Painting Definition
Media
Acrylic A water-based fast-drying
paint widely used by
artists since the 1960s. It
becomes water-resistant
when dry.
Encaustic The word "encaustic"
describes both the paint
and painting technique
which uses hot beeswax
to bind color pigments
and to facilitate their
application to a surface.
It is an excellent
alternative to oil painting
Fresco A water-based pigment
on freshly applied plaster,
usually on wall surfaces
Gouache It is made of the same dry
(pronounced pigments of transparent
gwash) watercolor with a binder
of gum Arabic but in a
greater proportion of
binder to pigment.
Magna It is an improved acrylic
paint that is composed of
pigments ground in an
acrylic resin brought into
emulsion through the use
of solvents. Its
consistency and general
working characteristics
are like an oil paint but it
dries like an acrylic paint
It is a type of slow-drying
paint that consists of
particles of pigment
Oil suspended in a drying oil,
commonly linseed oil.
It is a pigment mixed
with chalk or clay and are
Pastel combined with gum to
make a paste that is
hardened and made
Strengths
 Dries quickly
 Highly resistant to water once
dries
 More permanent than other
types of paint
 Flexible
 Resistant to mildew
 Wet paint can be cleaned off of
brushes with soap and water
 Versatile
 Capable of being polished to a
high gloss
 Environmentally safer
 Can spread the paint much
easier
 Last for hundreds of years
 Colors will stay bright
 Does not use dangerous
chemicals
 Do not cause pollution
 Colors will stay bright
 Dries very quickly in a matte
finish
 Provides the ability to enhance
the painting by adding shading,
which can be achieved by
applying a darker wash over the
subject matter.
 Dries quickly
 Could be layered or blended
 Could be used with oil paint
 Mistakes are easily fixable
because paints takes days to dry
 The transition between colours
can be worked on for longer and
can be more realistic
 Colors do not shift as they dry
 have deep, rich colors that are
easy to blend
 have a beautiful velvety texture
Weaknesses
 Can contain toxins (retarder)
 Cannot be easily blended
 Cannot be removed or
altered
 Need to be kept in a molten
state
 Slow and difficult painting
 Not correctable since it dries
very quickly
 Work must be very quick
and very careful
 Not permanent because it
can be reactivated with water
 Changes value when it dries
 Mixed with turpentine
instead of water w/c is
hazardous to health
 smelly due to thinning
solvents like turpentine.
 Could not be changed once
dried
 Takes a lot of time to have
crisp strokes for it takes
days to build the stroke
 Tends to yellow overtime
even when sealed
 dust can be inhaled and
cause health problems
 cannot be fixed on sealed
without darkening or
dulling the color
Example
1. Drowning Girl by Roy
Lichtenstein
2. The Bicyclers by
Thomas Hart Benton
3. Campbell’s Soup Cans
by Andy Warhol
1. Flag by Jasper Johns
2. The Art of Painting by
Johannes Vermeer
1. Adoration of Magi by
Giotto
2. Angels Worshipping by
Benozzo Gozzoli
3. Assumption of the
Virgin Antonio da
Correggio
1. Self-portrait, Friedrich
Schwinge
2. Aid for the Wounded
(Sister of
Charity), Alexandre-
Marie Guillemin.
3. Interior, St Etienne
du Mont, Paris,
Charles Louis Lesaint
1. Mana III by Silvia
PintoSouza
2. Big Painting VI, Roy
Lichtenstein
1. Mona Lisa by
Leonardo da Vinci
2. The Starry Night by
Vincent Van Gogh
3. Girl with the Pearl
Earring by Johannes
Vermeer
1. Woman Combing
Her Hair (1887-90)
Artist: Edgar Degas
2. The Singer in Green
by Edgar Degas
 available as oft, hard,
pencil, or oil pastel
Color pigments mixed in  Does not yellow overtime  grow brittle and may flake 1. Birth of Venus by
an emulsion of water, egg  No need to use toxic solvents off Sandro Botticelli
yolks or whole eggs, like paint thinners  Preparing is labor extensive, 2. Primavera by Sandro
occasionally with a little  Colors are clear and bright using a special king of Botticelli
Tempera glue, honey, or mil 3. The Last Supper by
 cheap and ideal for beginner plaster, chalk gesso
 dries quickly and smooth Leonardo da Vinci
 Blending requires a great
deal of work
Color pigments mixed  Have quick drying time  hard to make super fine 1. Red Chimneys by
with water, known for its  Are affordable details Charles Demuth
inherent delicacy and  Are easy to blend and mistakes  Hard to work in layers 2. Light at Two House
Watercolor subtlety; traditionally can be erased when paint is wet  Can only be used on paper by Edward hopper
applied on paper 3. Young Hare by
Albrecht Dürer
Sculpture Examples
Definition Strength Weaknesses
Medium
Mixture of cement a  Versatile Heavy and viscous, not easy UP Oblation by
binder such as stone,  Easy to experiment stuff to handle Guillermo Tolentino
sand or gravel,
Concrete
sometimes called an
aggregate; and water.

Three-dimensional  Can be used for small Generally softer, weaker and The Thinker by
Bronze piece of art made by statuettes and figurines, more expensive than steel Auguste Rodin
pouring molten bronze furniture
into a mold, before  Resists corrosion and
leaving it to solidify. metal fatigue
Alloy consisting
primarily of copper,
usually with tin as the
main additive, made by
heating the two metals
together and allowing
them to cool.

A stiff, sticky, fine-  Highly versatile  Shrinks as it dries 1. Venus of

grained earth often  Extremely easy to work  Unyielding armatures Willendorf
Clay forming an with buried inside will cause 2. Bust of Nefertiti
impermeable layer in  Ideal modeling material cracks if the piece dries out
the soil for the beginner as well as  Cannot be manipulated
the seasoned sculptor further
 Easily sculpted
 Does not require a lot of
tools when sculpting
 Easily smoothened with
water
Carved or assembled to  Relatively easy to obtain  Extremely heavy
Easter Island Moai
form a visually and carve  Lacks tensile strength (30,000 BCE)
Stone
interesting three-  Many different varieties
dimensional shape

A hard crystalline  Soft and easy to work  Absorb skin oils when
metamorphic form of when first quarried touched
limestone, typically  Extremely hard and  Performs poorly in
white with mottlings or dense with age outdoor environments Pietà by Michelangelo
streaks of color, that id  Available in a variety of subject to acid rain Buonarroti
Marble
capable of taking a shades and patterns
polish and used in  Slight translucency
sculpture and
architecture

The best known  add depth and character  Needs to be sealed with Mount Rushmore
Granite igneous rock  color will never fade non-toxic solution as it is National Memorial
Has grains large  Hard enough to resist porous
enough to be visible abrasion  Cold in winter
with the unaided eyes  Strong enough to bear  Heavy
mainly; significant weight  Slippery with socks and
 Inert enough to resist when wet
weathering
 Sustainable as it is a
renewable source
 Scratch resistant
 Limestone is a  It is often high demand  porous rock which means
Peasant (La Paysanne) by
sedimentary rock that is  It is durable it has many tiny holes
Marcel Damboise
often composed of the  It can restore historical throughout the material
skeletal fragments of landmarks  it can discolor and scratch
marine organisms such easily and can be etched if
as 9 9 kocoral. Its major acidic liquids
Limestone
materials are the  can be fairly expensive to
minerals calcite and install
aragonite, which are
different crystal forms
of calcium carbonate.

Hard fibrous material  Can be given bright or  Easily catches fire 1. Monk Distortd by
that forms the main matte touches.  Attractive to pests Glitches
substance of the trunk  Readily available 2. Leap to Life by Paul
Wood or branches of a tree.  Easy to cut and shape Kaptein
• Relatively inexpensive
 Aesthetically pleasing
An inorganic solid  Can be made in different  An expensive material Roman era style glass cup
material that is usually sizes and objects, it’s  Breaks easily from Emona (present Lju
transparent or extremely versatile  Melts in high bljana) grave
translucent as well as  Can be coloured or temperatures
hard, brittle, colourless  When broken, the pieces
Glass and impervious to the  Does not rust may be sharp
natural elements.  Waterproof
Made by cooling molten
ingredients, various
amorphous materials,
such as silica sand with
sufficient rapidity to
prevent the formation
of visible crystals.

An alloy that mixes  durable metal  High cost Balloon Dog by

elements like  resists scratches and  Low elasticity Jeff Koons
Stainless
chromium, titanium, corrosion  Difficult to weld
Steel
and nickel, its silvery  Stainless steel is a magnet
finish also makes it a for dirt, dust, and
popular commodity in smudges
jewelry design.
The most abundant  can be increased by cold  More rare and more Detroit-born by Noah
Aluminum metallic element in working and alloying expensive than steel Deledda
earth’s crust and the  Very light material  Abrasive to tooling
most widely used  Thermal conductivity is 3  Prone to severe spring
nonferrous metal times higher than the back
steel which makes it
greater heat exchange.
 Has very low melting
point
Soft, shiny, yellow,  Does not tarnish  Were too soft and The Mask of
dense, malleable,  Can be hammered into malleable to turn into tools Tutankhamun
Gold ductile. thin sheets  Rare
Has been widely used  Can be melted and cast  Expensive
for sculpture. into highly detailed shapes
 Has wonderful color and
brilliant luster
Iron Second most abundant  Easy to shape and refine  Rusts easily Eiffel Tower
 metal in the earth’s into various forms if
crust properly heated
 It can handle high
temperatures
A dense malleable,  One of the strongest and less malleable The Last Supper by
ductile, highly most enduring metals in the Dense, ductile and Salvador Dali
Platinum unreactive precious, world. impervious to corrosion
silverfish-white  It is ideal for jewelry worn
transition metal. every day because it exhibits
little material loss, even after
prolonged wear
A silvery – white  Durable and tough Handling nickel can result The Big Nickle
lustrous metal with a  Considered corrosion in symptoms of dermatitis
Nickel
slight golden tinge. resistant among sensitive individual
 High melting point

A lustrous white,  Has the highest electrical  Most silver salts are
“Rabbit” by Jeff Koon
Silver ductile, malleable and thermal conductivity of poisonous, and some may
metallic element all metals be carcinogenic
 Is stable in oxygen and  Tarnishes when exposed
water to sulfur compounds in air
or water.
A precious stone  Highest compressive  Very Expensive “Blue Diamond” by Jeff
consisting of a clear and strength  Brittle Koon
colorless crystalline  Highest tensile strength  Abrasive
Diamond
form of pure carbon;  Clear  Takes time to be sculpt
The hardest naturally  Hard
occurring substance.
A hard-silver-gray metal  Chemical resistant  High reactivity 1. Exhaust Art Titanium
of the transition series,  Rust resistant  High production cost by Valentino Balbonis
used in strong, light,  Highest strength to weight  Reactive at high 2. The Yuri Gagarin
Titanium corrosion-resistant  Recyclable temperature Monument
alloys.  Biocompatible  Hard on tooling
 Mining not eco friendly
A hard, typically green  Great for designs and  Easy to break “Boulder with Daoist
Jade
stone used for sculptures  Doesn’t shine like a Paradies” by Heber R.
ornaments and  Beautiful diamond Bishop
implements and  Stated to have medicinal
consisting of the purposes
minerals jadeite or
nephrite.
The hard creamy-white  Hard and Elastic  It harms endangered Tabernacle or Folding
modified dentine that  Has long been favored by mammals with tusks such as Shrine” by J. Pierpont
composes the tusks of a carvers Elephants Morgan
tusked mammal (such  Great for making creative  Very Expensive
as an elephant, walrus, household designs or
or narwhal) furniture
Ivory It is a bone like tissue
found in the teeth of
many mammals(like
elephants) that is made
up of 80% inorganic
materials and 20%
water organic materials
Made of clay that has  Harder than conventional  Weak in tension Diomedes and Polyxena,
been fired in a kiln at structure metals  Can crack when hit with from the Etruscan
Ceramics high temperatures so  Extremely high melting heavy items amphora of the Pontic
that it becomes point group
hardened and  Inexpensive
 nonporous.  Easily available

A synthetic material  They are lightweight  They pollute the Giant Family Made out
made from a wide range  Water resistant environment of Plastic Bottles
Plastics
of organic polymers  Durable  Pose a danger to wildlife
such as polyethylene,  Strong  Do not degrade quickly
PVC, nylon, etc. that  Flexible
can be molded into
shape while soft and
then set into a rigid or
slightly elastic form
A frozen water and a Easy to find and create by  Temperature
Female Figure With
Ice brittle transparent using water  Humidity
Flowing Hair
crystalline solid  Sunlight
A granular material  Easy to use  Poor surface finish due Deutsch: Sandskulptu
composed of finely  Moldable to internal sand mould wall ren am Danziger
divided rock and  Inexpensive surface texture Strand
mineral particles. It is  Complex shapes can be  Defects are unavoidable
defined by size, being made such as shrinkage, porosity,
Sand finer than gravel and and surface defects
coarser than silt.  Low material strength
due to high porosity
 Sand mould can only be
used once
art created from  The distinctive form of Art  Untraditional method
Pin by Andrea Carey
undisguised, but often  Appeals Modern Aesthetic of Art
modified, objects or  Design Flexibility  Randomness (Could be
products that are not  Low Cost considered as not art)
Found
Objects
normally considered  high level of artistry
materials from which
art is made, often
because they already
have a non-art function