Actions On Beams

&
Durability (Concrete
Cover)-
Prepared by : Ir. Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini
Edited by : Koh Heng Boon

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
 Architecture Layout/Key Plan
• An architecture key plans are floor plans
showing primary architectural elements of
each building by floor level.
• The usage of the space, type of materials to
be used/applied, dimensions and etc.. are
indicated in the architecture key plan.

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 Z
Y
A11

A12
1

GLASS CANOPY
2

+4.90
2A

+5.00
+5.00

BATH 2
BEDROOM 3

BEDROOM 2
BATH 3
3

X
A10

A10
+4.90

VOID

VOID
BALCONY 2

BEDROOM 4
4

+5.00
CORRIDOR
2
BATH 4

STORE
LIFT

BATH 1
+5.00
5

WALK-IN
UP

WARDROBE
BEDROOM 1
W

W
A9
A9

VOID
DN

+4.90
BALCONY 1

PLANTER

SCALE 1 : 100
STUDY RM.

1ST FLOOR AREA

BALCONY 5
+4.90

PLANTER
6

CANOPY
CANOPY

RC SLAB
RC SLAB

271.491 SQM
GLASS CANOPY
Architecture Layout/Plan

1ST FLOOR PLAN ( R9 )

2921 SQF
Y

Z
A12
A11
7

I
E

F
C
B

H
G
A

D
C1

THE CONTRACTOR SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE

ACCURACY OF ALL SETTING OUT AND ESTABLISHING
ALL LEVELS ACCURATELY. PRIOR TO COMMENCEMENT
OF ANY WORKS THE CONTRACTOR MUST VERIFY ALL
DIMENSIONS.
ANY DISCREPANCIES MUST BE BROUGHT TO THE
IMMEDIATE ATTENTION OF THE DESIGNER.

CONTRACTORS TO SUBMIT SHOP DRAWINGS AND

3 KKSB/FKAAS/2019

SAMPLES OF MATERIALS AND FINISHES FOR APPROVAL

PRIOR TO COMMENCEMENT OF FABRICATION OR
CONSTRUCTION.
 Architecture Layout/Plan
A B C D F G
3500 2850 6150 1500 6500

2000
A 3048

5 1469
5

1469
4500
4 4
4633

4633
4500
3 3
2898

2898
GYM ROOM
2500

2500
2700
2 2

2800
B B

2000
10000

10000
4675
1
A 1

6350 5150 3000 7000

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 Architecture Layout/Plan
D A B C D A B
36576
12192

12192 12192 12192 12192

A A
11 11

32004

32004
C C C C
60960

60960
6096

6 6
178.92 sqf 178.92 sqf
STAIR 1 STAIR 1
4572

4572
Pantry
Toilet

6096
322.25 sqf

Toilet
5 5
2400
6096

6096
STAIR 1
176.88 sqf

4 2400
4
OFFICE
9113.97 sqf
6096

6096
24384

24384
3 3
6096

6096
4572

2000

2 2
4572
B B VOID B B
6096

6096
2000
2100

2100

1 1

A
A
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 Structural Layout/ Key Plan

• A structural key plans are floor plans showing

primary structural elements of each building
by floor level.
• The structural elements show in structural key
plan are beams, slabs, columns, shear wall,
staircase, trusses and etc..
• Structural key plans are produced by
structural engineer based on the architecture
drawings.

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Structural Layout/ Key Plan

DN

UP

STR 2

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Structural Layout/ Key Plan

DN

STAIRCASE

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Structural Layout/ Key Plan

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Structural Layout/ Key Plan

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KKSB/FKAAS/2019
 Structural Layout
 Before any analysis and design can be conducted, structural
layout (key-plan) must be produced.
 Structural layout planning is always started from the lowest
floor. Step to produce structural layout:
− Study the architectural drawings (floor plans, elevations,
cross sections, isometric view, specific details and so on).
− Identify location and orientation of columns.
− Identify location and position of beams.
− Sketch the structural plans.
 For a simple layout, structural layout can be sketched on the
architectural drawing by using colour pencil.
 For a complex layout, structural layout can be sketched on the
butter paper by tracing from the architectural drawing.

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 Structural Layout
 Location, orientation and dimension of columns:
• Some are stated in the architectural drawings.
• At the corner and intersection.
• The distance between column and column is not too far
and too close. Typically about 3m to 6m.
• Flush with brickwall.

 Location, position and dimension of beams

• Location of brickwall, to brace the columns, to flush and
brace the brickwall, to form spanning slab.
• Dimension of beam is governed by thickness of brickwall,
types of building, type of floor (ground or upper floor, upper
floor with or without ceiling, head room), span and
architectural drawing.

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Architecture plan  Structural plan

Architecture
Layout

Structural Layout

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Load Distribution of a Building
Distribution of
actions on slab

Action on slab
and wall
transfer to
beam

Axial load on
column

Distribute to
foundation
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 Analysis of Actions
 Type of actions that must be considered:

Slab  Permanent action: (i) Selfweight of slab,

(ii) Finishes and services, and (iii) Ceiling
 Variable action (depend on function of floor)
Beam  Permanent action: (i) Distribution from slab,
(ii) Selfweight of beam, and (iii) Brickwall
 Variable action from slab
Column  Permanent action: (i) Distribution from beam,
and (ii) Selfweight of column
 Variable action from beam
Foundation  Permanent action: (i) Distribution from
columns, and (ii) Selfweight of footing
 Variable action from column

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 Actions/Loads On RC Beams
 Actions that applied on a beam may consist of beams self-
weight, permanent and variable actions from slabs, actions
from secondary beams and other structural or non-structural
members supported by the beam.
 The distribution of slab actions on beams depends on the slab
dimension, supporting system and boundary condition.
 It is important to determine the type of slab using the following
criteria:
𝐿𝑦
>2 One-way slab
𝐿𝑥

𝐿𝑦 Two-way slab
≤2
𝐿𝑥
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 Analysis of Actions
 One-way spanning slab that supported by beams:
1
lx w nl x kN/m
2
A B
ly

Beam AC and BD
ly
w  0kN/m
lx

C D Beam AB and CD

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 Analysis of Actions
 Two-way slab panel freely supported along four edge:

 2
nl x   l x 
 kN/m
w 3 
lx 6   l y  
A B  

ly

Beam AC and BD
ly
nl x
w kN/m
3

C D lx

Beam AB and CD
How about if lx = ly?
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 Analysis of Actions
 There are alternatives methods which consider various
support conditions and slab continuity. The methods are
(i). Slab shear coefficient from Table 3.15 BS 8110, (ii). Yield
line analysis and (iii). Table 63 Reinforced Concrete
Designer’s Handbook by Reynold.

This table only can be used for two-way slabs.

The type of spanning slab (from 9 cases) must be identified.
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 Analysis of Actions
 Two-way spanning slab:

w = βvx.n.lx kN/m
A B

ly

Beam AC
ly
w = βvy.n.lx kN/m

lx

C lx D Beam CD

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 Analysis of Actions
 9 cases of two-way restrained slab:

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 Analysis of Actions

Case 1
Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Case 6

Case 7

Case 8

Case 9
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 Example 2.1

Determine the characteristic permanent and variable

actions on beam FB1 as shown in the above figure. A
brickwall of 4 m height is sitting on the beam. Unit weight of
concrete = 25kN/m3; finishes = 1.0kN/m2; brickwall = 2.6
KN/m2; variable action = 4.0kN/m2.
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 Example 2.1

Permanent action (Gk):

(i) self-weight = 0.25 x 0.7 x 25 = 4.38 kN/m
(ii) Brickwall = 2.6 x 4 = 10.4 kN/m
(iii) Slab: gk = (0.15 x 25) + 1.0 = 4.75 kN/m2
= (6/2) x 4.75 = 14.25 kN/m
Total Gk = 4.38 + 10.4 + 14.25 = 29.0 kN/m

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 Example 2.1

Variable action (Qk) = (6/2) x 4 = 12 kN/m

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 Example 2.2
 Determine the characteristic permanent and variable actions
on beam B/1-3. Given the following data: Unit weight of
concrete = 25kN/m3; Finishes, ceiling and services
= 2.0kN/m2; Variable action (all slabs) = 3.0kN/m2.

Action on slab:
Selfweight = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2
Finishes, ceiling and services = 2.0 kN/m2
Chac. Permanent action, Gk = 5.75 kN/m2
Chac. Variable action, Qk = 3.0 kN/m2

Distribution of actions
FS1 : ly/lx = 7.5 / 2.5 = 3 > 2.0, One-way slab
FS2 : ly/lx = 4.0 / 3.0 = 1.33 < 2.0, Two-way slab
FS3 : ly/lx = 4.5 / 4.0 = 1.13 < 2.0, Two-way slab

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 Example 2.2
1 2 3
3000 4500

A
200 x 500
200 x 500

200 x 500

2500
FS1 (150 thk.)

200 x 500 200 x 500

B
200 x 500

200 x 500

4000
FS2 (150 thk.) FS3 (150 thk.)

200 x 500 200 x 500

C
All unit in mm

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 Example 2.2
1 2 3
3000 4500

A
w1 = 0.5.n.lx

2500
B

4000
w2 = βvy.n.lx
w3 = βvx.n.lx

C
All unit in mm

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 Example 2.2
Action from slab:
w1 Gk = 0.5 x 5.75 x 2.5 = 7.19 kN/m
w1 Qk = 0.5 x 3.00 x 2.5 = 3.75 kN/m

From Table 3.15: BS 8110: Part 1: 1997

w2 Gk = 0.4 x 5.75 x 3.0 = 6.90 kN/m W2:

w2 Qk = 0.4 x 3.00 x 3.0 = 3.60 kN/m Ly/Lx = 4000/3000
= 1.33
w3 Gk = 0.45 x 5.75 x 4.0 = 10.35 kN/m W3:
Ly/Lx = 4500/4000
w3 Qk = 0.45 x 3.00 x 4.0 = 5.40 kN/m
= 1.13

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 Example 2.2
Actions on beam:
Beam selfweight = 0.20 x(0.5-0.15)x25 = 1.75 kN/m

Span 1-2
Permanent action,Gk = 7.19 + 6.90 + 1.75 = 15.84 kN/m
Variable action, Qk = 3.75 + 3.60 = 7.35 kN/m

Span 2-3
Permanent action, Gk = 7.19+10.35+1.75 = 19.29 kN/m
Variable action, Qk = 3.75 + 5.40 = 9.15 kN/m

Gk = 19.29 kN/m
Gk = 15.84 kN/m Qk = 9.15 kN/m
Qk = 7.35 kN/m

3000 4500

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 Durability of Concrete Structures
• EC2 has made the durability as an integral
design process by considering the
environmental expose, condition of steel
reinforcement, design working life (indicate
the structural class) and strength of
material.
• Minimum concrete cover is required to
provide good bond performance between
concrete and steel reinforcement and to
protect the embedded steel reinforcement
from corrosion and fire.
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Durability of Concrete Structures

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 Concrete Cover
 Design working life and structural class

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 Concrete Cover
 Cover:

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 Concrete Cover
 Based on Cl.4.4, the nominal cover can be assessed as
follows:
Cnom  Cmin  Cdev
where Cmin shall be provided in order to ensure (i) the safe
transmission of bond forces, (ii) the protection of steel against
corrosion (durability), (iii) an adequate fire resistance.
 The greater value for Cmin satisfying the requirements for both
bond and environmental conditions shall be used.
Cmin  max{Cmin,bond ; Cmin, dur ; Cmin, fire ; 10mm}

 ΔCdev is an allowance which should be made in the design for

deviation from the minimum cover. It should be taken as 10
mm. It is permitted to reduce to 5 mm if the fabrication
subjected to a quality assurance system.

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 Concrete Cover
 Minimum cover, Cmin,b requirement with regard to bond
(Table 4.2, Cl.4.4.1).

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 Concrete Cover
 Minimum cover Cmin,dur requirement with regard to durability
for reinforcement steel (Table 4.4N, Cl.4.4.1).
 The recommended structural class (design working life of 50
years) is S4 for the indicative concrete strengths given in
Annex E and the recommended modifications to the structural
class is given in Table 4.3N.

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 Concrete Cover
 Exposure classes related to environmental condition

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 Concrete Cover
 Minimum cover Cmin,dur for fire resistance
 It is based on nominal axis distance, a (the distance from the
centre of the main reinforcement bar to the top or bottom
surface of the member).

a  Cnom  link  bar / 2

 If b is < value in column 4 (Table 5.5)
or in column 3 (Table 5.6),
asd  a  10

 The permissible combination of member dimension and axis

distance of beam and slab are shown in Tables 5.5, 5.6 and
5.8 (BS EN 1992-1-2)
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Concrete Cover

Table 5.5 (BS EN

1991-1-2):
Minimum
dimensions and
axis distances
for simply
supported
beams

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Concrete Cover

Table 5.6 (BS EN

1991-1-2):
Minimum
dimensions and
axis distances
for continuous
beams

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 Concrete Cover
 Minimum dimensions and axis distances for one and two-way
slabs.

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 Example 4.1
Determine concrete cover of the simply supported beam as
shown below. Given the following data.
250 mm
Design life = 50 years
Fire resistance = R60
Exposure classes = XC1
Bar diameter = 20mm
600 mm
Link diameter = 8 mm

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 Example 4.1
Min. concrete cover regard to bond, Cmin,b = 20 mm
Min. concrete cover regard to durability, Cmin, dur = 15 mm

Min. required axis distance, a for R60 fire resistance= 30 mm

asd = 30 mm (Note: b = 250 mm > 200 mm)
Min. concrete cover regard to fire,
Cmin,fire = asd – Ølink - Øbar/2 = 30 – 8 – 20/2 = 12 mm
Therefore, Cmin = 20 mm
Allowance in design for deviation, ∆Cdev = 10 mm

Nominal concrete cover;

Cnom = Cmin + ∆Cdev = 20 + 10 = 30 mm

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