ACTIVITY

|”SPOT THE FAKE NEWS”|

|QUESTIONS|
• Which of the Four Headlines suggests a Fake News?
• How did you know it’s a fake?
• How can you differentiate a real from a fake news?
• What is the necessity of credibility and reliability in
Journalism? In research?
 |W E E K T H R E E|
Learning from Others and
Reviewing the Literature
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 001
Prepared by:
Mr. Aljon I. Concillado
aljonconcillado@gmail.com
 |LEARNING OUTCOMES |
• Select relevant literature for the review
• Cite related literature using standard formats/style; APA
or MLA
• Synthesize information from relevant literature
• Write coherent review of literature
• Follow ethical standards in writing related literature;
• And present written review of literature
 WHAT IS A LITERATURE
REVIEW?
• A literature review involves a systematic
identification of necessary information related to
a research problem. (Chua, n.d)
• Ideally, a good literature review should present
the frontiers of knowledge in the research area:
• • What is known based on previous studies;
• • What has yet to be found out or what can
be investigated further
A. SELECTING RELEVANT LITERATURE
(Taken from Labay, Panchito: Concepts in Writing Chapter 2)

• ----“account of what has been published on a topic by

accredited scholars and researchers” (Taylor, n.d.)
• ---- “means of demonstrating authors’ knowledge about a
particular study / problem” (Randolph, 2009)
• ---- “serves as framework for relating new findings to
previous findings
• ---- “it is a legitimate and publishable scholarly document”
(LeCompte, et al., 2003)
|WHAT’S ITS PURPOSE?|
---help in identifying the research problem
----help in identifying and refining the research problem
----help in avoiding unnecessary duplication of previous works
----help in searching for a range of theoretical and conceptual
frameworks and issues
----help in providing more information about the variables to be looked
into
----allow the researcher to foresee significant issues, and
----suggest how the planned research work can contribute to
knowledge

Source: Philippine Social Science Council (PSSC, 2005)

|why do a review of the
literature?|
• Aside from it provides an overview of what has been written about
the prospected topic, it also contains most of the necessary
information to back up the justification of your topic.

• In certain cases, the 2nd chapter is intentionally done FIRST, before the
Introductory Chapter. This is due to the necessity of having prior
readings and solid basis before asserting that a research problem is
somewhat existent.
|why do a review of the
literature?|
• To ensure that the research-to-be is not a replication
• To demonstrate that the topic has been sufficiently answered by
recent and earlier studies.
• To ensure that one may not have missed any significant material for
the study
• To explain the theoretical background of the study
• To let the researchers demonstrate their ability to be critical of the
literatures available for the subject area.
The following can be a source for the said chapter:

• Journal Articles • Theses and Dissertations

• Monographs • Empirical Studies
• Digital Databases • Government Reports
• Conference • Historical records
Proceedings • Statistical Handbooks
• Articles
|Kinds of Literature Review|
• TRADITIONAL
- Referred to as the Narrative Literature Review, which provides a quick
overview of the current studies. Explains the necessity of the research to-be
in the context of the literature and gives light to the gray areas.

• INTEGRATIVE
- This review synthesizes findings from different approaches (Whittemore &
Knafl, 2005) Facilitates for the integration of qualitative and quantitative
methods.
|Kinds of Literature Review|
• SYNTACTIC
- Synthesizes high quality empirical information to answer a given question,
aims to minimize “bias and ensure transparency”

• SCOPING
- Involves a broad research question that explores current evidence base
(Armstrong, Hall, Doyle & Waters, 2011) . It can help areas that are
appropriate for a systematic review.
|C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S|
• Materials must be recent as possible.
• Materials should be objective and unbiased as possible.
• Must be relevant to the study
• Must not too few, nor too many, researchers discretion is advised,
but consider the availability of existing materials.
|TYPES OF SOURCES|

•PRIMARY SOURCES
• Publications in which researchers report the results of their
studies. Findings are communicated directly from author to
the readers. Common types include monthly research
journals and historical documents. This also include
interviews and testimonies.
|TYPES OF SOURCES|

•SECONDARY SOURCES
• Publications in which authors describe the work of others
(Franenkel &Wallen, 2008). Examples are reference books
found in the library, which contains numerous information
cited from other works.
|SOURCING THE WWW|

•While the traditional method (use of physical

sources) has been employed by researchers, many
now shift to using digital collections to look for
information.
•Many of these physical books and journals have
been converted into digital format, which makes the
world wide web a good pool of literatures to review.
|TIPS FOR USING ONLINE SOURCES
(EasyBib.com,2017)
•Know the Author. (Credentials, Expertise,
Records, Number of Citations)
•Publisher (Sponsors, Affiliation, Credibility,
Networks)
•Bias (Language use, Agenda, Content Farm?)
•Accuracy, Currency, Reproduction
REVIEW FOR 2 MINUTES
TRUE OR FALSE
1. The review of the related literature aims to make the research more
confusing by adding up several concepts
2. The review could be a legitimate scholarly document.
3. The review allows the researcher to work on a replicate research
paper.
4. It gives a profound detail of what has been and what has not been
searched about the topic.
5. It is advisable to have the review done prior to the first chapter.
6. The traditional type of review also refers to the narrative type.
7. The integrative type allow different views from many disciplines.
8. The internet may be a good source of literature data but necessary
precautions must be made.
9. Primary documents are those that have been first-handedly
experienced by the author and is shared to the audience.
10. Researchers may use obsolete resources so to expand their
arguments in the current context.
1.F 6. T
2. T 7. T
3. F 8. T
4.T 9. T
5. T 10. F