DEMONSTRATION PELTON TURBINE

OBJECTIVE

To determine the operating characteristics of a Pelton turbine at various speeds.

APPARATUS

Hydraulic bench, Pelton Turbine Apparatus, Stopwatch , Tachometer

TECHNICAL DATA

Radius of brake drum r=0.030m

THEORY

The Pelton turbine is the most visually obvious example of an impulsive machine.A spear valve directs a
jet of water at a series of buckets which are mounted on the periphery of a rotor.As the water exiting
the spear valve is at atmospheric pressure, the force exerted on the rotor is entirely due to the changes
in the direction of the of the flow of water.The Pelton turbine is therefore associated with considerable
changes of kinetic energy but little change in pressure energy.The spear valve allows the jet diameter to
be varied which allows the water flow rate to be varied with a constant jet velocity.Large turbines may
include more than one spear valve with a constant jet velocity.Large turbines may include more than
one spear valve around the periphery of the rotor.

The operating characteristics of a turbine are often conveniently shown by plotting torque, T
,brake power ,Pb and overall turbine efficiency,ηt against turbine rotational speed n for a series of
volume rates Qv.It is important to note that efficiency reaches a maximum and then falls, whilst the
torque falls constantly and linearly.

The optimum conditions for operation occurs when the required ‘duty point’’ of head and flow
coincides with a point of maximum efficiency.

PROCEDURE

1)The band brake are lowered assembly over the brake drum and its was adjusted for a range of
readings on the spring balances.

2)The spring balance and tachometer readings are recorded for each band brake setting.The flow rate
are measure using a time volume collection.and recorded from the outlet pressure gauge.

3)The flow rate are adjusted using the spear valve and experiment was repeated.Its continued until I
have a sets of readings for a variety of different flow rates.
4)For each flow rate,graph of rotational speed n against Torque T,Brake(mechanical),Power Pm and
Efficiency Et was plotted.

RESULT

Radiu Rotor Spring Spring Volu Time Measu Flow Torq Brak Wat Overall
s of Spee Balan Balan me of to re Rate ue e er Turbine
brake d ce ce Water Colle d Head Qv T Pow pow Efficien
Drum N W1 W2 V ct H1 er er ce y
,R t Pb ηt
m rpm N N m^3 sec m m^3/s Nm w 0/0
0.03 1437. 32.5 23.5 0.05 9.41 5 5.3135X1 0.27 4.25 260. 16.33
7 0⁻³ 7 6
0.03 1678. 32.5 23.5 0.05 10.3 7 4.81696 0.27 4.97 330. 15.02
8 8 X10⁻³ 0 8
0.03 1863. 31.5 20.5 0.05 11.3 9 4.40529 0.33 6.74 388. 17.34
5 5 X10⁻³ 4 9
0.03 2026. 28 17 0.05 13.0 11 3.82848 0.33 7.34 413. 17.75
6 6 X10⁻³ 4 1
0.03 3299. 32.5 24 0.05 14.0 13 3.55619 0.255 9.22 453. 20.34
1 6 X10⁻³ 6 5

SAMPLE CALCULATION

Flow rate,Qѵ=V/t(m³/s)

=0.05/9.41

=5.3135 X10⁻³ m³/s

Torque,T=FЬr

FЬ=w1-w2

32.5-23.5=9N

T=(0.03)(9)

=0.27Nm
Brake power=2πnT

=(2)(π)(2.5)(0.27)

=4.257w

Water power=PЋ=ρgH₁Qѵ

=(1000)(9.81)(5)( 5.3135X10⁻³)

=260.6

Overall Turbine Efficience y

ηt =2πnT/ρgH₁ Qѵ

=(2)(π)(2.5)(0.27)/(1000)(9.81)(5) ( 5.3135X10⁻³)

=16.33%
DISCUSSION

Sketch and describe the impulse turbine and reaction turbine

IMPULSE TURBINE

A turbine that is driven by high velocity jets of water or steam from a nozzle directed on
to vanes or buckets attached to a wheel. The resulting impulse spins the turbine and removes
kinetic energy from the fluid flow. Before reaching the turbine the fluid's pressure head is
changed to velocity head by accelerating the fluid through a nozzle. This preparation of the fluid
jet means that no pressure casement is needed around an impulse turbine. A pelton turbine has
one or more free jets discharging water into an aerated space and impinging on the buckets of a
runner. Draft tubes are not required for impulse turbine since the runner must be located above
the maximum tail water to permit operation at atmospheric pressure.
REACTION TURBINE

The reaction turbine, as the name implies, is turned by reactive force rather than by a direct
push or impulse. In reaction turbines, there are no nozzles as such. Instead, the blades that project
radially from the periphery of the rotor are formed and mounted so that the spaces between the
blades have, in cross section, the shape of nozzles. Since these blades are mounted on the
revolving rotor, they are called moving blades. A reaction turbine is moved by three main forces:
(1) the reactive force produced on the moving blades as the gas increases in velocity as it expands
through the nozzle-shaped spaces between the blades; (2) the reactive force produced on the
moving blades when the gas changes direction; and (3) the push or impulse of the gas impinging
upon the blades.

CONCLUSSION

From the experiment we can conclude that how to determine the operating characteristic of a
pelton turbine at various speeds. We can determine characteristic depends on measure heads at the
constants radius of brake drum and volume of water. By using the equation that have given flow rate,
torque, brake power, hydraulic power and overall turbine efficiency can be measured.For the optimum
condition for the turbine the radius of brake drum must be reduced.
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
PULAU PINANG

ECW 201

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

GROUP : CD4D1

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW-MANNING/CHEZY FORMULA VERIFICATION

TENGKU ASMADI BIN TG MAZLAN 2007110551

MOHD HAFIZ BIN ALI @ HUSAIN 2007110505

MOHAMMAD FAHAIMIE BIN AB RAHMAN 2007110299

MOHD FAIZ BIN AB GHANI 2007110771