CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA MINAMBAKKAM,

CHENNAI – 600 027
2019 - 2020
IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONS PRESENT
IN THE TOOTHPASTE

BY:
NAME:
CLASS:
 Certificate
Certified by Department of Chemistry that this
is bonafide work done by
of Class XII A during the academic year 2019-
2020 in practical fulfillment of CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT conducted by AISSCE

HTNO:

Signature of internal signature of external

examiner examiner

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am greatly indebted towards the principal
for giving me an opportunity in elaborating
my knowledge towards the subject
(chemistry) by completing this project work.

I express my heartiest gratitude to my

beloved school for the guidance and
providing the required apparatus to
perform my project work.

I would also thank my parents and my

chemistry teacher Mrs. HEMATHILAGA for
guiding me in completing this project.
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS
SL.NO TOPIC PG. NO

1 THEORY 1
2 DESCRIPTION OF 2
EXPERIMENT
3 OBSERVATIONS 10
4 REFERENCES 16
 AIM: IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS AND
ANIONS IN TOOTHPASTE

Theory:
Every toothpaste contains the following ingredients:
binders, abrasives, subsets, humectants, flavors,
sweeteners, fluorides, tooth whiteners, a preservative
and water. Binders thicken toothpaste-they prevent
separation of the solid and liquid component,
especially storage. They also affect the speed and
volume of foam production, rate of flavor release and
product dispersal, the appearance of toothpaste
ribbon on the toothbrush.

CONTENTS:
 Ionic liquids:-
 Cations &anions.
 Components are used in toothpaste.
 Safety tips while doing this experiment

 Ingredients:-
 Abrasives, fluorides, surfactants.

 Other components:-
 Antibacterial agents, flavorants, remineralizers.
 Miscellaneous components
Identification of anions and cations
present in the toothpaste
Anions in an atom or molecule that carries an electric
charge. Cations are positively charged ions created by
the loss of electrons. Anions are negatively charged ions
created by the gain of electrons. In chemical reactions,
all ions exhibit their own unique, characteristic
behaviors.
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a
toothbrush as an accessory to clean and maintain the
aesthetics and health of teeth.
Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it serves as an
abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food
from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers
active ingredients (most commonly fluoride) to help prevent
tooth and disease (gingivitis). Most of the cleaning is
achieved by the mechanical action of the toothbrush and not
by the toothpaste. Salt and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
are among materials that can be substituted for commercial
toothpaste. Toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed due to
the fluoride content, but is generally not very harmful if
accidently swallowed in small amounts. However one should
seek medical attention after swallowing abnormally large
amounts.

Components are used in toothpaste:

HClO4

HBr

HI

H2SO4
 HClO3

HCl

HNO3

Ingredients:-
In addition to 20%-42% water, toothpastes are derived
from a variety of components, the three main ones being
abrasives, fluoride, and detergents.

Abrasives:-
Abrasives constitute at least 50% of typical toothpaste.
These insoluble particles help remove plaque from the
teeth. The removal of plaque and calculus helps
minimize cavities and periodontal disease. Represent
abrasives include particles of aluminum hydroxide
(Al(OH2)), calcium carbonate(CaCO3),various calcium
hydrogen phosphates, various silicas and zeolites, and
hydroxyapatite (Ca5(Po4)3 OH).
Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in
dentists’ offices, also cause a small amount of enamel
erosion which is termed “polishing” action. Some
Brands contain powdered while mica, which acts as a
mild abrasive, and also adds a cosmetically pleasing
glittery shimmer to the paste. The polishing of teeth
removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been
shown to improve dental health over and above the
effects of the removal of plaque.

Fluorides:-
Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active
ingredients in toothpaste to prevent cavities. Fluorides
occur in small amount in plants, animals and some
natural water sources. The additional fluorides in
toothpaste have beneficial effects on the formation of
dental enamel and bones. Sodium fluoride (NaF) is the
most common source of fluoride, but stannous fluoride
(SnF), olaflurs (an organic salt of fluoride), and sodium
monoflurophosphate (Na2Po3F) are also used. Stannous
fluroide has been shown to be more effective than
sodium fluroide in reducing the incidence of dental
careies and controlling gingivitis.
Much of the toothpaste sold in the United States has
1000 to 1100 parts per millon fluroide. In European
countries, such as the UK or Greece, the fluoride
content is often higher; a NaF of 0.312% w/w (1,450
ppm fluoride) is not uncommon.

Surfacants:-
Many, although not all, tooothpaste contain sodium
lauryl sulfate (SLS) or related surfactants (detergents).
SlS is well, such as shampoo, and is mainly a foaming
agents, which enables uniform distribution of
toothpaste, improving its cleansing power.

Other components:-
Antibacterial agents:-
Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common
toothpaste ingredient in the united kingdom. Triclosan
or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the
american dental association, helps reduce tartar and bad
breadth. A 2006 review of clinical research concluded
there was evidence for plaque and gignivitis.
Flavorants:-
Toothpaste comes in a variety of colours and flavors
intended to encourage use of the product. Three most
common flavorants are peppermint,spearmint and
wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored with peppermint-anise
oil is popular in mediterranean region. These flovors are
provideed by the respective oils, e.g. Peppermint oil.
More exotic flavors include, anethole anise, apricot,
bubblegum, cinnamon, fennnel, lavander, neem, ginger,
vanilla, lemon, orange and pine. More unusual flavors
have been used, e.g. Peanut butter, iced tea, and even
whisky. Unflavored toothpastes exist.
Remineralizer:-
Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and calcium phosphate are
included in some forulations for remineralization, i.e.
The reformation of enamel.
Miscellaneous components:-
Agents are added to suppress the tendency of toothpaste
to dry into a powder. Included are various sugar
alcohols , such as glycerol, sorbitol, or xylitol, or related
derivatives,such as 1,2-propylene glycol and
polyethyleneglycol strontium chloride or potassium
nitrate is included in some toothpastes to reduces
sensitivity. Sodium polyphosphate is added to minimize
the formation of tartar.

Colour of the toothpaste: - white

Expeeriment Observation Inference
Take apart of Formation white of CO32- confirmed
The solution and add MgSO4 ppt
solution.
Take a part of solution and Formation of white Ca2+ confrimed
add ammonium hydroxide(1- ppt
2ml)
Take a part of solution and Formation of white Po42- confrimed.
add magnesium mixture ppt
(mixture of NH4Cl and
NH4OH)
Acidify a portion of aqueous A yellow ppt is I- is confrimed
solution with dilute hno3. Boil formed which is in
and cool and add agno3 soluble in nh4oh
Take small quantity of Smells like that of CH3COO-
solution and add oxalic acid vinegar
Prepare the paste of it with a
few drops of water rub and
smell
To one part of solution add KI No reaction Pb absent
To one part of the solution A white ppt is Mg present
add solid nh4oh in slight formed
excess and then add
ammonium phosphate

Chemical reaction:-
 CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO42-(white ppt)
 CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca+(MgCl4)2C2O4→2CHCOONa+ Ca2O4
 NaHPo4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)Po4+2NaCl +H2O
 I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (yellow ppt).
 (COOH)2+2CH3COONa→ no reaction
 Pb+2KI→ no reaction
  MgCl2+ NH4OH(NH3)2HPo4→Mg(NH4)Po4+ 2NH4
+H2O
Test on colgate colour of paste: - white
Experiment Observation Inference
Take a part of the Formation of white Co3 2-confrimed
solution and add ppt
mgso4solution
Take a part of solution Formation of white Ca2+ confrimed
and add ammonium ppt
hydroxide.
Take a part of solution Formation of white Po4 confrimed
and add magnesia ppt
mixture(mixture of
nh4oh) and allow to stand
Acidify a portion of A yellow ppt is I- confrimed
aqueous solution with formed which is
dilute.HCl. Boil and cool insoluble in NH4OH
and add AgNO3
Take a small quantity of Smell like that of CH3COO absent
solution and add oxalic vinegar
acid
Prepare the paste of it
with few drops of water
rub and smell
Take one part of solution No reaction Pb absent
add KI
To one part of the A white ppt is Mg present
solution add solid NH4OH formed.
in slight excess then add
ammonium phosphate.
Ions present:-Mg, I, Po4, Ca, CO3
Chemical reactions:-
 CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4 2-
 CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
 (CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4
 NaHPo4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)Po4+2NaCl+H2O
 I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (yellow ppt)
 (COOOH)2+2CH3COONa→no reaction
 Pb+2KI→ no reaction
 MgCl2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPo4→Mg(NH4)Po4+2NH4+H2O
Test on close up.
Colour of the paste: - red gel
Experiment Observation Inference
Take a part of the Formation of white CO3 2-confrimed
solution and add ppt
MgSO4solution
Take a part of solution Formation of white Ca2+ confrimed
and add ammonium ppt
oxalic (1-2ml)
ammonium hydroxide.
Take a part of solution Formation of white Po4 confrimed
and add magnesia ppt
mixture(mixture of
NH4OH) and allow to
stand
Acidify a portion of Formation white ppt I- confrimed
aqueous solution with
dilute HNO3.boil and
cool and add AgNO3
Take a small quantity of Formation white ppt CH3COO present
solution and add KI
Take one part of solution Formation white ppt Pb absent
add KI
To one part of the A white ppt is Mg present
solution add solid formed.
NH4OH in slight excess
then add ammonium
phosphate.
Ions present: - Mg, I, Po4, Ca, CO3, CH3COO
Chemical reactions:-
 CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4(white ppt)
 CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
 (CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2cCHCOONH4+CaC2O4
 NaHPo4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)Po4+2NaCl+H2O
 I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (yellow ppt)
 (COOH)2+2CH3COONa→no reaction
 Pb+2KI→ no reaction
 MgCl2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPo4→Mg(NH4)Po4+2NH4+H2O
Conclusion: - Hence after testing different samples of
toothpaste, we find that Colgate has all necessary for stronger and
whiter teeth.

Anions:- Cations:-
OH- H+
SO42- Ca2+
CO32- Cu2+
Cl- Fe3+
Br - Fe2+
I- NH4+
NO3-
Safety tips while doing this experiment:-
 Wear eye protection. Ammonia solution causes
burns and gives off ammonia vapours which irritate
the eyes, lungs and respiratory system.
 Sodium hydroxide can cause burns and is dangerous
to the eyes.
 Hydrochloric acid can cause burns.
 Barium chloride is harmful by inhalation and if
swallowed.
 Nitric acid causes burns.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Pradeep’s chemistry
2. Britannica encyclopedia
3. Ncert chemistry
4. Google
5. Chemistry today