Otay Dit Egin oe a1 \“S40 9, = 1.00005, SEER Taylor's abgorittins toy? 5x2 aOR Wi Take as 05 wiih dilicaen seoximations (© y(0.5). Cany tie caliletions upto 3 dacisiale. ‘Hien ¥(0.3) = 2, Convert B94 lay wih = LMEOS + CRORE Py = 1OT005:+ CLONMRERF » are = 105, hte =1eans + SS" Fon fanaa fea posing = 100204, st thiGodesfcat | 220 any « frsnoesy shen? saan] E =F 1920308 E 00 = Lezzea z 7 g L sig’ MOS* sic gti mapbinys ssies maton, Sabine, 910) by Euler's method tine Sie StRisential equation © a eee Bt fear destinal places (aking! Step Tenisest crcememepnons sanoNismerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Bgiations 4 Given SLost+y, with 0) = 1, evaluate y(0.02), (0.04) by Euler's method. : . 8. Given a yrx, swhere y(0) = 2, find y(0.1) and yi0-2 ‘by Euler's method upto two decimal places. G9. Given B22, with boundary condition y() =F, find approsinately FY. Use modified Euler's method with one step to find the value of ate = 07 woo. o> ty, y= 0.98, when x = 0 ‘ ‘y to five significant figuses, where FO Solve y by Bulas’s method for x = 02 to 0.6 with hi= 0.2 initially x=0y=1 | 12, Determine y(0.02), (0.04) and y(0.06) using Euler's modified method. a - = THaswers - 1, 4.0098 2. 1.2375 3, 1.12725 4. 1.052 5 1.2692 & 1.DIBII 7. 1.0202, 0.8512, 1.0408, 1.0619 8. 2.42, 2.89 9. 1.0928 10, 1.039474 11. y(0.2 ylO.4) = 0.7798, (0.6) = 0.7260 12. (0.02) =. 1.0202, (0.04) T0408, 00.06) = 1.089 ohoseupseeWr eaten remem gst mt yyen - At already . oe cenetteed the intend | vats pa oblem ye fe, 4) ; torte aud Hjerct oped yer cévies method oe euler’ | method for HS Solution eoedie | Euler metiod being ce y kep Re - | Bunge Rut, method.» @ F x : =| As mevttoned noguetees a ENS gael) ad therefore: eno Seaguteel Lise order method , for Rangondigle C-ce are Og Jot_af Computations Higher oder entuaton of highes withelt Fag eRe order depivaliveer ebther mransiallie FL comptteatd Panett ons lov series wayler series e i i ; ox Computattonntty Fe her sorder total Bindtog stood atid od Nig j Cadtons Hence THe Sof Wghee edt are vot of much prodtcat ure th Finetoa ge foluton of “Pntkt gatas ed te fon Qe yin O Howert® there fe @ lost of metno de Kwontn ot Rs xulta methods which do aot “gage arewtasions of high ord derivatives eal ten focouloe pp SE VIRL enetnods L derivative 1 | pebleme | { i i | the ¢ cee greater accecracy” dhe Rusge poses Be advan ler of sequtan out the duscitos yaties ak Lome gelecked points. These. gage dig 1 los’s sewies foletion Upto the dean 4 o eta! jem in a hese ‘v' differs Go meted tosonesie anc 8% catted the order adit wwe SE Onder gon, veto; wt howe feo far Guledk entirodie gies Gz Yotht Oe, Wy . Se Go Fhyb capenting™, caytor'e series Bus Flretb) = yor hal HES By foBiwers theab he eubes’s cattle. region's Series Seb toe compte Hee teven a he arate aortas witsed ee the, og bata ~ Phew 28. Ha feck order chee oandified Bute ey fees, wget # Corb; sul 6 [ i walteve Gg M= goth FCs dh - | | : ' Sacks egy De i 7 af @) ot wbleis . ; tee Boh FO m4 Oh, wanton aa} = GR Pha FCaah, pba St Roth, tot Pde alu £= _ | enpausi HS l feries em Ene hh oy Taylors : meee ¥ wh 14 the CEH) = eee + ‘bot ES Gy - Bafox ding tenet, gorhh) & Ta yloTy egteetts | for function of 10° vosdatle! an @) ts i gre ~ i geet h[ het te oon e ‘28-408 : ze : ee BL berms content nee geeond 4 ad Wgher pend: ho Pa oe ee tery eee t derghe to casi + (24), Gnas ee dena t PE) tr ee qursy ert YO yegers T wat f hers feo BP Cb)e 2) Zhe LfeMea bY Jo# 00) | a \ A - ot ; =e few: ht | a yet hfe t we ol), [Bol » sGb8) iw g-- 00) ——@ ‘ ti ¥)) 4 Compan (8G) ib fotlowe that Hine mod efi Eules't methed C5 ith the “Taylors series cohution 3 up le the texLy Blnsasy Hn, ewodifoer eetens : eS onactica A fF Homtiiags FAH meted PRL heeond’ order - Ble Second onion Rewde— ull femal a Be wr FORA) wales R= KEES, g,) sod Be bFenotin, Gere Ha Beted bee! Runge en tt. “Parenti 2 “See qa k Grothe ts} athete Ke h$lo.y.), j - weht tars btS) woh flarh, Ye ; whee. ke Bau fk meted? a or Bok memes et Ty omit commony wat ak # matte wSsbed owkige Srcrements Bor! Wo of om Rape gaa Oe ge an fncrer el masta mnciead Bg deg). Worm te ey foto anemia Ear ee esive oe re ohfer. 3) mc hd reek get D) *peezsnn sce nai be maint BAe) ~ ed ky = VL Caath, fot D PEnally compu R= ~ Cit tt 2 thy) plgol. gives BE deautted oppeovinade volo 28 gy Mo metro dt ngte: gus of the advouregs _ “ eration tae teal aobther et that the of at r | PPh eeste Mnear oF non | | | i | | 1 | ' | | the dufferential equatton ! \ seo Bian —— bealte cfoucts order actyod to Sind ae ngyrontiste vole of 8 “ bysor | i then me © | given dhol Ste aay ay a hfs, %e) | conn) = Oe be htOtk, yo a) 7 Coe cL : =o) -Flo a, v) = @4(12) 2 9244 4 i i ‘ eG cs tata eel Cae, to B) = Co tH} efieg Plow, he) EET Ce arnppe “o-oeces ee RB out, Hot 2) Fo, mE OA) 6 aoe) feet o-2ase Wet Be Cis BRP MET ee = = }fonwe. 23 -2e- cease een = OR guqsue) - om thes Sageacke Pd PPE of oy Be: sionsa SANUS - . a 5 by ae | : “Brample _ : Use Runge ~ Kutta method (© approximate y whe $= 0.1, given that i FEL when we), | a : | Solation : We have ~ i . fou == + yandn=01 i : “fig (= y=04T 1, i Mi 49) ! a1 us. : ! 7 : ok A, rg tay tt roha(oe + Bayo) ).1)(AO + 0.05), 1 + 0.05) (00.05, 1.05). . 110.05 + 1.05) : =0.11, = ~ % 5 as etsi a cS aoberine') = @NYO+000,1 + 0.095) = ONG + 1055) @vinI05)-— 23105, Brg t yg? h) Sy = ONKO¥0.01;1 40,4105) : a = c@.nyto.1, 1.1105) : : (Mt 205}, ‘ 702205, 2 dyalyaasaiy sn) 2 j(02#022+02210.+ 02209) = 0.11034, Siege gt heOeOt202 . seve y=1 001034 = 10M. Rtaogis. *= Using Runge-Kutta method, lsd ae aperaniacatnoRaahgtse =o Soa te? given thaty <1 when x=0, 1? « given thaty “1 when x =0, Pcie Bing step-legth h=0.1, weave ay & HRB xy y sifea)esty?. Stine : Baws, y= (NO +1) — 82,ema Nimerical Soleations of Ordinary Differential Equions sifesebned) = (0.10.05 ¢ 1.1185) = (0.1911.1685) =0.11685 KSA Meg, ygthy) ~(0.19(0.01 41.2478) =0.1000.3474) 0.19404, Ke dy = 2 (ky 62k, 424 #84) (0. + 2{0.11525) + 2(0.11685)+013474) (0.6991) =01165 eget ro y= Yotdy = 140.1165, - 90.1) = 1.1165. Forte second step, have 34204, yo = 1.1165, k= (OANO.1 + 1.2466) =01347, k= (0100.15 44014) =(0.)01.55519 = =01551, (7.1)(0.15 + 1.4259) =(0.N(1.5759) 1976, 7 (0.1)(022 + 1.6233) = (0.1)(1.8233) 0.1823, ks 44 =1(09428) =01571, 0.2) = 1.116540.1571=1.2736 ©: HO.1) = 2.1165 and y(02) = 1.273.stise > dy Ranges fouth oxter method a & ‘Woe the Runge-Kitlapethod te appracinuate yatc=OYande=he the equation’ Bore oat . + YO) =. Find ya he SaNlowing pols. with the given step~ lengths. 4 4. UseRunge~ Kuta rteiiftosotve saplraa= 1.4; felt. 02. iby taking de phn 7 weRunge- Kotha motod tfind yate=01,03,09and 0.4, given Raty=F when x= 5, UseRunge—Kotta method to obtain y whans=1.2given@aky=12 whens and A eo) 2 shies the equation “2 = 3 4 — — aasaers 7 20851, 0780 2 1.1003,1298 : Te 02 oF zee sn 1 * *] | | 404 tae oe A LGNESREE 5. yiO.A) = 1.1874, yar = 2 ISH, gfOaI— TOE, yO.) Cereatras com i‘-2arantmanestamacoemne ee coi aisth catmmemmasmaommesecrmananets. os, Sa Rene Soult, Mutbed for a Sysiery of Equations ahs fou ts order Reonge nea. meted Can be extended Save thee hegher order ordinate, oe non tincow to-num ext diflerential ‘equations ~ tnear Lek us constter & geeond ordey odio atfferembfat eanstton ofthe for Z é et reat condition wfeses aw HOR) wa Tas coin i oy oithg! ger th Om oT dwo fase oder effocestik equations: as we aa. =P Fase , 2 ahr oP) ; 1 rofth KS pated Condit OG io” yas) = So : and YO) =P Coorehe - | jauth oS ah 2 plow jetting, Bet ep” Stacking at Crerdo B) and EE siges for 4.92% bE ieee) dyed > 000 fhe prog ee then ee define, . ee ebAG det) OF has (ite RY Kee, oot, eee) 7 ae bb Gett, wtf art) a i ye he Coots, Beebe, rot BY Ha OEE, are) | hac big leth, Bette, tb, i ae ety Carthy defhy, perl):et E (ep at + yy TS Pot te (het 26 tote p dy) e “FO Compute pee Pe, a Gienplig Replace C | fe te by nT, Py ee Te abe form : SS Se Obn5 Race rest metvod solve, flag yr | for gear Comuk ty Go cebinel plac | | i Batted condtiions ave aco, Yel, y'eo “Gr far dy ape tue wt have 07%, Hoe fe © Basnge tell formustan tpt ene, ehh Ge ge R) 7 _ =@r)O) 20 WAL (m0, 4,8) ~ i i = @ 4) (ep ye) if =(0 y (ee *y om alert) (a) = 02 ky = hA Cot, or, REL) 0.1)2 ARE at £ poop (P97) TO cmat)-overna| - t{-o-na) = olds = —0dIF tied Cart grt ky) a = ite pe a(e0: 9a EOS) — 8 tses = Ere) = =o bar | “Ke Ap O84 2B ORR). | \ 1 \ =o ldo Wy = {-o 0197 a i . = 0-4gor ; 4 \ cat a Poth m0? | Ly i ae f? hong eae calle attra sboder P y Sort 4 i Teuy, yeas | aaee we & md te) oF | wets): ; t ye Gowe the adferntes equates ; Poy Beraap , ae 8 fox 2 : wed Founk, ever i cheat etree a “Tee, 98Sf fe bh Cot, Behe, pthy e 7 = 2) (24, 4, 04) 20» [tey coer] 1 | =(e) [e-oa-1] a (ey (70-947) = olay fey = nef, Cath, Hot &, tet) = (694, Cor, 09, 0% ou) = (0) (40 -999) “2 s0-01998 A. SE I RENE ty ahd Cute, tS tert) efor Bet Cayce as bps = (0) (@neeorey— a9") i : | «(ony (2) : = -o14eg Ku > bd Gets, bth, for Ss) > (eo DF ler, 0: Fgour., —0-1958) = ey Ce-lase) #0 034 1L =-0-0842- i ty ed Cushy prey, pel) . 2 (2) Af. (0-2, 0. 18e82, —2 lasé) 4 (ey 1G ion Co1aces = @eeat] = (02) (n0/4529) © —c-90s eiStd ATi RRMRENSD a sss & weft Wee Ske Yelens ee eee Ue ee eae pee eee . aie by Bib aed qj keen ab digits Oy vids gpectty ey cuter hte nomber system if popstar Bears 46 nd wee Lyte + Gece ref HS RSE cy ct 10" ave, weed €2 we — dete ashe radts ox umber ef dicFect ag tt 5s) a eottactod ef race digit ay womber Fe qo fis ged AW AGE mend Hie a weocbew quel to a OG I8, Cpe — pase wl anradts pone poke. atte Known Lo There mare fore olker systems algo, wed eprefenb nveelerds: feo ryreteek come ef Be elfen 2 nuber ee ey | tyke $F { | «: oe ft [Cegery vectet thp + Reredecinneal nent j gygtons mun lev gyrtens © ane apo ce cba re Lie Jety ated Phe te te agi tat yf tent ke wsicn te, computers eb. ond Were-fore, Ee nentedge of MEL nemten Syehon ef fyecy ectentiat for wndure banding, —naby sing a rr—————C leieat| i epee a ete as wee birory Sigueic but cee» ase bo note cdate gsbich may be muscerie , a lplelers oo ae Chava Thee fore, the fafoe sce mp os aveihWe & eny othes farm ae reps fred to The. Converted tote The Ge lin for, [before fe cu be Foes 4 “agit i POPPEWES THE menue tar the Re for. i | Bey forms ate oy Fewette Wa fee format numeral, edped ene ferd qpeetal chaweitre or aL Hy bts dof thece muck be conedisked ae bias, ‘ ca rh hornet. TO .wchteve Myc, om procece of todi ins exryoy <2 here by ech Peat Jor spect Charenc haw #5 coded’ ky « wage embine m f o's and re tong es) Coheme town af l- The process of vod dng | Be ee — There con be in vertety of cadéey | e 7 Sebemes Corde) to Cemve BEL ent purple, | pee, Sea See at | i PRerer dette che 20” Correction, the. By a | git GEG 8 barge Sot code B Pee ue. 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Decimak oun a1, omy i ted 64 zxio = E00 : vere px 2 £00 - gai a) gue . 6 ‘ e = 7576 a rrrt—e : 5. | phos, | pce abe, and & PlEser - Pca the agit eprefents whee Seat) bee need eee 1 volte 10% 1900. ee pradeect Fx i a a a i ~ aarphe a) decimal ure OF 35G0 OY i = = Og as bx tot = 60000 i a he enpett a eieces | 4 7 Kio” 300 i sad $0 : SAW = s | \ Thes, Gato a setoh 4 OATH IS! 4 OATS OFF esa, : | i | i |Fie beery fem may be dettnnd suena Syste sewing Wed fymboly @ ed 4 she, bef, fe bE member sytem G6 2. ad Gerrdix) he yenbole 9 = Wid ore termed As bmevy or Gits. MLD, wot, is a bfaary numb, vO pend the decimet value of FOE bine anunher, powers of eo CO) ere used as weighs Pa binary fy stom awd ig ak frtous: wee . ree y : ext so i 7! : - mores wbile atstghhy. weights £0 FTLrUr™—~——~—rs—srs—SseSC gets the wetghe SP we 9 the ts to MS deft ee fuccesive dt —Lrt——s—— : Feachy Ate is muby ped tee peigee! wad the sum of Produte provider tre! decent vet of the Limeny cute) pour: vee wey De ear Stem bee. Fee ie! fee emer Bie FS cated the Least come reESN ‘ f bre. @ Avy tumor of © Sef tre number athent cheugtag Wee vetac of wer 7 Bon We Lowy wennber Syghen, & grvep pees he trent of othe Ie pees RL wears fa per 4 eighe Hes ern 8 ety @ yuck ae Re ef | To ave. Praporbent ea, wares me of NUmeratt mn (comte ), i aaeee “oe : Pe wok aye 5 cum be adddte he tefi f fox | porters f “Bare peaper tot vive Hug give 86. Tee ponerse of 2, wD ety decimal Caneel he albreviatin Ko fy Helle Chends for woo wAfEK Ho appeenmanly ova, « kiho Th Me nobetie WK maene Ib xroeyaltzsy Lhe Abbreviation 4 (ngs) SHLIe for iory Xtoey, be lowe se Lome abbreviation g CGig<) FS need to wepreceny Loe efor ctor hfch fs nearly ca Eile | i + te ebbrevieHey TCLern) #6 led to repree tere 10 EG x10 ry, K1oLy At — es ey) a billion. 1 i I ios tiga i 4 De tinal eq tty ate. 02h 2048 Gogh Bi Ge 1b rk&Y au tbs 6 ott 121 082 2625 4% ory e& 1 0 G8 = 40 FRFHIELY | | singin| | aerpeGy: rhe. det | Cote ve otvemed | 7 oct fysier: ye he bee pee och spe 5 ge. gobs a ge leew pce f ON Cote poo Te ag | ages pth Sytem peg bactageed fot ‘ fa por of 8 . : i fb ereglem: re eee ee ¢ te) Fo cack marten 1760 EN te pled S| La Paterno Je j 15% = bY . ~ gp xe! = 88 2 exe ah apts hE ere) octane vale gf 76 is ee Tre OES” aot Viele. of the] ainb- oct Mussber 1b Se cfallosty manneri rns = bY : regi = 2 bee? = & gene Hee, dered desu neh. of Wit 6 aR pt AB Leet nel 9 BME SSQb seen dgumd syshon: 2 mE 3 Be seul eae gore s tee 3 } RIS ed EE IE ae gxlh? = EbFL- i Tee ewonber ystems berg | Lapwbels such 26 | i‘ « Wye ds Ge Sy bs F841 i J bara DEAF cane) Wena decimal?! Lasts Ee bee th ag the bases | is : | daompleu: TRS dems vebwe got i pene decimal aye Syae is pie Dy Fates } ei) 2 oe ye ae cory i ey ee i peice es , i jaevs AEE geamad vale of Fyant } feast ower ie AK a BE? SETGSD: ' [Enampegs: The Becta ee | | | of nenepecrmad oumitty ier | | ele we) as follows: i i ae 2argn i j bent = Ek - } i eu = rey { ves eI moO MINEom Ney” : ce i | Bas 22s ple decimat velo of Len acke ccaet ‘ - fewer inne a cbrakind o4 : i 1 — i f geitasc : ‘i |. aus. ovat : i : 3 | ans op ae | er es Fala ge fo Ze S| Be 2x1 a ete re” BESS LAE Reuory be pecemet caversiog ; nemod 2s iL i Fo convert “a Wining “rythm, wale be a [decimrad BSH the gages ore olvand first [are sun of the products af the vetie of the digit fy che. decimal giton aed cthe digtt gives te decimal privelent. pastes, 7 aGouvere iotte), fo decimal vole of the dh Cay deemed grt J Eaompheyy : | ! ' i ' Se ge f : i 9 ot 2 Nb / : | : _ ee | i i i ) we Gd | : 7 pee | | i 1 ° +] | | ven . a MS t a L pias he dem vou of te OT / 4 i i > 1 fa is | i Fgumber rer eh eet Hs | : ee te ere ae | i H wrey weber HL | i converte te || Zz gary deer dk ote | | i pt | fe tomrvert a ker The. procedure. +0 cenber 40 Stein Ir CARE] dibble debit lnneened - | WE Chart WEL tee Sefe bend bet Mubeiply thir velae yg nc) odd The sepeaie, agate mole ny by a ed Od He wet HOP ata He YE om entreme, righe hed side ts rented - fees Comrvevt JOO, +0 dettnn amascemtente mesu Lee how wt a i ereteinly 4 gp aed cD var bit 24140 = ne Lee tein 2 ca) 0D) ment bit 2x2 FOAM Hele ny ye ae DD Neat bie KG wl = i mccerty > wel) od) went WE eg tO =! : : pent WE 2s SH ; i eater yy > wa) aad vere : | 190101, = 2H. | 2 pyewod@ Ls ’ i 4 aoe cemuet bodig numtey to ‘in PD bey tf ae Udo! ; . Gy write, see bine ae it . ena tte. veaghte a y | a Bgits chow bg i ao 4 9 £ a ered Side ~ kD pores out weight wnde Reco dy Add He reneintng weg hes y eto eq ivekeap S72 Wee Or eon he ' decid numiner ys sal yoo Brary wih ; | = yet 4 -F 4 ew I write “te Fravori = 13 add weight i 2 Wok 21g = 4 ‘pin eaewb ee ne ~iBey omverk Neaneu cor katy eget, - 7 | Becimd Kussbin ore 184 | : ; 2 aR Deck to amar, Convershom + eo Cavers hy A gst wee bo tore Detmad Member Reto ey WValest cbwergn : . b £ known as double — Babble Tt, method volver pueceenve BiiSte by yD | i | ve tording the rematider Cite remdtde | th be abegs ° _ The 3? steppe Blin we yet a quoter of o% | with a remeteder oP 4. The remanent J Alen read upvowde give tee agutvelent Lonaeg motnnter — so cn immo —Crtrt—s—s—S—s—SOSOCNCOCOwét*# face Pes egutvatlenk Luang. i mule 0 Fa i col Lae ens me: NURARoO : Thus? the binary eqrivalent” of FHF 6 > Convert decimal number 101 Sato its eapnitcend Vinwny yee HL convert Bre4,, dale DIM” sR tn cae CGY ennigar | ronadaler 9, a“Fy conver € 10,4 HES bine. Ey dover t 2G, hho bmeng, giyery fees: Ge Co fer we. hee aifeuesed on pobole wumbers + However to repre tent portean fA ober 2568 i yepretentd <6 256F = reco rse0rborF [tracts ic ake 7 eEhe dee Stender @ 20.68 co Le mprettannd ite C—O mare ~ 2 ded 46x 4 6x18 48 1167 oad? @). 9.218 Beg O-0RY HYOOE 5: eel Tee KIT? % conversion of sory te osscow® de wertben 4s k ©.1 el = Bl +00 + 0-001 0-000 tot dg ORT KS EY eth, toe bby te be 2 0. 68 eS CAetimet } = Beto sy 10 Ga tol By He, brary syeteory Mee weighs sf Ayo gmarg ee after Him bivery probate, 7 . OF pop OFF E BORE} |mae OMS. awstats ap VEEP IRE INE Otemnt HU BENE . veprtented . “gt eltovoing Bina iy timber be @ Ueo- toll © som ter @) 1eMel-fore! @ ter-o101 cs) ExoI01 (el Nooo-o0N | ye 5 ' & - | : ey) we tes ep ety bed EET | i pete Te one Fler | : = yepiet ed ores tg tet] t = \ we 64b On SH OVE ! é o | = (8--63),,- | 1 §@ (Moo-te), = peadernre on 2p OPA EET | & ox ity eee ET ere fe roth eotety | EU OHS OIDS + 0 OOF 2 (in 684), Conversion decimal to BSR cimal 40 binary oy a method | Hh qeeees Be mmulleplecaon by a 8 used, a qonh ie zation , the toteye | sPraction f ogo rool plapd i | ' | | sTo Convert o de met, R40 + | | | | defile each melttps moted eget ond “the ayo 4 Awe remainder bec! Some tion EE porsibte that the crematnney dero-eren odter many stoget: doegnok become gnration BM made Br Leech" OMe, om | gum tee vezult FC take wpe ee certainnumber of Si odlerthe binaey- point g { P f | A Geatlar procedure FC adopts? for a rember 5 bev both twleger Onn Jn 1* i | pd! Hey sfractions 4 | Bima frection Can be added, cubtyacted eco) l yas the decimal nuobert , i i i. | Epenylt 1 i | expec” The mentee 68 4S foto Binary i : i | Cee | i i La begetson odionna, Gey Sfeestn \ 7 aaa a | Q on ests ysis Cr i i - outs ots ots ° i q ots Ls : ves Lie i { os 1 _ o reo f | / dhe biney quuivaleads ff O10! i j aE ee ee eee ‘nurber 0568G into ie } ] | binary equtvodiat | { | sy) Praction Frostion er. Rene on Suteger i o. Gs bebe aoe 5 MO i 0. 268 F865 2 o ° i 0 53% oF S 1 a 0: 082 ley? eS a | olay 0-98 0 I of 2 8E 0 S46 _ os | i OSE LIS as tse a — i Be te seem Ayat fh Hot -pousele do gro cal ac vomatnder orn after she process ton $e continued furtier oF an " ecm EOEi terminated here, clus Bininy equaivalsd Ao toroool 7 BEB ienpertent fo note “that athe dectmal e ; of 0; 1010001 Coorg) a opens Cdetoph \ Sarr into be paw el PP Comer ize clecftal Tbe : | roll g : . after. ‘RAB A RR tS | i | | | | | Wigse F FF giver £ UMD Ep = (weeds i. caning te tne. fection) [Or pot . : Genedton > ines Boma . . frogen freetion i ole ont eg i [es oy oGe otk ie : our = of 096 ob Wah 204% Ly | i i oqe Lae , okt \ | ' | ‘ R 0-68 i ob 168 ee | 650) U OG = Re dhis froction Gamrok be converted nko each from Rivaber. dhe process ‘Can be ferminated heSse neta dhe vent Ho c.ocert. eT Aang Ae br wory epuivelent of 39 aud d-2 Jeol: coo00 oe i coool ty . “eeu ooolttt o-(2042.}, = Coons ooortt), . ‘i : ay | Lzeepnest the Following. decimal numbert So i THe bina fr ; - i Ww wo &) In-6es 0. GEE 4K B foer Arfthmetec to pr ean y Semen S ey Whe atl are Pam thie 1 Pl Bee eyfhhretye. POPE suet as agers, Sthbvection, Ep aud devisees of dent Kuten ss [Sep Fler operations can be perfernad on berexy munbere wet ‘ an : Rofack, Beocy colt ene ME mE Stephen tan decimal aeitheete fev, here erly Heo AtgtEs 9 ard are fuvohed. ~ tt BE Sry allt : See ee - p She ruler bxtane 2, aa of Ty AAP On ore gives, mt, . “ ice ' i i ° S S i ' °‘etiam nscuemsnn cet Cary =O, heat te cong ie “produted (Sint athe cies digi bh Cong et, and Sintlar fo dectaat & wadded to he veoh haghee bho prot Ihe faust 2060 6 a posole ie addition con _l, add’twe, Binary cumberst clo) awd It G) lot ad. ar ® or OB eal sol tot! A ol ol | wiiee eth | Totlt To 10 ! 4 , / coin ony CL, pane womans | 4 roto = | y | © 1 ~ ay ay < LL a ° o.0e1000 loo). OF) Larabee re terol te Dre 4 tt cen meer bat aqt tt4+ —_t_ odd numer of 4's inthe. Column. wo Uke fom = WIMLOO1O.REM the above Enample , ae obser ye basi: © A te number of 4's tobe cdded a FE ewen then the gum bit & 0 ond Hf the number of 4's to be added fh a Column | AAD trem tit Sum cbt Ae : [ln Evora pote Qf ait th a Chlamn prodtutey a | Cereg CY 40 be addud to the Heat Nigher Bit : ; Column inars _Subtyactlon : dhe veuer of’ teivary’ Subtraction coe ghee tn toy é Excege Ir the Second vous above, the borrow ttn the, Second TOW, 2. whentne borrow =1 , a hin te geterected foci the eat jhigher bina Bit agit’ EL done fin olectmal. subtraction, eg Subtract sity from toidy sm toto —ortt oo itves sue ¥ o, : al + i OG. fo we boviewe { fvom vet digih oe 5 cubtrack 4 to i te co, ° Moc ‘Ta the Second Glumn we have Q acagetin pborrow 2 feom the next night ea wD Subtract 4 to give a bey the eaied Colma higher cotton ond) We bewrew 1 fram the rest a1 gives 8. " dan the foarte Colum, © (atten teat) 2 ae = == * 7g) t:ieot a jell 2 190 ai hie otto = = o'ot oll _ _ — oer mgutetphication? “ane fo ao gghicalton ' dhe -Podv basic Oe od ea enortttpiieolion g are : erd=o : | 4 oR a0 _ _ tpo =P i 7 vel i | . 9 enpication ovila i due mered af Binoy poet epic ‘ : fo d actin! enue tap hice? On + a a ett ash pastial produce gs etter came as the Bp, pero C multipl cation by 0) oF enactly, Ppa lee pl2cand Conese eatton by AEpnengli Cy sould loot by or heat iplicond Sf: toe! i REV OL | aa MALE phew Z i - ero C0200 partial producht root rool . Trmt.e Jol 4— Final producet - 7 C7 F onettyty ton, by ley : diy Convivt toll, a2 (a1 inte dectal numbers, BULLY them, Cemveat the” reeail Soto Bray ond Conpore swith te retett of &. i ” Sy lotl *X10l ot occo lot! er Tro jt} Ong ‘ re eee @ bot | | Binoy meonker & He ol write wenger fH 21 Coe out weighs wer Me etoeti au nad waged : S fe Lol Rainey retin ber a 21 adie welts a wpe 1 cost ong wekguas anser BE" At rl ae add mecghlt comet taal as enttnni| | | | { i rymainer & vemaider A memernder 4 SS). = ry) Gy = HOP, ed i port A. Oe eras rae as dopo ; ° 1 ub.” 2 “> erecttiply Ol, by foo is i divition TE igeicee ar) the Lome an defeat Acetsion. . 20 proc dase Coceenp lice 3S @ pwid wiotot by 1°! ae uriotol (tor toot Ole toot foot _ ooloel joo! | 000 : Bost 1103 — Gl Loel) totoottt (tool = toot ‘eaofoll Je caaes 101 oro! eee a nO qusptiont 1001 i | ! 4 = Ae pide rotooin by 10°! i t i ! ( 1Oy pide etic by tet G@) Convert HONG 069 101 bate cqudvrtent cleefmal neunbar obtain MiEION | Com Sto blnnwy Gd Compare the results woth these fe, port Gy. 7 vecuile EPG 108) nenoCot quokeut tol oa ~.@oml Ss stot i TOO wererinder & 5 y Pt Porro. & atieletnr a> 16 BH 2 1 wworkte wes se A cot ot oelgeht . under artlor atx = Sq aad wes . ; vibe oP 1 o | thn Oe on 1 eRe eye A fF 1 crestoul wet ettes Add wetgrt Noo Bt Gomeatcot wander 2670 wer y EG «She quotient if - 100. Phere are te tone at Jo for).qd 4 ‘ ver gyetem a plas GH Sgn 16 Gm the: decimal 2 oki’ euraber Gd & paint used to denote of gennber: ThE put © Sqn for descking wSign Tt usually droge Pe eee ruenbert a we qete quad the absence of ony fqn meank ee gitive value Fc enon of Juke repre teutatton of Liqued member Ag HE etl nua, digttl eicestit Con under tie jouty vo Hyrmbelty O° ee ecloe ee the dawse symbol to Tnaice! coke the Fg” of the se umber alo ee eg ce oadk pHonak’ bir qe ued ag Ane 2g ek ana Tt i _ istt_@iguebicont 63 ~A 0 # cated to cepretent” pocittoe amber ad ad to wepreenh ey” Give nen | Gor encmple e = | po 9th digned number 9100082 repre a posters eenbOr ond fhe vals. cmagrred 4 Goo 19) = (685.0 gre beg mt 'o' (ns) qwicatet that tre | ey ae howdy te ie i sive omer bow?» anc gga beey bm ember on repr a megaltoe : Leelee” eottt, webende {wooo too) = 8),0° die A fe the Lng trait potion cos) indicated cretethat Vee nisnber K megtiac eso She ether seat Bele ee 6 as las fe etey Sevens resect BO for Stgned phic bead af RY 1 ee ee eee at nn meget repent Blow > pila nthe decimol equtvaturt ofthe Blosig neambert astuming gign- mage fe | : i 5 ' ec pakzeteHion of tHe pitinber$ ' yr eo : 4 | @ tatled cy Golo0? aou & il i i i 77d | {sot i= @ -10Noo- ake | 3 : umber i : cage oe uA, which means are ee i He megane - Whe = ouoe we ong ET or etter : t QS ow = weg 5 d retort en? i \ } | al Qa . - iL i Cron6ed, Dy : | ® e ae 1 GOO a : i | ign. We ig 0, onich menet Rube i { a re pow | Bude = 0(00° * a i P| Hee gnle ine One T ont ort = Hw ; i (oto), — F8)io 7 L \ ' i iv . @ +6, oe OHEr ey —16s : o Sol” > _ = '@ ° a | dre binaq pumber 100° i a | : 4 {. & o& 1G pik Gites ee fee i ec Cahich Gre?! fore) BO RE rekr mo parol Ce ee aw ot i / 4 wcining TL PY Hop. : 7 joel "We bina. wer i ot eel a eG z1Oge COOG 007? pede ee Oe ieee ow sgn or Sons sq btn tre Lf meee postion (dor 8" )- eb Creoscruseuactaa psec SARI j | : “hy Goad Tee Ones complernert” Ter a binary seaanber, Ef Coe “4 14 weploced dye ord ench ‘eo byt the “* are One's Complerncnt of the galing muraber HF Keon fist aumber as < din atk, both tae numbers <% compfernent of ancl other Ef one™ab fete waren’ Be powtive: tren the Ofer umber He viepie. eotth the Core mange ad wice verte. Forenomgte! . - G10), eepreens (FQ, , wrens (ow), veprinends (5) ons epepresested On 5 aepreedg Ei or i a cuted | Bye wxeteed TE wi Stqned mombar wee, KS Or patiade alBO, oboe numbert fey tug ere vert and 2 dor ny ok tre follow gouive veorl i } | | binag, ree _ he etooitroal @ PONT i | Sats ao i i =O ones compen of: tee OY nanet | i cist! & LOtLooe tte ~ ! | bes “congiunet je viy ceatinber } onoto 4 GolGotol: i POPE Represent quecdetabing, seembent oneh | i ie Complianena Or - je dad HF peond —& ce pre and Af. ! i . “| sroomesgtangrentsan soe em in .3 a ee eae , @ & De a (@u), ed CA) y= COP LPC e(olece), and Cp" GOU © Cis). ler), - i (90 (2D, ' ; i ae s From Ane above. exoumrges vik caw be Rbserved Bak doc, i anim ana re sthiee neeenbee Law aebih narbet ) the ee : . i ghee “com cpp? ta ome ve rene tAHOn * @& aed the annt ¥ meomer FE - wv Spe presente ons g iools_ Complement Be priser ewenh, of binary is ~no ale comp! tg ete) ee oe i . tutte myer ie nnoon oF RE Joo! jo nuraber, the EET. nur < he . = nm bet ~ J Conaplemsest gd cthe binagy | For enaangls/ - nL i ie (ott. vs Conglammens= of olot gaee oor repre cn &%o therfore, volt repress E910 vin St competent maprereatolt Ba et veprerenhalior alto, hte MG ted te weinber voturees tf the MB # 4 porter [te atten Be nepite‘RUmERETSOeY pram mer SR eB EEREFor an nabth Number the maxtor cunt a niunbewr th can be reprepented 4 tn don H (PET) ed the manimsin | a] Complemsesst megetive wumber & — Dhe below table jé Banmoqritade - (fad os Complicresst numbtre reprefented by Abit bina numbers - Deeferal uum be” | d i 2 3 7 x || a 6 20 id O(a i 1000 . , ot tool i i (ees lolo i 5 i erieanaemic a wo The AOL, IRE ObGer era! The” “Ihe moor positive Aeanber i ons +7 tle ot the 2 © maximus negation wumber Fo loge = —¢ sing eas bite fn 2'S Complement format “ab ig also observed that the 2's complement af | the 2'6° Complenesh of 0 neiiber fetke nurser i Teeld for ercomple = pet Hes, binary pti ber 1G 2A Gy) NOW, puny A= O 1Ol JS. complened A= 1O1O ; Add 4 a | 28 topplused Ae 1O4t | i ae Com planet doa nreumbet fs ~ eben thee G@ oteotno & oouglel Say. : ZG) Numer O1001llo 1ov0t als Compost 10 | edd t _ _ fa tog ten i oo oe pioctoll z . 7 cyeun athe chore empiey ctgeare the followt J é ; ‘4 / : Tf the LSG of tre nernber GEL UES congitnnent | | I $6 vcbbatned by he tug tach Seat) ony i except the leost Coie bre a } i i Sh the EEO oft tye, nero ber feos io : Fs Com # — =r fs} | ea flume ewtnled by “4 | 4 [ nunabee Prom the 158 fo ms bir ig BE oad | { bad rebodeteg Me ptte at They ore up ed) i i tactudtug the eccavens of ane fink £ ond I ; : compluntath aft offer vite { a> ten eod’t compos ot ef fre member i ; i boa Siglo © toojooto Git pq rone ge NSO i ) : pt | js cae ales of Convertor gwen ere : i ' i ee ob tae ~ | 1 iy oe cecaber 7 20 (OO : Z | Be complncbstaat 110° H “ "5 E | & pagaenser HOOTOS 6 i E | BBs compet? 1 LOU LTO: a i | (Co) Jenga 9 HOBOS oo ae : sie compared 7 OOO” q i Gy ptember ono [7 ate complenere foot .Oet ‘ meen SEN RAN IE ARE@) Signe. cl ieee 9 streo's “com plomrene a CiAjp = Gooede: veution Sage o in tee ted moth Lg = (oO 1D0OF en “ a bits equine) PBs, wininunn URE Ty mu | to repro CD. « rl te | i werenied = Ahfpes 1D FP ov 7 ‘a “4 ee yds @) ttooel * signe mogrtted f + a e& 19ttlo fn oo complone a in 2 compe” ‘ Gy Tomy ad Hye, Sowrgest posttive and Weg tohich Con be Stored wil g. bots - SS he Larges post omit) = te ee Hurober If GebThe legest negative tember is z - {9G cole =~ 128, Fhus, wh g bie we Can Shore Nhe y between 126 3 : YS eompleneat 2 se _Subkractiont The Use of 2's Complument wopaeseatedeton | has shu lified the Gompukey hardware for j i | awtthmerte operations pole A ona gre bo j : be added, the @ bY “are not foverted £0 | : ‘that. we get, ‘ . | : i Saye ———O _ ! i - when @ B te be Subtracted ‘from Aa tre | 7 fovrnc “the, Ze Complement obit numbers: Computer hard ware R and then adda TE A { : dus S-ate! i 2 | ye APCD) 2 A-8 TO | -t 7 1 ~eqyationt © ond @ aapeennnrolgenrae oadir} i. | cud Subbrostton a ana Bmp TOONS i -# | | i | etther portioe ov neg i les Lett. @ AKey [ena gp pee 0 8M BM or gua ore wo. fe OP i ot [Sa ay : i. —— . pel} ep he Hl 3 | | |. . z (coe wats ( u leoe) ict = Gee] 1000 C16 comple) wu WTO ov.) a - te ay = qigotood (re camplnest) Now B= ib = (0000), 0001 Coo ® —2y = 111e 1009 +t ogg! Ge°k _ —e =ull 4OO° - a ¢. ee aed wettioirst (a's complerent? +? | i giz ltll oooo (ot comp bee! ee = liloroed (cig = ipo o0e “ye WIL OO? —yp = ToLteoe ee (gets foe) | oak we Cid fedeR i MOE poy the ede prcsieon Zs Complements Alo Gigned BEA mumbe a Areutred too much eletrenfe Circuits g for addition aud Lubbraction 7 Tharefae , positive decimal number ave enprussed In Coramagnttude fom bur negative, deetrnal numbers arc eapreted Fr 9! 6 Complemeub- oe i Double Precisfor mumburt — : le Mest pruent doy Computert are i Ex these Computers tre necmbers : foo” 30, FOF. PF to - 32,46 Can be etored to cat req (ther To Shove members greates thon there jnrmbers , | douse preeion Syctem m4 used. | —> bx Fre metiod too 4 etd to repeat eek murober She vforematy i first word [5 [eon om a “Ig bet Qocations are! aa A. Metond word [o] lon onlic bid] ros Se" the gpg Bit: _ Thus numbers hth 24 bet bength Can be Raprerted Mm Ih LEE vegidier!. For Ste bi Jet nem bese “araple precision Quy) be wsdl Br triple proeeeron 3 toord Dues | =| Conch Ub bet) Uied fo weprepeur enoh I : fo. sonneementnammeasiinntnemnintene ‘ t ores sete| fer canmot SCENE Potties namber A lg bet coepe Lacquer Lan 324-6]. what if 7 Prechional number Uke 35.7612 eF @ Large sum Mea 48 1658921 2 Bach wuroteat ae ko tomas FE noon o5 capontunt col form Jed deatmas pot and are called toe wat to hawk a ber ed and processed fh Phere mambo me hare an embed i floating portant members oy Baal numbers 7 | for enocen pd f . ~ can be empres ee? os Ep KWo BS-18le ° Con be -prened fhe EMbeT qst6543r! wes fore, Genthakyy st et, 0-487 0Sy etal. a bog ere Foo | Ge lose dome digit ap a j af iva “al cite fleotiny fo os i nepresenbott om feeg axe $xio- - ag called wnat pe the aed EM Ake: ogonent = so capone! Ploating pont num The putin men og tcalfo > three feutde op poms ot Ghow, belo@urd ° diy 38. iTS == 2h 30. vhten Cleasig yoink ep Jesu : egustolto~:he Eice part (ryre ) FC resenred fer Hs fign The ; gecond park (ThiIK) for HE Gaponcny of ce ec! e the tid Ga Set) far the man tecea af The number 3 Tyrically , floating rempend ose a fied width of : ap. bits heme Me. bets ate. Utd for the mantis and d ptts for the Cazomenb: i thas, se CP ae paitent vey menbent wilh fn the Computer a) ermal frections | 1 or vay i the Hooks goin ae i focBartles mute het | ] sentation . t tes 10 bit tee and | engonene bar 6 He Legg: : [eomee trot [roots ‘ electing port formes face 4 monbtee & NG" of ie Ain of a-ghe bie eee Soft not t Bet of > ie Te very qoint Ht the Sopghe has a boxe ——— Cc Ee i BO Can Repeee anc ae | i i i a {> To enpretin afore expo < | li (itoacen),9) at peen added +0 Be enponesd | l Le dhe Git exponen 1 Pee emai %s ences “8% format eerncdalio! aud i a Comnnon Atoaking poif Joana / : t : i se tg2 a a Be BEES ge Btnasyy Re prigeadon ye i ences 2-formal k 200 000 i fs. euit | 100000 ! lool. | tolitl { peta . | ~ dhe wumber seprevakea ay “Ww is i ‘ ; { Monta 4 0, TOOT” co 4 ~ | Exponent loots, | Baperating Lop of0 From eoponete weg { ool. a é Z : Pha nmmbor FL O-MMQONOL X® ' . (arvoct-ot), * ij S25) 19 ~ i _ ly ee fe ORR det the“Yontivg potarnunber i Qi oreoeg LOLOL: Sapraewh ST Garr Maukbua 4p 0 NDIOECOO : énponenh 6. BRIE: ae giabtracting 190000 from enponent, We Jr Ae giver mumbot ; (e0.1090050011100008), 2 = fro ons), a fo) Wolol - a eel al HOU OIOIOCO > [ e so pomomaeany) Saha nase coment saa nase favo’ fe can be Converted Amy ockel auwaled. ber by og cee fwolent dec mal "om acta) algit poston aa given & eg assigerd 40 each _ ia (19> att ).. hp forums ee OE te otal masraer 10sie foie sgt LoS octal numberst a vs oe weights 5 (19S), a teeth par et sre tare | 2 siz qozeoth u | : i = (SS )ia: co rwest “THE octal nurebtr Caer (isa. «o51} foty TH) : -s numbers wrt uss ‘tire woeigeds, given Ly Abe-Lywe & (32% HOLD = Gr pang p 2nd see 4 { (i502) Eno de cenad vs guivelewh desi mal “4 + anda o wey SHEE ce pote ltet lb eth Aa 048425 6 Bt ot ae a (exst- S1000%),,- o(ostt A05)),= G284-5100098) p> - | ne a 1 1 dettaual do. octal Cpeseto to he conversion «from procedusn poe-E) [fe Lteatlar to the. Conyeettos or beite-to to bese-2 convertion. dhe only deffertar. # ther the number g i wed | | | |hia c may, iy ple. of aut for qmultipliv TH Comma decimal numk: 5 foto octal » dee BAK — > FA rematader 6 [8 eenindes (61, = (1078) cay Converh C84)te into oy 1 Conve © (0. 6 i I “ener © (0. 6845), into octal CO Convert (46S ako ockel iw i i © Convest (2287.51.00 98) ,5 foto octal so, = | Fraction frachinme — Bamwainder — dunteyen 2 frocks on OES S.5000 05000 ° 5 0-220 4 05000 4.0000 aa Gb), = ESVg CV Steger past: Buf 3284 : AIO remainden 4 [oT enatnoen 2 Be Temerindee 3 |r| of G28), = GoD, { | | TO eT ! | | i cleeiver tr Ge Ane eok of catgpent i Won fy the case of Feacticnal asmbedpects actamunane ne ys ame fini I Fraction frestion ee Mipein des tate 4 O-Sloool GOB] gg ORDO TEG SF OFOOFE OG64nazr O'64OEH- obGdbGra SUS ot7 OLE SAHTE Or WSOFL 1 COOK OR 0-H OO4OK WE (sro OE) (0. west), “Grav s1e00t8} = (jk sey 0 Notes Conversion fox Fobiowt numbert | | 1 i { | not 68 7 quiivedust | | emact te, oe agprorinate- Ai ae) & ¥ senninettey tye process tied pote eserrnined MY | vy ager at the i - mp Comex fee ce ogee” tral = ~ ton ine yf coment into _ Con be CO ocat diyhh 4 Pe ata eg | t feat borg _— “as: abate eve aoe? a Cg MNO rt conver | binoy | I CY py ond Bee od 20h testis tra aa |: Convest (BYe into an CoE een bor a en ottal ae 2 weer | ae im nan Ha nd 6 oe Lots, | ay fie aang feel ! EG Cond ILO & (AG, afr on 19),dk Fatiesseg fable gives cclal number ane) Theis binaep cquivalerdt for fetimal numbers eter. i i octal Geter Boag i : i ° ° 00 i ot ] A 4a ood i i i °. 2 oo i i 3 3 ou a E & — (00 | 5 5 Woh | G a Wo | 4 2 No | i" @ ooiove | a 4 golool | - ih lo colle | i B u colon { ee (2 oottoa i i s B colo i : i 7 4 onto | i . wort i | ros a aochal Conversions J, & eto) ockal_Coavers : J Hy = Binary oumbert Con be converted Mato equivalent} | ectal numbers bi makeing: Pops of tisree. btbe Abartt From LSB omg moving towards ms Jor tnteger - {pack od ie number ana then Repiactg tach group F ef tives bits by MH octal representation For dractonal pacts Phe groups of three bets are made _stauting from the binary: points etn oe i I oewe enea ws Z . ® (loolije) = (oer 904 i) us (i G . ~ {3 4° bp : . (ie > Commer the uaa reuabert foto 4 chal numbers G) NO tol Getoreoile Giy LL Fo@olol Wy Noolto! tb & [peels eoal OGELOlII\oo! HM) Loprotitio. roo foveors Gy} Wiiieol loenooltol =] Ss “ i oO S o (u tol), tye Loi). . . : | i = (6% SF (©. 1o1eot10) = (9.101 BO}, 128 | oe : y+ 7 # i = : oS by ! O51) = a 9 (toon tor (0! ea to} - Lot 129). i 7 t i t — 5 4 = Ges), _ | : —— : A From sna dove capueplis mi. absense, “al ho a forming the ichir grouping! . BS moy be reir? | : to Complete the firth Cmosh Signdhlcon’ agt) | cup tn the Tyteger rok cand ta Laat Clmtt i signeftcest Stgtt) group fn the Gracttonel pos | a afCee convert q@ Reacdectnnn| Lfest Convert hoode cone method | wembér foto Ba dectorat: cqutvalee te z.| _ bthany be decimal. to bho ad then ore binary a f i ion of benadedmal finda deseo Ak direct Conve etgh tf voit 4¢ alto able. + A oe Ae hexadecimal ee 16, tHe Sines the bose oO : of Affero" pats ome 167) LOL, 16, ete . Starting _ the HE OF TRE extreme FGI ~ hevadegrmat ED by beer ore | | ' oer | | i f all “aight mo ulttpl _—— ig E i 8 equals the tum 0 ‘ imal =e Heaadecimal | ew ew a) ty re) lent!) / ag + T* 266) (srt) +O™) i | | weight eles =x pon) = (4 040 Basu y EITTE HHO TE = Hy adecteaal runt egnivatent of he | pptatn decimal Nee: Sete SH Gre i a 41g. Gb 4 GORD +E Fe DHE Ze Pyactiowsl part ivelod , i concen te tiveaee title BAe Ay Desbeae\ — bom Merosent a f fo convent the deck ral to bh i | | _fonsdpe Ore HE ) | ey — one method4d then Convert bina F omvert bincey to bénadecterc} = Gla, direct method fH Luccescive -AWesion b Ve cad tm wrfte the heaa decimal equivalents! pee | For enoinple.: So | I 5390 tno henacleeta. F- Convert decimal number j - ” tL 5340 ___. | + Te) 386 remmotader | Te) 21 vematader 0 - gf 1 Serratnder 5 . TO. Weimafnder. f 7 dhe herdectnal equivaleat %¢. 1508 TP? Comment tse following dec tinal diambeort foto | kaa decimal mumbo — w& 95 WO 6te.&s. | 268 @ DFE! Fraction ~ Pipehionnie Resto betes os 0. o-0 co oo. O-0 oo ° BOS) om (8g: i on Osis ae oF: 8, Oe 8 ee mn TE mg a eo son fcpop jue bers : one __—— — — # Here deccaial | Decimal Binary ee een é “6° 9 occ . . ' ool te Re oot = 3 coll A i 100" 5 5 ool 6 é ello + 4 ous g 2 7 - 400D° 4 q- -f- 4283 A ye -dete I a (2: “ee | 2 (ee ol | cE Me wie i | ee Is Rout ' = == ~ Hexadeeimal jo Bino conver siOD— | Mexadeeine SoS cae tnto Herod ecienal ‘numbers Coun PS convents? edutiotent nary Sumber by aeplacing gach hen degit. by ele egciatewh petit Leroy, number: Geet Oomvert QFIA) to estates bhaany num ber ‘ So? x USK the oboe ponte , write dre bina equtvatuur ef each hex digit DEIA) ¢ = (OO! i CFIA (co10 TrIt tor Loto), = (po16111 (091 (0104, aimal Conver stone Binary -to~heaad Ren Rumberl Can be equtmaleut hexadecimal oumbert by makh oer : > of four Mts starting from Le@ ao matin Soe [| M88 for fotze part ard ‘then aeploting each | Greeph Four bits hy fe heradectinal repsernebiny Fortefrackfonal part, the above 22 ttavting from the bie nNErt do tre “bene post! od moving Aouad s Hoe wba bina numbers to converted Into the > convert the follows thelr egufvateut io numbers. & O- CCONnsToro ilo! sm aa cape, & torootrosorr GH NWEetiooot ooatorco, (A) (BM OTD NEOlofooth @ (loworforeUt!), =O019 Yoo! Lote [WE t a ds. TO T.. a -F i i 4 4 i “ : = _ ' | © @-ooeiojonor) = o-gaol 1128 11, E00 | é a : Da he 8 : cs (e664) {000s oo slorttiao:), i @(iree 220} C001 Ol). toot e a : Te ea é = (640. 1% | (¢ (7H) ig Frew the above cacwplag.,-.0e obferre Hak tn formtad hovth greefinge ols mney be wegtred. to -completel the dar Coes group to the Onleger fort ara the(Lacg) CSE) eat ze sfrnetional “paot fF ttt ete v 9 S 8 ee een fe e _moenpsmpancimenramsemencsten nieHeradedinal mcumbert Can be Converted, to equrtvatenk ockal umbers 4.0 ottal ptuntert Can be convera to egucivatest il converting the hex octal number to egaivatenh: Lena 440, then to roetal frex reper if to octal nero. hea numbert pe Coot the follmotay eg nevobtes a aj.e 7 0 BESS 77) | Be -7 é I SEE, (arre)e =Golo oll cone mo),” i a(eo! oie ot! 129 12! ino), | : ae ee = = (L2346e)g ee U9(o- Brssy = (oso tes fe oo 010s. w(o-to} by £29 219 29 ee oe Lou . cop F GO 2 4 =( SHAODe), =: 4 ‘ fe flan wo convert (2@t-26] to" eqatvebent Aea.lo too lr or wos =(0 totg oy pti! toes), e Ce E. £ a i :