A STUDY OF NEW ENTREPRENEURIAL GROWTH UNDER INDIVISUAL

ECONOMY (A CASE STUDY OF INDIAN HOUSEWIFE)

PRAKASH KUMAR AGARWAL

RESEARCH SCHOLOR

VINOBA BHAVE UNIVERSITY HAZARIBAGH,

JHARKHAND, INDIA
E-mail : pkagoal@gmail.com
Mobile no-9771375529,7209420937
Address-goal institute, mahto market phusro, Bokaro, Jharkhand pin-829144
Under the supervision of- Dr D P SINGH (Associate Professor Chas College Chas)
Paper ID: ICFIIG/TAG/01/01
Theme: Technology and General
Sub theme: Entrepreneurship and Financial Inclusion
Abstract
“Indian women’s are backbone of Indian economy”. The contribution of them in the process
of economic development of rural and urban areas and social reformation and encouraged
them to become viable entrepreneurs. Hardworking women in India care for family members,
cook, clean, garden, sew and farm without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise
this
women’s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers
more opportunities for women’s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to
greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.
Where women’s work participation rates are relatively low, it is safe to say that the
surrounding society isn’t giving women the capacities, opportunities and freedom to engage
in productive work, nor recognising the vast amount of work performed by women as unpaid
labour.
In India, where the economy has been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, recent
statistics appear to show that women’s workforce participation rates (already low by
international standards) have declined. Is there something about Indian society and the nature
of economic growth that has led to this historically unprecedented combination of trends
In conclusion the average of Indian housewife save approx. 8000 rs per month for doing
housework. So don’t call in any “Indian women housewife call entrepreneur wife”
Keywords- entrepreneurship, development, resources, statistics.
Introduction
From antiquity to present scenario women constitute almost half of the world’s population.
Yet their social, economic, and political status is lower than of men in all countries. In India
there were distinct stages of rise and fall in the status of woman. During the vedic period,
women’s progress kept pace with that men. Women were men’s friends and co workers. In
that action oriented society, no religious right could be performed by a man without the
participation of his wife. But in the post vedic period, the enlightened precept give way to
manu’s precept woman does not deserve independence and she was expected to be controlled
as a daughter, wife’s and mother by her father, husband and son respectively.
Hardworking women in India care for family members, cook, clean, garden, sew and farm
without getting paid. When will official statistics recognise this
women’s participation in work is an indicator of their status in a society. Paid work offers
more opportunities for women’s agency, mobility and empowerment, and it usually leads to
greater social recognition of the work that women do, whether paid or unpaid.
The statistic shows the results of a survey among households in India about the average
monthly income per head of household between April to December 2015. During that time
period, in over 20 per cent of the households surveyed, the head of the household had an
average monthly income of 7,501 to 10,000 Indian rupees. (source nsso survey report)
While addressing the Constituent Assembly in 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru had said, “This
achievement (Independence) is but a step, an opening of opportunity, to the great triumphs
and achievements that await us… the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and
inequality of opportunity.” However we need to know where we stand today. Poverty is not
only a challenge for India, as more than one fifth of the world’s poor live in India alone; but
also for the world, where more than 260 million people are not able to meet their basic needs.
In pre-independent India, Dadabhai Naoroji was the first to discuss the concept of a Poverty
Line. He used the menu for a prisoner and used appropriate prevailing prices to arrive at what
may be called ‘jail cost of living’. However, only adults stay in jail whereas, in an actual
society, there are children too. He, therefore, appropriately adjusted this cost of living to
arrive at the poverty line.
For this adjustment, he assumed that one-third population consisted of children and half of
them consumed very little while the other half consumed half of the adult diet. This is how
he arrived at the factor of three-fourths; (1/6)(Nil) + (1/6)(Half) + (2/3)(Full) = (3/4) (Full).
The weighted average of consumption of the three segments gives the average poverty line,
which comes out to be three-fourth of the adult jail cost of living.
Where women’s work participation rates are relatively low, it is safe to say that the
surrounding society isn’t giving women the capacities, opportunities and freedom to engage
in productive work, nor recognising the vast amount of work performed by women as unpaid
labour.
In India, where the economy has been growing rapidly over the past 30 years, recent
statistics appear to show that women’s workforce participation rates (already low by
international standards) have declined. Is there something about Indian society and the nature
of economic growth that has led to this historically unprecedented combination of trends?
The women who refuse to do India's dirtiest job

Estimates of employment in India are based on surveys conducted periodically (not every
year) by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). It said that in 1999-2000, 35% of rural
women and 17% of women over 15 years old were “working”, as regular or casual wage
workers, self-employed or unpaid helpers in family enterprises (like farms or small shops).
By 2011-12 (the most recent survey published), after a period of rapid economic growth, this
has declined to 25% in rural areas and remained at the same pitifully low rate in urban areas.
However, this definition of employment excludes some important activities that are definitely
work (sometimes very hard work) and contribute critically to the economy, but are not
recognised as such by the surveys – or by policymakers and society.
In India’s NSSO one category excluded from employment (and therefore even from being
counted in the labour force) is code 92: those who “attended to domestic duties only”. That
includes all the activities that constitute the care economy, that is looking after the young, the
sick and the elderly as well as other healthy household members, cooking, cleaning and
provisioning for the family, and so on. Another category excluded is code 93: those who
“attended to domestic duties and were also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables,
roots, firewood, cattle feed), sewing, tailoring, weaving etc for household use”.

LITRETURE REVIEW
A survey of the related Literature is a crucial aspect of the planning of a study. The
researches which have the researches in planning, defining and delimiting the problem,
stimulated to devise the hypothesis of her own and provided a comparative data on the basis
of which to evaluate and interpret the significance of its finding need special mentions. This
chapter presents in detail a few researches related with the present problem including some of
the references made in chapter-1 to establish the need of carrying out this piece of research.

Kamarovsky’s (1953) study finds that the employment of mothers can lead to positive
results on children under three conditions, namely, (i) the father must accept the mother's
employment, (ii) the mother must be employed at a job with short hours and a high pay, and
(iii) there should be a good mother substitute.
Bossard and Stroker (1954) in their "The Sociology of Child Development" report about
the problems of children of working mothers. The problems that the study lists are: the
mother is physically exhausted, the child feels lonely, the child feels neglected and
rationalises its antisocial behaviour, children take the undue advantage of mother's absence
and the mother is unable to give full attention to the child. They further argue that adolescent
children of working mothers are more delinquent and exhibit more psychiatric symptoms
than the children of non-working mothers.
Patil (1972) in her study on "Women Executives" argues that an extraordinary career and
success for a woman are dangerous to her marital life.

Sidramashettar's (1991) research paper "Employment of wife and Domestic Power

Structure" reveals that economic status of the wife as a wage earner and contributor to the
family budget enables her to have a say the decision-making process of the family. She
argues that if power is the ability to carry out one's will in the face of opposition, then
employment of women has definitely reinforced that ability.

Neeta Gupta and Archana Shukla (2005) studied the gender differences in the integration
of work and family spheres. The results revealed that ‘Independence’ was the most common
work family integration type for dual career couples. The results also revealed significant
gender differences in spillover and ‘compensatory’ type of work family relationship which
suggested that husbands more than wives integrated their work and family as ‘spillover’
while wives more than husbands integrated their work and family spheres as compensatory.
No other gender differences were obtained in rest of the work family integration types.

OBJECTIVE

1) To change the concept of human being about Indian housewife’s

2) To study of saving done by Indian housewife’s
3) To study Indian housewife contribution for economic development of India

METHODOLOGY
The data required for the present study are collected both primary and secondary sources.
Primary data have been collected through personal interview method. The secondary data
will be collected from various published sources such as magazine, newspaper, journals,
books and various publications. The sample selected for the study was a total of 95
respondents. Initially the questionnaire used for the personal interviews focus on biographical
data of the respondents such as gender, age group, line of business activity, level of
education, monthly income and expenditure. Statically analysis by using percentage method
and mean.
 DATA COLLECTION BY SELF QUESTIONARIES
Table no -01
Sl no. States Number of percentage
respondents
gender FEMALE 95 100
total 95 100
age Below-25 15 15.79
25-30 24 25.26
35-44 28 29.47
45-55 17 17.90
Above55 11 11.58
Total 95 100
Marital status Married 67 70.53
Divorce/widow 28 29.47
total 95 100
Education illiterate 2 2.11
qualification
primary 4 4.21
secondary 6 6.32
High school 7 7.37
intermediated 4 4.21
Graduation 55 57.90
Post-graduation 17 17.90
Total 95 100
Monthly income Less than 10000 20 21.05
family
10000-20000 39 41.05
30000-40000 21 22.10
Above 40000 15 15.80
total 95 100
Type of family agriculture 23 24.21
earning
business 35 36.84
service 18 18.95
other 19 20.00
total 95 100
Source =primary data
It is evident form the above table out of 95 respondents belong to 35-45 age group and 29.47
per cent respondents belong to below 25 age group beside majority (15.79 per cent) is
married and more than 50percent of the respondents are well educated and have either
graduation or post graduation as their educational qualification. It is observed that majority
(41 per cent)of respondents income is between rs 10000-20000 and followed by 24 per cent
of respondents 24.21 per cent are belong to agriculture 36.84 per cent do bisiness 18.95per
cent are belonged to service 20 per cent do others

TABLE 2 SAMPLE DISTIBUTION ACROSS THE DISTRICTS OF JHARKHAND

District Total sample size Respondents

Dhanbad 60 35
Bokaro 50 45
Ranchi 50 15
Total 160 95
Source-primary data
The percentage of Bokaro respondents is much better then Dhanbad and Ranchi the main
reason people of Bokaro faces direct interview and the other cities questionaries’ sending by
mail % of Bokaro respondents is 90% and Dhanbad is 58.33% and Ranchi only 30%

Table 3 DEMOGRAFIC PROFILE OF ENTREPRENEURS

DIMENSION PARTICULARS PERCENTAGE

AGE MEAN:37.74
STANDARD
DEVIATION:12.66
GENDER FEMALE 100
CASTE GENERAL 86.40
OBC 6.122
SC 3.40
ST 4.08
EDUCATION PRIMARY 3.40
MIDDLE SCHOOL 5.44
HIGHER SECONDARY 24.49
GRADUATION & PG 66.67
Source-primary data
The average age of respondents is 37.74 and the respondent person 100 % are female in
different cast and different education qualification
 Table no-4 SAVING DONE BY HOUSEWIFE
S NO WORK MONTHLY TOTAL SAVING
SAVING(AVEREGE)
1 COOKING 1500 17,10,000
2 HOUSE WORK 2000 22,80,000
3 TEACHING 1000 11,40,000
4 SUPPORT 1500 17,10,000
HUSBAND
BUISNESS
5 OTHER WORK 1200 13,68,000
TOTAL 82,08,000
Source-primary data

AVEREGE OF PER WOMEN SAVING PER ANNUM

𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳 𝑺𝑨𝑽𝑰𝑵𝑮 𝟖𝟐,𝟎𝟖,𝟎𝟎𝟎

SAVING= = =86,400 PER ANNUM
𝑻𝑶𝑻𝑨𝑳 𝑵𝑶 𝑶𝑭 𝑾𝑶𝑴𝑬𝑵 𝟗𝟓

𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟎𝟎
SAVING PER MONTH= = 7200 PM
𝟏𝟐
COMMENTS & SUGGESION GIVEN BY RESPONDENTS
1) RASHMI SINGH (WARD COMMISINOR KARGALI) –economic growth are
increasing according to support of our Indian housewife in a country not only in a
home but outside their houses also now a day they used to do hard work for the
development in a every field especially in an Indian economy sector they had a vital
role in all prespractive manner. Being a lady I could easily understand the importance
of all the housewife’s who are being responsible for a successful backbone of our
Indian economy they are a beautiful mother daughter wife’s inspire of date they are a
reason behind every successful man.so can easily say that Indian house wife is
backbone of Indian economy.
2) Garima garg (cashier marwari mahila manch phusro)-
in the society Indian housewife proves they not only born by housework
they are able to earn money and work hard like male. But in Indian society
Indian women’s doing family work so they can easily save a lot of money for
her family and given a platform to her husband to increase our family status.

3) Mrs Kamaljit kaur (housewife) –

Indian housewife done many type of housework. If they not done this type of
work then the budget of expenses should be increase. They can cooking,
warming cloth, teaching child and they done many type of housework for
saving money.

4)Renu devi (housewife & entrepreneur)-

. I am not educated but I earn rs 4,000 to 5,000 pm and also saving rs 8000 to 10,000 pm
doing housework.my husband work in a garage and I make lunch for every worker they
paid rs 25 per lunch for this way I will earn 5000rs per month and doing my housework I
will save more than 8000rs for my house work if all lady doing this type of work they able
to increase the economic growth in India
SUGGESION

IN This way I will give eleven ideas for saving done by housewife’s as per my research.

1) Shop at the Right Time of month-many of traders like Big bazar given discount on
special date on per month so this time purchase is favourable for budget.

2) Grow Some Herbs- Herbs can easily be grown indoors on a small windowsill or outside
in pots or gardens. They will help you save on buying expensive grocery store jars of
seasonings, will taste fresher, and can be easily dried and stored.
3) Pay Your Bills Online- many of company provide cash back facility for your mobile &
dish recharge if you done by online then its beneficial for saving.
4) Use Supermarket Weekly Circulars- Don't just throw out that weekly grocery store
circular. Give them a good look and plan to strategically shop the many deals they have, or
stock up on deeply discounted items when bargains arise.
5) Make a Household Budget- It's time to sit down and do a budget to trim the fat, see
where your hidden expenses are, and examine where your dollars are going. You can learn to
build a budget in no time flat, or tune up one you currently have
6) Take Free Classes- Free or discounted continuing education classes in many subjects and
hobbies can be found in certain communities with just a little searching. Instead of paying for
a private tutor or a fancy school, consider looking for community options.

7)Use Energy Efficient Lighting- Now that the old-fashioned incandescent bulbs are being
phased-out, finding affordable CFL and LED bulb options is getting easier. The total lifetime
savings from these energy-efficient bulbs will greatly out-weigh their initial investment and
save on overall energy costs.
8) Make Your Own Cleaners- There are so many ways to make your own cleaning
products using things like vinegar, baking soda, lemon juice, and other common household
items, all of which are cheaper than brand name cleaners.
9) Buy Generic- There are great savings to be had with certain generic brands in every
supermarket. Often the generic options are just as good, if not better, than some of their
pricier brand name counterparts. In fact, many store or "private label" brands are
manufactured by the same companies that make the name brands.

10) Make Your Own Beauty Products- Like making your own cleaning products, beauty
products can also be made from many common pantry and food items. Learn some
great homemade beauty product recipes using things like avocados, alovera and honey.
11)Use dadi maa ke nushkhe- in Indian tradition many of diseases problem and its solution
available in our family now many company software available for providing this type of
solution for this type of problem by using house made medicines. So its beneficial for saving
and earning money.

CONCLUSION & FINDING

The present research study is concluded that if government gives some facility and training to
women how to save money then Indian women prove they have really “backbone of Indian
economy”.
According to previous research related to housewife’s were we found that housework
performed voluntarily not just by housewives but also by other members of the family but
traditionally these duties are still considered as women’s responsibility and excluded from
GDP calculations. So household women play very countless role in family as wife, mother,
guides homemaker, home keeper, home manager, nurse and housemaid she engaging all
household responsibility without expecting reward or remuneration. I have found many of the
research which are done on housewife basic responsibility, role of family, participation of
decision making, its influence of GDP growth, family value of housework movement across
the world. So I have decided to find my research study for entrepreneurship growth in
individual economy in case of unpaid Indian housewife’s work.
My present study is clarify many of women’s save money for doing her work is more than
her husband income. In the primary data section 25.2% women’s earn and save money more
than her husband income.
Unpaid household labour is not included in the calculation of retirement benefits from social
securities.
If this saving included in GDP then India GDP be a HIGHEST GDP in the world.
In India housewife treated as unpaid workers but in this research proves they are not unpaid
workers they are entrepreneurs.
“So don’t call housewife call entrepreneurs wife”
References
1. Bossard and Stroker (1954) “rural entrepreneurs-problem and prospect of village
industries sponsored by kerela KVIB”SEDME, vol. 31, No. 1
2 Neeta Gupta and Archana Shukla (2005) Problems of women entrepreneurs. A case
study of imphal and kamrup district in {seminar paper presented in the national seminar
conducted by Manipur university dept of commerce sponsored by ICSSR, New Delhi}.
3. Kamarovsky’s (1953) “women entrepreneurship- the road ahead” southern economist
4. NAOROJI, DADABHAI. 1996. Poverty and Un-British Rule in India, Publications
Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, Second Edition,
New Delhi. .
5.. Sidramashettar's (1991) “rural credit scenario in north east India , “kurukshetra, Vol. 52
No. 4, February 1991
6. Snijders and Dijkstra2012 “entrepreneurship development in India” national publishing
house new Delhi and Jaipur
7. Report of the Expert Group of the Estimation of Proportion and Number of Poor,
Perspective Planning Division, Planning Commission Government of India, New Delhi, 1999
8. NCERT 11th economic development of India books page no 60-63 volume I