EPITHELIAL

TISSUE
Shafa Cahyani Amada Gilang
220
It is formed by cells within an extracellular matrix
(ECM).

A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a

body cavity. Epithelium also forms much of the
glandular tissue of the body.

Lack of blood vessels, contains little intercellular

material and are continually being replaced.
 FUNCTIONS

Protection:
covers body and lines all body cavities;  provides a protective shield
for underlying tissues  (e.g. epidermis)

Absorption:  in some parts of the body it takes in certain materials

(e.g. digestive tract)

Secretion:  in some parts of the body epi. Tissue is specialized to

secrete certain products (e.g. small intestine)

Excretion:  in the kidney cells rid the body of materials 

 TYPES OF
EPITHELIAL TISSUE

1. SIMPLE Squamous , Cuboidal , Columnar

2. STRATIFIED
3. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED Columnar
4. TRANSITIONAL
5. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
6. CILIATED EPITHELIUM
Simple Squamous Location : Air sacs of the lungs  and
 the lining of the heart, blood vessels
and lymphatic vessels

Function : Allows materials to pass

through by diffusion and filtration,
and secretes lubricating substances

The  endothelium  is the epithelial

The cells in  simple squamous
tissue that lines vessels of the
epithelium have the appearance of thin
lymphatic and cardiovascular
scales. Squamous cell nuclei tend to
system, and it is made up of a
be flat, horizontal, and elliptical,
single layer of squamous cells.
mirroring the form of the cell.
The  mesothelium  is a simple
squamous epithelium that forms the
surface layer of the serous
membrane that lines body cavities
and internal organs.
 Simple Cuboidal

The cells of this type of tissue can

withstand more trauma than simple
squamous epithelia and are adapted for
diffusion and secretion.
As its name implies, this tissue consists
of a single layer of cuboidal cells on Location : In ducts and secretory
the basement membrane. portions of small glands and  in
kidney tubules
Cells here are roughly as tall as they Function : These epithelia are active
are wide. Their greater thickness allows in the secretion and absorptions of
cytoplasm to be rich in mitochondria and molecules.
other organelles for a high level of
active transport across the epithelium
and other functions.
 In  simple columnar
epithelium, the nucleus of
the tall column-like cells
tends to be elongated and
located in the basal end of
the cells.

Simple Columnar Simple columnar epithelium

forms the lining of some
Location : in the lining of the fallopian
sections of the digestive
tubes and parts of the respiratory
system and parts of the
system, where the beating of the cilia
helps remove particulate matter. female reproductive tract.
Function : active in the absorption and
secretion of molecules.
Stratified Squamous

Location : Lines the esophagus, mouth, and

vagina
Function : Protects against abrasion

Stratified epithelium  is also a lining Stratified squamous epithelium  is

tissue which provides protection for the most common type of stratified
underlying tissues. Stratified epithelia epithelium in the human body. The
are normally found in places where there is apical cells are squamous, whereas
a great deal of wear and tear. Frequently, the basal layer contains either
the outer surface of these epithelia is columnar or cuboidal cells. 
sloughed off and replaced by cells below
it. Thus, the deeper layers of such Types :
epithelia (those nearest the basement 1. Keratinized
membrane) are mitotically active. 2. Non-keratinized
Keratinized
Keratinized cells are specially structured to
be waterproof and reduce evaporation from
underlying tissues and are therefore an
important part of the epidermis or external
skin.

In  keratinized stratified squamous

epithelium  the outermost layer is composed of
tightly packed dead cells filled with the
protein keratin. Keratin is the same protein
which makes up hair and fingernails. The layer
of keratin-filled cells acts as water-proofing.

They are also found in the oral cavity where

eating, speaking and breathing could lead to
significant loss of water.
 Non-keratinized epithelium  usually bears a
mucous membrane, which serves as an additional
protective and lubricating layer of the
epithelium.

Nonkeratinized epithelium does contain some

Non-keratinized keratinized cells, however the amount of
keratin deposition will vary depending on the
level of dessication and  abrasion it may
be exposed to.

They are seen in the esophagus and in parts of

the female reproductive system.
 Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of
cube shaped cells bound together by
various  membrane junctions, or places
between cells bound together with
specialized proteins.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium has several

layers, not all of which are cubes. These
layers can be squamous or columnar as well.
The basal layers of the epithelial tissue
give rise to new cuboidal cells, which take
their place at the surface of the Location : Sweat glands, salivary
epithelium as needed. glands, and mammary glands
Function : secretion and protection.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium allows
glands and organs to create a separation
between the functioning cells of  organ  or
gland and the vessels that feed it.
 Stratified Columnar
Stratified epithelium is an epithelial tissue composed of
more than one layer of epithelial cells. It differs from
a  simple epithelium  in a way that the latter consists
only one layer of epithelial cells.

The stratified epithelium may be further classified based

on the type of cells located at the surface: squamous,
columnar, or cuboidal.

In a stratified columnar epithelium, the topmost layer

consists of columnar epithelial cells. Middle and basal
layers consist of cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells,
respectively.
Location : in the  conjunctiva  of the  eye, the lobar
ducts, and in certain parts of the male  urethra,  vas
deferens, the uterus, anus, and the pharynx.
Function : secretion and protection.
Pseudostratified Columnar
Location : Ciliated tissue lines the trachea and
much of the upper respiratory tract
Function : Secrete mucous; ciliated tissue moves
mucous
Pseudostratified columnar epithelia are tissues
formed by a single layer of cells that give the
appearance of being made from multiple layers,
especially when seen in cross section.
The nuclei of these epithelial cells are at
different levels leading to the illusion of being
stratified.
Types :
1.Ciliated mostly in the upper respiratory tract (trachea)

in the membranous part of the male reproductive tract

2. Non-ciliated
(vas deferens and epididymis).
 Transtitional
Location : Allows the urinary organs to
expand and stretch
Function : Lines the bladder, urethra and
ureters

Transitional epithelium is a stratified  tissue  made of

multiple  cell  layers, where the cells constituting the tissue
can change shape depending on the distention in the organ.

When the organ is filled with fluid, cells on the topmost layer
of this epithelium can stretch and appear flattened.
Alternately, they can also appear cuboidal with a rounded shape
when the fluid pressure is low.
 Glandular Epithelium
Location : glands can be classified as either
intraepithelial (located in the  surface
epithelium) or extraepithelial (located beneath
the surface epithelium).

Function : Depending on the type of gland, it

secretes: Digestive juices containing enzymes
(saliva, gastric and  pancreatic  juices) , Sweat,
Sebum, Breast milk, Mucous (mucins)

A single cell or group of cells that produce and

secrete specific products (e.g., mucin). 

Glandular epithelium  can be endocrine (e.g., secrete

products in the bloodstream) or exocrine (e.g.,
secrete products onto a surface).
Endocrine
Endocrine glands  are also called  ductless glands  because eventually, they
lose their ducts. They produce  hormones  (chemical messengers ) and secrete
them by exocytosis into the extracellular space. After entering the
extracellular space, they enter the blood or lymphatic fluid and travel to
specific organs.

Typically, they are compact multicellular organs but there are individual
hormone producing cells as well (specifically in digestive tract mucosa and
the brain). Hormones secreted by endocrine glands vary.

IMPORTANT – Not all endocrine glands are epithelium.

Exocrine
Exocrine glands secrete their products onto the skin or into body cavities.
Unicellular exocrine glands do this directly by exocytosis, while
multicellular glands transport their product through a duct on the
epithelial surface. Products secreted by exocrine glands include sweat, oil,
mucous, bile, and more.

Unicelullar
examples : goblet cells and mucous cells.
Unicellular glands can be found within the epithelial linings of the
intestinal and respiratory tracts.

Multicelullar
They have two main parts: an  epithelium-derived duct  and a  secretory
unit (made of secretory cells). Multicellular exocrine glands are classified
by structure and secretion (type).
Structural Classification
Simple glands - have an unbranched duct
Compound glands – have a branched duct

The glands can be further categorized by their secretory units as:

Tubular – if the secretory cells form tubes

Alveolar – if the secretory cells form small sacs
Tubuloalveolar – if they have both tubular and alveolar secretory units

Modes of Secretion
Merocrine glands – secrete their products by exocytosis during production (the
pancreas and most sweat/salivary glands belong to this class).
Holocrine glands – accumulate their products until they rupture and die.
Holocrine glands secrete dead cell fragments along with their main product, this
is why they must rupture and die when the product is released. Sebaceous (oil)
glands are the only holocrine glands within the human body.
Ciliated Epithelium

Ciliated epithelium is a region

of epithelium consisting of columnar or cuboidal
cells bearing hairlike appendages that are
capable of beating rapidly.

Ciliated epithelium performs the function of moving particles or fluid over

the epithelial surface in such structures as the trachea, bronchial tubes,
and nasal cavities. It often occurs in the vicinity of mucus-
secreting goblet cells
Thank You!