11/28/2019 Peru - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 10°S 76°W

Peru
Peru (/pəˈruː/ ( listen); Spanish: Perú [peˈɾu]; Quechua: Piruw Republika [pʰɪɾʊw];[10] Aymara: Piruw Suyu [pɪɾʊw]), officially the
Republic of Peru
Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú ), is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and
Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a República del Perú (Spanish)
megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes Co-official names[a]
mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the
Amazon river.[11]

Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures. Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization in the 32nd century BC, the oldest
civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in pre-Columbian America, the
territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia Flag Coat of arms
BCE.
Motto:
The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American
"Firme y feliz por la unión" (Spanish)
"Firm and Happy for the Union"
colonies, with its capital in Lima. Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821, and following the military campaigns of José de San
Martín and Simón Bolívar, and the decisive battle of Ayacucho, Peru completed its independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the Anthem:
"Himno Nacional de Perú" (Spanish)
country enjoyed relative economic and political stability, which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile. Throughout the "National Anthem of Peru"
20th century, Peru endured armed territorial disputes, coups, social unrest, and internal conflicts, as well as periods of stability and 0:00 MENU
economic upswing. Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990; his government was credited with economically stabilizing
Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency, though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of March:
"Marcha de Banderas" (Spanish)
political dissent. Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by
"March of Flags"
President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017. Even after the president's regime, Fujimori's followers, called Fujimoristas, have caused 0:00 MENU
political turmoil for any opposing faction in power, even causing Pedro Pablo Kuczynski to resign in March 2018.
National seal
The sovereign state of Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is classified as an emerging market[12] with
a high level of human development[13] and an upper middle income level[14] with a poverty rate around 19 percent.[15] It is one of the
region's most prosperous economies with an average growth rate of 5.9%[15] and it has one of the world's fastest industrial growth rates
at an average of 9.6%.[16] Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing; along with other growing
sectors such as telecommunications and biotechnology.[17] The country forms part of The Pacific Pumas, a political and economic
grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic
Gran Sello del Estado (Spanish)
Great Seal of the State
foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in social freedom;[18] it is an active member of
the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Alliance, the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the World Trade Organization; and is
considered as a middle power.[19]

Peru has a population of 32 million,[20] which includes Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is
Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other indigenous languages. This mixture of cultural traditions
has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

Contents
Etymology
History
Prehistory and Pre-Columbian Peru
Conquest and colonial period
Independence
19th century
20th century
21st century
Government and politics
Government
Law
Foreign relations
Military and law enforcement
Administrative divisions
Geography
Climate
Wildlife Capital Lima
and largest city 12°2.6′S 77°1.7′W
Economy and infrastructure
Demographics Official Spanish
Urbanization language
Ethnic groups Co-official Quechua
Population languages[a] Aymara
Language
Other indigenous
Religion languages
Education
Health Ethnic groups List of ethnic groups
(2017[b])
Toponyms
Religion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru 1/13