Aneient Tilnes:

nsect rep
Native American Rernedies animal fat
awarr.
ong before European-Americans brought their
T
l-:kind of medicine to North America, Native
In short, .
Americans were using various plants as remedies for
that we t
medical problems rangng from coughs to bleeding.
ours- so I
not recog
To treat backaches, the Catawba people steeped
roots of the gentian plant (known for its blue and
purple flowers) in hot water and then put the Iiquid
on their sore backs. Another Catawba remedy for
NativeAmericansused many wrldplants to cure ther illnesses
back pain was to steep leaves of horsemint (a wild
flower with pale purple blossoms) in water and then drink it.

Other remedies for pain included a drink made from wild black
cherry plants. That was a remedy among the Cherokee people.
o Bronchitisis a chroniclung Other Native Americans used tea made from cotton roots for the
condition
thatcausesswellingof the
same pufpose.
tubes(partof the lungs).
bronchial
The mainsymptomis a severeand
no rcrctan t . ^r r ^h
Respiratory illnesseslike bronchitiso had remedies, too, such as tea
made from the leavesof the creosote bush. The Cree people used a
@ lnfluenzais commonlyknown by drink made from tree bark to treat coughs. For influenzaa, the
its shortened
form,the flu. Menominee Indians used tea made of tree bark too.

a Diabetesis a diseasein which
sugarrs not propeflyprocessedDy
the body.lt is commonlytreatedby
changesin diet,andinjectionsof the
drugin su lin.
Diabeteso has long been a concern among Native Americans. The
Mohegan people thought a drink made from the flowers of wild
carrots was good for diabetics.
For insect stings and bites, Native Americans had many remedies.
In Minnesota, the Meskwaki people made flowers into a lotion and
ues { ions
used it to treat bee stings. The Navajos used chewed stems of a
certain plant for the same purpose. Another Native American
remedy for bee stings was to apply chewed leaves of honeysuckle
\.:7 W
plants, which have white oryellow flowers.
G

Remedies to stop bleeding included a preparation of buckwheat and

A:z Lo
a drink made from certain berries. Native Americans even had an
in

GoreTopicGuide
E
 $wffiffiK

rdies insect repellent. They pounded the root of one plant, mxed it with
animal fat, and rubbed the mixture on their bodies to keep insects
awa\y',
cught their <:g
ID
@ . . " . -"
Lca, Native
In short, Native Americans had the same illnesses,aches and pains 6F,
:mediesfor
that we have today But their remedies were very different from
bleeding.
ours - so different, in fact, that Native Americans of long ago might
not recognize our modern medicines as medicines at all!
e steeped
ts blue and
t the liquid
remedy for
nint (a wild
ft it.

r wild black bronchitis [brcrtkditis]

Catawba fkati:ba]
,kee peoplc.
4) creosote [kri:asdut]
'oots for thc <1)Menominee [nrandmani:]
Mohegan [mozhi:gan]

r, SUChaStea
eople used a
fl Wonos
ronAnrrouy& Mrorcrr,rr
uenzao, the r' appty
z diabetes
; influenza
,z pound
ericans.Thc / recognize
vers of wild r' remeoy
/ repellent
I respiratory
/ sore
ry remedies. / Steep
a lotion and
10ns
I stems of a
e American
What can you inferabout NativeAmericansfrom this list of their remedies?
honeysuckle
Give one thing you can infer and explainhow you can infer it.

:kwheat and
2 Lookat the word steeped in the passage.What do you think steeped means
even had an
in this conteld?

LinguaForum
il
 'l'*Nc,:
George Washington?
o Bleedingis alsosomettmes
called"leeching,"becauseleeches'
small,bloodsuckinganimals'were
alsousedfor the samePUrPose
to
o White bloodcellsare essentlal
fightingdtsease
Bleeding,a common Practce durtng
Washingtons time, i5 now recognzed
as
being dangerous
cnrcTooir:Guide
E
Vhat Killed
| ${r}rtl*'ntxlx.x
' he did aft,
medicinel
President George \Tashington
a t the end of his life' former
trouble breathing
Ad"".toed a severethroat infection' He had
to
to treat him''Jflhat they did
and speaking. Three doctors came
hetped to kill him'
hi-, ho*.rr.r, actually may have
In this practice' a doctor
The doctors tried "bleedingi''Washington'
According to medical theoryof
opened a vein to let blood'escapeo'
promote the making of fresh' healthy
the time, this was supposed to
cellso that fight disease' Bleeding
bloo<l. But the blood contains
'Washington, therefore, left him weaker and less able to fight off
illness.
drained a lot of blood from
To make things worse, the doctors
'Washington - more than a liter' Cfhere are only about five liters of
even urged them to do so'
blood in the human body) $Tashington
the doctors' was not big enough'
The opemng in his t'ein, he told
"Dont be afraid," he said'
'Washingtort's wife Martha was alarmed' She thought the doctors
him' One of the doctors agreed'
were taking too much blood from
make'Washington too weak' But
Thlcing rrr*" blood, he said,would
of more blood from his body
\Tashington approved the removal
'r)j
he was dying' He asked the doctors
u! nj
,4-ff
Apparently'Washington knew iqg!
later'
last long"'he said' A few hours
to let him die quiet$ "I camot
"It
his buriat' FIis last words were'
S7ashington gave instructions for 1 Hc
is well." Then he died, on December 4'1799' E)
'Washingtorfs doctors actually may have
Instead of helping him,
blood from him' Suppose the 2 L(
killed him by taking too much
\Would he have survived? in
doctors had not so much blood'
'"rncl]u"d It might have
\We do not know He had a very bad throat infection'
killedhim mywaY'
3 L
that Washington lived as long
as n
Mqfu. we should even be surprised
 $w w ffi w
,illed
he did after losing more than a liter of blood. In the
the r8& century ,.6q
medicine could be as dangerous as disease. F
F
g:a'
Tashington (D
'g
e breathing .s*
=
they did to @

:e, a doctor
rl theory of
:sh, healthy
e. Bleeding
to fight off

rlood from
ive liters of
m to do so.
:ig enough.
fl wonasronArlromv& MrorcrHr
Y apparently
; cell
the doctors
/ drain
tors agreed. ; infection
r weak. But r' promote
/ severe
Lisbody / treat
/ vetn
i\
the doctors
hours lateq Ques t lons
'dswere, "It
1 How did the doctorsactuallyharm Washingtonas they tried to help him?
Explainin your own words.
y may have
rppose the
2 Lookat the word drained in the passage.What do you think drained means
re survived?
in this conteld?
might have

3 Lookat the highlightedtext.What point do you think the authorwishesto

:d as long as make here?Explainin one sentence.

UnguaForumil

O A lumor is an abnorntalgrowth
of issuein the body.Tumorsare
most oftenassociatedwith cancer,
but notalltumorsarea resultof
cancer.
The I gth (_lentnn':
A RisLy Operarion Nory M<
out succ
urgeryin America during the eadyrgthcentury had its risks for by puttin
patients - and sometimes for the surgeon as well. That
was the
casewith Dr. Ephraim McDowell, who dared to operate
on a
woman with a huge rumoro in her abdomen@, while an angry mob
outsidehis office tried to breakdown the door.

@ The abdomenis the sectionof A highly trained surgeon,McDowelr had his office in Danville.
the bodycontaining
the stomach
andliver. Kenrucky One dayin r8o9,he wassurrunonedto help deliverbabies
for a woman namedJane Crawford. When he examined
her,
howeve4he found that shewas nor pregnanrat all. She had ro_
a
@ The ovariesarethe female kilogram rumor in her ovarieso!
reproducttve
organswhichproduce
eggs.
Could surgeryremove the umori Major surgeryon the abdomen
was almost a death sentenceat that time. Modern anestheticso
@ Anestheticsaredrugswhich kill were not yet available,and there was no way to make the
the painof surgery. patient
sleepduringthe operation.That meantany attempt to cut into
the
abdomenwasalmostsureto kill the patient.

So, McDowell had a dilemma. An operation ro remove the

tumor
would be very dangerous.But if he did not operate,the
woman
would die anywaizHe explainedthe situation to her. She
gavehim
permissionto proceedwith surgeryThe operationwas performed
at McDowell's office, using only simple instruments,
and no
anesthesia.

But there was another problem too. News of the operation

had
?
gotten out, and people were angry to hear about the dangerous
-qqsll-tg'tr
surgeryMcDowell planned.A mob gatheredoutside McDowell! 7 WI
office on the dayofthe surgeryand tried to breakdown the door.

Dr. EphrairnMcDowellperformeo tne

first successfulabdonttnalsurgery.
Despiteevery,thing,
McDowell succeeded.The operationtook only 2 Lo
25minutes.He removedthe rumo4 and Mrs. crav{ord recovered m(
completelyin lessthan a month. (Shelived more than
30 vears
longer.)
3w l
sul
 $mffiffiffi

Nolq McDowell is sometimeshonored as the frst doctor to cary

out successfrrl
abdominalsurgeryThe United Stateshonored him
by putting his portrait on a 4-centpostagestamp.
its risks for
hat was the
)erate on a
angry mob

n Danville,
:liver babies
mined her,
re had a ro-

() anesthesia [Snas0i:3a]
<lt anesthetic [Fnas06tik]
Leabdomen {, EphraimMcDowell
Ii:f ranr n-rakdor-ral]
nestheticso
the patient
cut into the

fl Wo*osronArlroriry
& Mrorcrrr
/ abdomen
: the tumor / anesthetic
/ dilemma
the woman
operation
re gave him "
/ ovary
; pregnant
'performed I summon
rts, and n o
,/ surgery
tumor
"
qt€{lq"!
-'ration had
dangerous
McDowell's 1 W hat problemdid McDowellface?Describeit in one sentence.
the door.

n took only
2 Lookat the word dilemma in the passage.What do you think dilemma
meanshere?
I recovered
m 30 years

3 What was the initialpublicreactionto the news of McDowell'splanned

surgery?

LinguaForum
il

O f o put to sleepmeansto make
the patientloseconsciousness
ten'porarilyfor an operatron.
coreTopicGuide
-
!&f {}tlr { ]*"xx*'*xx'ru's
The First Anesthetics credit for
began figl
defending
surgeons can perform operations deep inside a patientt
foday,
I body Anesthetics put the patient to sleepo, so that he or she
Dr. Long,
feels no pain during the operation.
Georgia.J
operation
In the early rgth cenfury howeveq anesthetics for surgery were not
going to vi
yet available. Their absence made surgery painful and dangerous.
Todaia doctors can operate confidently knowing that the sleeping
patient will not move during the surgery Prior to the invention of
anesthetics, however, the intense pain of surgery often caused
patients to jerk suddenly with harmfi.rl results. Doctors needed a
way to relieve pain so that they could perform their operations.
In Georgia during the early r84os, a doctor named Crav{ord Long
had an idea. People then were fond of breathing a gas called "ether"
at parties. The gas made people gtddy It also dulled pain. Parrygoers
breathed it and enjoyed its pleasant effects.
Long saw those effects at "ether parties." People who breathed
ether felt no pain. That made Long think. Could ether relieve pain
during surgery?
There was one way to find out. Long knew a man who needed
surgery to have a tumor removed. Ordinarily the surgery would be
painfi;l. \With etheq howeveq the operation might be painless. On 1 ln,
March 3o, 1842,the operation was performed - painlessly- with the
help of ether.
2Lo
Soon afterward, other doctors in the United States made similar thi
discoveries.Breathing certain gasescould make someone insensitive
to pain. Doctors began using anesthesia during operations, with
varying degrees of success. Before long, however, it became
3 Lo
c\ear that ether made a good arresthetic.'fhen,
rhi
awho\e nesr era rn
surgery began.
4
So did an ugly fight among doctors. More than one doctor wanted
AL
L

j credit for discovering how to use anesthesia for surgery Doctors -cr 'l*

began fighting over that honor. One of the doctors died while F
*-
defending his clairn Another doctor lost his mind.
le a patient's '913
rD
6'd.
rat he or she
Dr. Long, meanwhile, continued practicing medicine quietly in -G-'

Georgia. He did not even publish the results of his pioneering a

operation in 1846.More than 30 years later, in 1878,he died while

ery were not
going to visit a patient.
C dangerous.
the sleeping
invention of
rften caused
rrs needed a
rrations.

awfbrd I-ong
:alled "ether"
fl Wonos
ronAnnromy
& Mrorcrnt
n. Partygoers / anesthesia
z available
I confidently
/ insensitive
ho breathed ; perform
: relieve pain ,' relieve
/ remove
"' surgeon

who needed Qu sr L l g n r
:ry wouldbe
painless. On _1 In general,what is this passageabout?summarizeit in one sentence.
ly-with the

2 Look at the expressionwith varying degrees of success. what do you

nade similar thinkthe authorme a n s ?
Leinsensitive
rtions, with
r, it became
3 Lookat the word claim in the passage.what do you think claim meansin
this context?
e new era in

4 what is the purposeof the last paragraph?

what does it tell you aboutthe
ctor wanted
author'sopinionof Dr. Long?

LinguaForum
il
 '['ht. I t]rh{l*'nturr,: The Amazing
Story of Phineas Gage :i C n urC fl

*, nueht l
':-r. tint cl
(-r ome cases from American medicine in the rgth
\ . . n t lr ast i
tJcenrury are famous even today because they show
us how much injury a person can have and still recover.

Consider brain injuries. The Mount Everesr, so ro

speak, of such casesfrom r9,lt-century America is that
of Phineas Gage. A z5-year-oldworker on a railroad in
Vermont, Gage was injured on September g, 1847,
when an explosion drove an iron rod about one meter
long and three centimeters in diameter completely
through his head.

Theskull of PhineasGageshows the severe injuneshe
suffered.
The rod entered the skull just below the left cheekbone
and passed out through the top of the head. The
accident damaged Gage's brain on the left side and
destroyed his left eye, and left a hole nine cenrimerers
wide in Gage'sskull.

N 8q![Kqttffit[ lt ( Nilh]httgttr(l QQIiQQiqqr,

hqnnclnq(
$7hen he arrived at the hospital, he walked on his own up a long
flight of stairs to have hrs wound treated' \mmed\ate\ after t\le
wound was treated, Gage was still conscious and could think clearly
FIe asked about friends.

Gage recovered. His case attracted worldwide attention. The

heary damage to the brain appeared to have caused Gage no great
harm. A doctor who examined him inJanua.y r85o, found Gage to
I ,'. f'
be healthy in both mind and body except for losing sight in his left
i 'i
eye. The site on his skull where the rod exited was hidden from
vierv by his hair.

But Gage was not as untouched by the accident as it first appeared'

FIis friends had all described Gage as a quiet and caring man. After
his recovery however, his friends no longer recognized him' FIe

coreToPicGuide i
F
 Sroffiffiffi
zng behaviorchanged *E
often usedbad language,and actedselfistrlyHis Fl;
so much that he lost his iob and manyof his friends'
Gage'scasewas
brain injuries
w
the first clue to what we know to be true today: that ="#
rD-'
i;€L... - -.

in the tgth candrasticallychangea person'spersonaliry ..d*.'-

=
, they show CO

:ill recover.

lrest , so to
erica is that
a railroad in
>er 13,1847,
t one meter
completelY

<1) PhineasGage lfinias geich']

t cheekbone
head. The
'
eft side and
& Mrotcrur
fl wo*os roRANAToMY
centimeters
/ cheekbone
'/ clue
; conscious
/ damage
d conscious.
/ destroy
,'n up a long z drastically
-'1yafter the z injury
recover
think clearlY "
; skull
/ wouno

rntion. The ques t lons

ageno great
und Gageto
lWhydoyouthinkt h e a u t h o rme n t io n s Mo u n t E v e re s t in t h is p a s s ag e ?
frt in his left Explain,and give reasonsfor your opinion'
'riddenfrom

do you think heavy rneansin

2 Look at the word heavy in the passage.what
:st appeafed. this context?
g man. After
red him. FIe
3 What discoverydid Gage'siniury leadto? How?
 Qtlr {.,r'trlrxrg';
Inspectio
CiYil War Hospitals percent o
words,a r
an the American Civil Var, from 186rto 1865,
I 3!Dirtyw
Ihospi tal s coul d be as dangerous as
battlefields. fwo soldiers died of illness for every The resu
one who died in battle. By modern standards, likely to c
medical care was very poor. Here is a brief look Altogethr
at hospitals - if you could call them that - battle on
during the war. wounds,;
Civil \Var,
To begin with, the "hospital" usually was not
what we would call a hospital at all. It might be
a barn, a tent, or even a wagon. Horse-drawn
wagons served as ambulances to carry wounded
Civil War hospitals were often little mare than tents
soldiers from the battlefield to the so-called
hospital. Conditions must have been little
different from those in wars during the Middle Ages.

Today doctors understand that dirt carries disease.So, they try to

keep their hands and instruments completely clean. But doctors in
the r86os did not understand that dirt carried disease.They did not
know that they needed to wash their hands to keep wounds from
getting infected. (That knowledge was a few years in the future
then.)

O Antibioticsa'e a type of drug

usedto fightmanytypesoi
There were no antibioticso like penicillin to treat infection. The _-2_
ques t lsns
first antibiotics would not be availableuntil the zo'h century There
infections.
Penicillinis oneof the
mostcommonlyprescrrbed
'\Mereno antisepticso to prevent infection, either. This meant that
antibiotrcs. many soldiers died of infection, not fromwounds themselves.
1wl
CX

O Antisepticsarechemicalsused
to krllgermsoutsideof the body.
Alcoholand iodrnearecommon
antrseptrcs.
Surgery was primitive. In many cases, the only way to treat a
wounded limb was to cut it off There was no way to relieve the
2Lo
pain, either. Even by the standards of the time, some military
'When dr,
doctors and "hospitals" were much worse than others. the
Northern army inspected hospitals in late 186z and early 1863,it
found slightly more than half of them - 3o3 out of 589, or 5r percent 3 WI
- were either bad or very bad. sel

coreTopicGui&
E
 lnspections of medical officers told a sad story too. Only about 7o .6-E
percent of them were good enough to practice medicine. In other =#
words, a wounded man's risk of getting a bad doctor was almost r in €'
7rD: ;
186rto 1865,
3l Dirry water was another hazard. So was bad fbod. €-
g er ous a s a:"
essfor every @
The result was that a Northern soldier was about four times more
n standards, likely to die of wounds or diseasethan to be killed by the enemy
a brief look Altogetheq almost 7o,ooo soldiers are thought to have died in
hem that - battle on the Northern side. More than 4o,ooo more died of
wounds, and almost a quarter of a million died of disease. In the
Civil'War, bacteriao were more dangerousthan bullets. @ Bacteriaarea type of germ
rlly was not
It might be
rrse-drawn
rywounded
he so-called
been little

, they try to
rt doctors in
fl Wo*os ron Anaromv& Mrorcirie
fhey did not / antibiotic
rounds from "
antiseptic
. infect
n the firture
'' infection
; primitive
/ relieve

Fection. The
ntury There
Qu e st i o n s
i meant that
1 Why were "hospitals"in the CivilWar so dangerous?Listtwo reasonsand
ielves.
explainwhy they are imponant.
.y to treat a
l relieve the
2 Look at the word horse-drawn in the passage.What do you think horse-
me military drawn meanshere?
;. W'hen the
early 1863,it
or 51percent 3 Why do you think the authorcomparesbacteriato bullets?Explainin one
sentence.

LinguaForum
il

o Narcoticsateaddrctivedrugs.
Thesedrugsarenow illegal,but
duringthe 1800s,theywere legalin
manycountries.
Patent medicines aften made false
claims and contatned dangerous
subslances.
E coreTopicGuide
'l'lre I t)th Cc'ntury:
Patent Medicines Congress
Lawmake
of power.
66-l3atent medicines"were popularin America during the r9'h
and he pr
I- and early zothcentury These"medicines"consistedof plant
anywalr,
extracts with large amounts of alcohol added. Some patent
medicines contained narcoticso such as cocaine, morphine, or
Soon,the
opium. So, patent medicines made the user feel better but did
Very few 1
nothing to cure illness.
largely to
suddenlys
Patent medicines got their name from a provision in the U.S.
wasclosed
C o n s ti tu ti o n . I t al l ow ed i nventors to get patents on thei r
inventions. Patents were legal protection. No one could steal a
patented invention and claim it as his own without breaking the law
Makers of patent medicines took advantage of this situation.
Someone would mix drugs with vegetable juices, claim patent
protection for the product, and sell it to the public.
In fact, patent medicines themselves were rarely if ever, patented.
Sti l l , th e y s o l d w el l . They w ere adverti sed everyw here.
Advertisements claimed the so-called medicines cured coughs,
colds, lung disease,liver problems, and a wide range of other
illnesses.Sometimes, a patent medicine was advertised as good for
both humans and horses!
Doctors disapproved of patent medicines because the drugs in
them were dangerous. The drugs could lead to addiction. Also, .1., )
t,.'
patent medicines kept people from seeking professional medical
care when they needed it. A sick person might trust a false
Ques t lons
"medicine" fi.rllof alcohol or narcotics rather than seea doctor.
1wr
Around the year r9oo, opposition to patent medicines started to get
rea
results. In 19o6, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act. It
put limits on what could be put in food and medicines sold to the
2 Lo
public, and created the Food and Drug Administration GDA) to
m€
test foods and drugs meant for public sale.The law also required a
doctor's prescription for many medicines.
3 wt
 $wffiffiws

Congress at first did not want to passthe Pure Food and Drqg Act'
created
Lawmakers listened to the patent medicine lobbf, which had a lot a A lobbyisa organization
or PeoPle
by an industry wttha
of power. But President Theodore Roosevelt had a lot of power too, commonlnterestthatatten)Pts to
.ng the tgth and he persuaded Congress to pass the Pure Food and Drug Act persuade poiiticians
to passiaws rn ig

-g^*

.ed of plant tne r Tavor.

anyway a
me patent
rrphine, or Soon, the age of patent medicines was over. The FDA sawto that'
ter but did Very few patent medicines got the government's approval' Thanks
largely to President Roosevelt, food and medicine in the U'S' were
suddenly safer, and a strange chapter in American medical history
in the U.S. was closed.
ts o n t h e i r
ould steal a
king the law
s situation. <1),patent fp6tant]
laim patent

eq patented. fll wo*ot ron Aui'omv & MtDiclHE

rer y wh e re . .' addiction
/ claim
red coughs, . contain
ge of other disapprove
"
I as good for extract
"
,' narcottcs
J opposition
, Patent

:he drugs in '' prescriPtion

., protection
iction. Also,
rnal medical .--
Ques t lons
:rust a false
give
What is the author'sattitudetoward patentmedicines?Explain,and
doctor.
1
reasonsfor your choice'
;tarted to get
Dmg Act. It
to
,s sold to the 2 Look at the expressionsaw to in the passage.What do you think saw
on (FDA) to meansin this context?
so required a

3 Why did doctorsopposepatentmedicines?Explainin one sentence'

LinguaForum {
 'l'llt' {lexrltrn'}';
Dr. Roe, the Nose Fixer And patie
big or th,
rebuild tl
plastic surgery is big business. Some people want to
foday battle.Th
I improve their appearance. They may decide to have their
noses made smaller, for example. Such surgery is common. Almost
everyone has heard the expression for it - a "nose job." The medical
word is "rhinoplasty" It means "nose-shaping."

At first, nose iobs were difficult. A doctor had to cut the skin to
remove tissue from the nose. That left ugly scars. What was the
point of having a nose job if the neq smaller nose had scars on it?
'Was
there some way to perform nose jobs, without scarring?

An American surgeon namedJohn Orlando Roe decided there was.

He devised a way to perform the surgery from inside the nose.
Then there was no need to cut the skin, and no ugly scars would
Nose jobs and other forms of plasttc
form.
surgery became common due to Dr. Boe

Llsing an anesthetic, or pain reliever, Roe made cuts inside the nose.
He did this to separatethe skin from the bone underneath it. Then
he used a special, very small saw to cut away tissue under the skin
and make the nose smaller. This simple operation could improve a
person's looks greatly To support the nose from inside while it
healed, Roe used wire.

In 1887Roe performed the first nose surgery using this method. He

-..-
)l
published a paper about it that year. He continued performing this
special nose surgery and, in r89r, published another paper about it.
qG;llons
In the second paper, he talked about the advantagesofthe surgery
He said it could improve people'slooks - and fives- tremendously 1 wt

Around the same time, orher doctors in the United States and
Europe were also developing methods for plastic surgery They 2 Lor
found ways to shorten the nose, lower its "hump," change the shape
her
of its tip, and narrowits base.

In a few years,many different kinds of plastic surgery were possible.

3 WI
ser

E coreTopicGuide
 And patients were not just people who thought their noseswere too -a- -{
xer big or their ears stuck out too far. Plastic surgery also helped to F
rebuild the faces of soldiers who had suffered horrible wounds in
3g-
)le want to =:-$"
battle. That helped many injured soldiers in rVorld War L rD
*a
have their ,o ,"
='
ron. Almost rD

fhe medical

the skin to
hat was the
scars on it?
irg?

d there was.
le the nose.
scars would

4) rhinoplasty [rdinapl&sti]

idethe nose.
:ath it. Then
der the skin
fl wonosronAnnromv
& Msorcrxe
Ldimprove a z devise
;ide while it / improve
/ scar
r' separare
/ tissue
method. He / tremendously
forming this
per about it.
Ques t lons
Ithe surgery
mendously
1 What was the big advantageof Roe'smethod?Explainin your own words.

I States and
2 Lookat the word devised in the passage.What do you think devised means
rrgery They
here?
ge the shape

3 W hy doesthe a u t h o rme n t io ns o ld ie rsin t h e p a s s a g e ?

E x p la inin on e
rerepossible. sentence.

LinguaForum
il
 I gr$r{jx'ulrrx'}'r
?"&rr" President
Cleveland's Operation Ihc presic
, ,nc knerv

i r n tu . n e w s
U.S. President Grover Cleveland was
\Y/hen :rr.rtccl the
VV brushing his teeth one day in 1893,he found a
R
rough place inside his mouth. Tests showed he had
cancer in his jaw (Cleveland enjoyed smnking cigars.)
The president needed an operation. But becausehe
was president, the operation had to be carried out in
secrecy Cleveland did not want the public to be
frightened or worried at news of his illness.

As the president prepared for his surgery he made a

great effbrt to make sure that news of his surgery
would not leak out. To keep every.thing secret, the
operation was performed not in a hospital, but on
board a ship in New York Cit's'East River. Doctors
p ut C l evel and under anesthesi ao and started
operating.

The surgeons found the cancer was advanced. They

President Cleveland was able to keep h6 operation secret due had to remove much of the president's upper jaw.
to advances in medcal lechneues.
They also faced a special problem. The surgery had to
be performed from inside Clevelandt mouth. Cutting into the jaw
O fo put someoneunderanesthesta from outside would leave scarsthat would show Cleveland had had Ques t ions
meansto makethem unconscrous surgery So, the doctors used a special electric saw to operate within
usingan esthe sia .
the mouth. 1 Acr
keF
Surgerywas not the only concern. Cleveland also had to think about
an important speech he had to make. He was supposed to make a
2 Lo<
speech to Congress a few weeks after the operation. But how could
Cle
he make a speech with part of his jaw missing?He had a rubber
implant placed in his jaw to replace the bone that the doctors had
removed. Now the president could talk agun, after he had about a 3 Lo<
month to practice. me

The operation was a success,and Cleveland recovered completely

.'.4 Wh

corsToPicGuide
E
 $w H H K
lent
The presidentmadehis speechto Congresswith no problems.No
n one knew he had lost part of his jaw only a short time before. In
time, newsof his surgerydid reachthe public,but the White House
:veland was treatedthe operationasif it had beennothing important. F
'@"
;, he found a ,.e1*-
,wed he had rP

&ing cigars.)
: because he
arried out in
rublic to be
S.

y he made a
'his surgery
(J) anesthesia [zbnasOi:ge]
g secret, the
rital, but on
ver. Doctors
rnd st a rte d
fl Wo*osronAneror,rv
& MrorcrHr
/ anesthesia
; implant
'anced. They r' operation
,' replace
's upper jaw. / surgery
rrgery had to / unconscious
into the iaw
land had had Ques I ions
)erate within
1 Accordingto the passage,why did PresidentCleveland's
operationhaveto be
kept a secret?
r think about
:d to make a
2 Lookat the highlightedtext.Why do you think the authormentionsthat
ut how could
Clevelandlikedto smokecigars?
rad a rubber
: cloctors had
: had about a
3 Lookat the expressionleak out in the passage.What do you think leak out
meansin this context?

d completely
4 playedan importantrole in Cleveland's
What medicaltechnology operation?

LinguaForum
il

Major Reed,one of the USArmy's
greatestdoctors
o Likeyellowfever,typhoidkilled
manypeoplebeforethis discovery.
GoreTopicGuide
-
| (rrl'{lerrtru'v:
r lll
I n (f
Defeating Yellow Fever . . : ' -c r I n C \ \
: -- '',1 fcvCf
-' : ,! \'cll()\r
,-lh" United States Army has fought many enemies over the
-I' nation's history Not all those foes were human. Some of the . .^.c-\rmv s
Arm/s toughest enemies were tiny organisms that caused disease. ':.ti tr r ctl . S
Those organisms could be more dangerous than enemy rifles and
-:r ()t rrxtm
cannon - and much harder to defeat.
r . , kr n g cr a
-loda1
:ri cr.
In 1898,the Army fought the Spanish-American'War in Cuba. It
:,,r h i m .
was not a pleasant place to be. The warrn, moist air in Cuba was frilI
of mosquitoes. They bred in swamps and other wet places,and they
bit the soldiers.
In Cuba, the Americans found that yellow fever - so called because
it turned the skin yellow - was a greater enemy than the Spanish.
Many American soldiers died from yellow fever. Something had to
be done, and the Army had the right person to do it: a brilliant
physician named Major Walter Reed.
Reed had gotten his medical degree before he was zo years old.
Then he joined the Army \Vhile in the Army he helped solve the
mystery of how typhoid feveP was transmitted, Flies carried the
disease.
Noq the Army assigned Reed to study yellow fever and find how it
was transmitted. Did yellow fever spread from person to person, as
colds did, or was something else involved?
Ques t lons
Reed watched people who cared for patients with yellow fever.
They rarely got the disease. So, Reed figured yellow fever did not 1 Whi
spread directly from person to person. V/hat else could spread the pers
disease?
The answer was: mosquitoes. They carried a virus which caused
2 Loo
con
yellow fever. Reed discovered that mosquitoes carried the illness
when he performed experiments on volunteers. Mosquitoes were
allowed to bite the volunteers. If the mosquitoes had bitten
3 Hov
 $mffiwffi

er someone with yellow fever before that, the second person got
yellow fever too. That meant mosquitoes spreadyellow fever.To get
rid of yellow feveq one had to get rid of the mosquitoes.
es over the
iome of the
The Army started killing mosquitoes by destroying the places where
sed disease.
they bred. Screens on windows were also used to keep mosquitoes
ry rifles and
out of rooms. Soon, the mosquitoes were gone, and yellow fever was
no longer a problem. Reed became famous for defeating yellow
'Washington,
fever. Today a great Army hospital in D.C. is named
in Cuba. It
for him.
ubawas frrll
es, and they

lled because
:he Spanish.
:hing had to
t: a brilliant

o yearsold.
ed solve the
carried the plJ WonosronAxnromy& Mrorcrnr
/ involve
/ moist
/ organism
1find how it
/ physician
:o person, as / transmit
l

Ques t lons
ellow fever.
:ver did not 1 What showedWalterReedthat yellow feverdid not spreaddirectlyfrom
I spread the personto person?Explainin your own words.

hich caused
2 Lookat the word foes in the passage.What do you think foes meansin this
conteld?
I the illness
luitoes were
had bitten
3 How did the U.S.honorWalterReedfor his work?

LinguaForum
il

Robert Wadlowas a youngchtld
O Hormonesarethe chemicalsin
our bodiesthat controldifferent
functionsof the body,suchas
growth.
F coreTopicGuide
The !$th flenturv:
The World's Tallest Man , :,^c J s
:..r' . , rffef
-::f:l .t' th
ow tall can a person get? Apparently the tallest person of the
zo'h century was an American named Robert Wadlow He
stood almost 9 feet tall, or 2.73meters. In other words, he was taller
than the ceilings in many houses. He had to bend over to get
through a doorwaf
-[he GuinnessBook of Recordslisted'Wadlow as the world's tdlest man
1932.Today he is still famous all over the world. There is a statue
^
of him in his hometown. He even has his own website - something
that had not been invented yet in his lifetime.
Wadlowwas born in Alton, Illinois. His fatherwas the town's mayor
for several years. During his short life (he died at age zz), Robert
Wadlow coped with his great height as best he could, though it
was not easy Newspapers loved to print stories about him, and he
had very Iittle privacy Everyone, it seemed, was interested in the
young giant. Still, he did not complain. He completed high school
and even went to college for ayear.
'Wadlow
V/hen died in :94o of a foot infection, more than zo,ooo
people carne to his funeral. His parents were afraid someone might
dig up Robert's body for medical research after he was buried. So,
he was buried in a special concrete tomb and in a very long grave.
Even in death, hewasunusual,
queg t i ol g
W'hat made Robert rW'adlowa giant? It appears he had a very active
pituitary gland. A small gland at the bottom of the brain, the
pituitary gland makes a hormoneo that controls growth. A person 1 Lo,
Iike Robert Wadlorq with a very active pituitary gland, grows to be
wi
very tall. By contrast, a person with a much less active piruitary
gland would be very short. Most people are somewhere in the
2 Lo
middle, with normal pituitary glands.
he
3 WI
 Swffiffiffi

'Wadlow
/Ian People as tall as Robert can have many health problems.
They often are lesshealthythan peopleof averagesize.So,it is no
surprisethat sucha tall man had sucha short lifetime. . t
,ersonof the aD-
,*g,
Wadlow He ,-A.s -"

he was taller rD
over to get

s tallest man
re is a statue
- something

own's mayor
zz), Robert
d, though it
him, and he
ested in the
high school <1) pituitary [pit70;ateri]

than zo,ooo
reone might fl wonusronAnlromy
& Mrprcrne
/ cope
s buried. So,
/ normone
r long grave. infection
"
; unusual

a very active
Ques t lons
e brain, the
.h. A person
1 Lookat the expressioncoped with in the passage.What do you think coped
with meansin this context?
grows to be
ive pituitary
.here in the
2 . a t d o y o u t h in kt h e a u t h o rme a n st o s a y
Lookat the high lig h t e ds e n t e n c eWh
here?

3 What was the causeof Wadlow'sunusualheight?Explainin your own words.

LinguaForum4

O A strokersa temporarystoppage
of bloodto the brain,whichcan
resultin braindamage.
STROKE
Canbraindantagesomettmesmake one
a betterinvestar?
}!t coreTopicGuide
'K.htX I.t {-},nturv;
Brain Damage & Investing I'hc sruch
\.,'tt('f . an(
s brain damage acrually an advantage in some kinds of work?
]
I Maybe it is. That, at least, is what a study published in zoo5
indicates. The study focused on a certain kind of brain damage that
made people less able to feel fear. The study also dealt with a very
specific line of work - investing - and found rhat the brain-damaged
people performed very well. They acrually made more money than
other peoplel
Fifteen people with brain damage took part in the study which was
performed by researchersfrom Carnegie Mellon Liniversity, the
University of Iowa, and the Stanford Graduate School of Business.
Damage from strokeo and other causeshad reduced these people's
ability to feel fear and worry So, they could make decisions without
being afraid or woried about what mllrt happen next.
The 15people with brain damage were more willing than other
people to take risks. Thking risks is important in investing. The
brain-damaged people also showed lessemotional reaction to losing.
That is, they did not feel frightened or worried when an invesrment
failed. They were bolder and lessfearfrrl than other people.
Those were good qualities for invesrors to have. The people with
damaged brains made 13percent more money than other people in
the study did. \X/hat do these results mean?M"yb. they mean there
is more to successfi.rlinvesting than we thought before. Possibly a
really good investor is someone who is free from fear. Such a
fearless person may be better prepared to take big risks in the
hope of a big payoff
Ques I ions
This does not mean that anyone with brain damage will make a
good investor. This srudy involved a very specific kind of damage to
1 Wh
the brain. But research like this may give us a better understanding
of how the brain operates- and'Wall Street, too.
2 Loc
int
 ..!iR
The study was publishedin June zoo5 in the journai Prycbological 1
:sting and a summarvwasdescribedin the lVall StreetTournal.
Science. ==
**+
g-:;*
.dsof work? rD
'g
hed in zoo5 ."(>.- '
damagethat rD

: with a very
ain-damaged
money than

[y which was
riversiry the
of Business.
hesepeople's
ions without

; than other
vesting. The
ion to losing.
n investment
ple.

people with
rer people in
y mean there fl Wo*osronAraromv
& Mrnrcrnr
/ advantage
c. Possibly a
/ damage
fear. Such a r payolt
/ reduce
I risks in the
/ stroke

lues t lons
:will make a
of damage to 1 What did the study find? Summarizeits findingsin your own words.
nderstanding

? Look at the word fearless in the passage.What do you think fearless m e a n s

in this context?

LinsuaForum
nl