Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fuels Lubricants Lab Manual
Fuels Lubricants Lab Manual
Fuels Lubricants Lab Manual
KGRCET
VISION STATEMENT:
MISSION STATEMENT:
INDEX
AIM
To determine the flash and fire point of the given sample of oil using Abel’s
apparatus closed cup methods.
APPARATUS
Abel’s apparatus, Thermo meter (0-110oC).
THEORY
This method determines the closed cup flash and fire points of petroleum products
and mixtures to ascertain whether they give off inflammable vapours below a certain
temperature.
FLASH POINT:
It is the lowest temperatures of the oil, at which, application of test flame causes the vapour
above the sample to ignite with a distinct flash inside the cup.
FIRE POINT:
It is the lowest temperature of the oil, at which, application of test flame causes burning for a
period of about five seconds.
DESCRIPTION
The apparatus consists of a brass cup and cover fitted with shutter mechanism, test
flame arrangement, hand stirrer, thermometer socket. The brass cup is heated by water bath
(with energy regulator), fitted with a funnel and overflow pipe.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the oil cup and fill the up to the mark with the sample oil.
2. Insert the thermometer into the oil cup through the provision to note down the oil
temperature.
3. Using the Energy regulator, control the power supply given to the heater and rate of
heating
4. The oil is heated slowly when temperature of oil rises; it is checked for the flash point
for every one-degree rise in temperature.
5. After determining the flash point, the heating shall be further continued. The
temperature at which time of flame application that causes burning for a period at
least 5 seconds shall be recorded as the fire point.
6. Repeat the experiment 2 or 3 times with fresh sample of the same oil
7. Take the average value of flash and fire points.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Stir the oil bath continuously to maintain the uniform temperature of sample oil.
2. The bluish halo that some time surrounds the test flame should not be confused with
true flash.
OBSERVATIONS:
RESULT
26
PENSKY MARTEN’S FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST
AIM
To determine the flash and fire point of the given sample of oil using Pensky
Marten’s apparatus by both open and closed cup methods.
APPARATUS
o Pensky Marten’s apparatus,
o Thermometer (0-110oC).
THEORY
This method determines the closed cup and open cup flash and fire points of petroleum
products and mixtures to ascertain whether they give off inflammable vapours below a certain
temperature.
Flash Point: It is the lowest temperatures of the oil at which application of test flame causes the
vapour above the sample to ignite with a distinct flash inside the cup.
Fire point It is the lowest temperature of the oil, at which, application of test flame causes burning for
a period of about five seconds.
DESCRIPTION
The apparatus consists of a brass cup and cover fitted with shutter mechanism without shutter
mechanism (open cup), test flame arrangement, hand stirrer (closed cup), thermometer socket, etc.,
heated with energy regulator, a thermometer socket made of copper.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the oil cup thoroughly and fill the oil cup with the sample oil to be tested up to the
mark.
2. Insert the thermometer into the oil cup through a provision, which measures the rise of oil
temperature.
3. Using the Energy regulator, control the power supply given to the heater and rate of heating
4. The oil is heated slowly when temperature of oil rises, it is checked for the flash point for
every one degree rise in temperature.
5. After determining the flash point, the heating shall be further continued. The temperature at
which time of flame application which causes burning for a period at least 5 seconds shall be
recorded as the fire point.
27
6. Repeat the experiment 2 or 3 times with fresh sample of the same oil
7. Take the average value of flash and fire points.
PRECAUTIONS
1 Stir the oil bath continuously to maintain the uniform temperature of sample oil.
2. The bluish halo that some time surrounds the test flame should not be confused with true
flash.
OBSERVATIONS
RESULT
28
PENSKY MARTEN’S FLASH AND FIRE POINT TEST
EXPERIMENT NUMBER -3
AIM: To determine the percentage of carbon residue of the given oil using Carbon Residue test
apparatus.
APPARATUS: a) Porcelain crucible, b) Iron Crucible, Skidmose c) spun sheet iron crucible d)
wire support e) Hood f) insulator and g) burner.
THEORY:
Oils contain mainly chemical compounds of carban and Hydrogen. If heated in a closed
vessel in the absence of sufficient air, the oil will vapourise and a thin deposit of carban residue
will be left behind. This test serves as index and gives some relative measure of the amount of
residue to be formed by lubricating oils, especially in IC Engines.
DESCRIPITION:
Conradson Carbon residue tester consists of a glazed porcelain crucible (5) of about 25 to
26 ml. capacity, placed in iron crucible (4) of 60 to 88 ml, approximate capacity and having a
cover with an opening of 5 to 6 mm dia. The two together are placed in a spun sheet iron crucible
(3) with cover, about 200 ml. capacity at the bottom of which is placed a level layer of about 25
ml. clean dry sand such that the iron crucible containing the glazed porcelain crucible with its
cover on it is brought to the top of the sheet iron crucible. The bottom of the sheet iron crucible
is supported by a triangular base, Nichrome wire, circular sheet iron hood (1) with a sloping top
and provided with central chimney, encloses the crucible. A hollow sheet iron block provided
with an opening in the centre, for the spun sheet iron crucible to kept rests on iron stand.
PROCEDURE:
NOTE: For sample having carbon residue from 5 to 10% sample of 5+0.5 gm is to be taken. If
the carbon residue exceeds 15% a sample of 3 + 0.1 gm should be taken.
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:
16 SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
EXPERIMENT NUMBER -3
SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
17 SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
AIM: To determine the viscosity of lubricating oil by using a saybolt viscometer.
THEORY:
(ii) Specific viscosity: Specific viscosity is the ratio of the viscosity of fluid to the viscosity of
water at 200 C. Since the water has a viscosity of 1cp at 200 C.
(iii) Kinematic viscosity (ν): Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity
(µ) to the density (ρ) of the fluid.
DESCRIPTION:
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
CALCULATIONS:
ν = At – B/t centistokes
Dynamic viscosity, µ = ν x ρ
t = time in second
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The position of the measuring flask should be such that the oil strike the flared mouth of the
funnel and does not drop directly into the flask since this may trap air and cause foaming.
2. The temperature of the oil in the oil – tube should be maintained constant to avoid errors as the
viscosity is the function of temperature.
The instrument should be used only where laminar flow exists in the tube, and the time
is above 40 seconds for flow of 60cc of oil.
`
CONCLUSION:
GRAPHS:
Temp Temp
`
`
REDWOOD VISCOMETER
`
REDWOOD VISCOMETER – I
AIM: To determine the absolute and kinematic viscosities of given lubricating oil at various
temperatures starting from room temperature.
APPARATUS: Redwood viscometer – I, thermometers, stop-watch, measuring flask (50 cc), spirit level,
glass jar and oil (SAE 20 / SAE 40).
THEORY:
(i) Viscosity (µ): Viscosity is a measure of resistance to relative translational motion of adjacent layers
of a fluid. It is the property of a fluid. The unit of viscosity is poise or centipoise (cp).
(ii) Specific viscosity: Specific viscosity is the ratio of the viscosity of fluid to the viscosity of water at
200 C. Since the water has a viscosity of 1cp at 200 C.
(iii) Kinematic viscosity (ν): Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity (µ) to the
density (ρ) of the fluid.
Increase in temperature causes a decrease in the viscosity of a liquid, where as viscosity of gases
increases with temperature growth. The viscous forces in a fluid are the outcome of intermolecular
cohesion and molecular momentum transfer. In liquids the molecules are comparatively more closely
packed, molecular activity is rather small and so the viscosity is primarily due to molecular cohesion.
DESCRIPTION:
`
The redwood viscometer consists of a heavily silver plated oil cup with a dished bottom placed in a
bright chrome plated water bath. The water bath is mounted on a stand with leveling screws. The level
to which the oil is to be filled into cup is given by and index fixed to the inside wall of the oil cup. A
standard size jet of stainless steel is fitted at the centre of the bottom of the cup for the flow out of oil
of liquid to be measured. The cylindrical water bath is provided with a tap for emptying.
The bath of liquid is stirred manually by means of a cylinder surrounding the oil cup provided with
three vanes, having their upper and lower portions turned in opposite directions.
The valve for starting and stopping the flow of the liquid from the oil cup consists of a ball carried
on a stiff wire, both heavily silver plated.
The oil cup cover is fitted with an insulated handle and has suitable slots for the slots for the oil-cup
thermometer and valve rod. The circular spirit level is mounted on a plate to fit on the upper end of
the oil cup.
POCEDURE:
1. The oil cup is cleaned with a suitable solvent, for example, Carbon tetrachloride and then dry it
thoroughly using tissue paper or some similar material which will not leave any fluff. Examine the jet and
ensure that it is clean and not obstructed.
2. The viscometer is leveled by using the level feet. The viscometer bath is heated to a few degrees above
the desired test temperature.
3. The prepared sample of the oil is poured into the oil cup through filler of metal gauge not coarser than
BS 100 mesh. Mesh size indicates the number of holes divided in one square inch area.
4. The temperature of bath is adjusted until the sample in the cup is maintained at the test temperature.
Stirring the contents of the bath and cup during the process be assured, preferably using continuous
stirring for both.
5. The sample is stirred during the preliminary period, for example, by means of ball valve, closing the
bottom of the jet by suitable means, but not during the actual determination.
6. When the temperature of the sample has become quite steady at the desired value, the liquid level is
adjusted by allowing the sample to flow out until the surface of the sample touches the filling point.
7. The oil cup cover is placed and the oil cup thermometer id swung towards the closed end of the curved
slot in the cover.
`
8. The clear, dry, standard 50 cc flask is placed centrally below the jet with the top of the neck a few mm
from the bottom of the jet. Redwood viscometer – I is suitable for measurement of viscosity less than
2000 seconds.
9. The flask is not insulated in any way. The ball valve is lifted and simultaneously the time recorder is
started.
10. The time recorder is stopped at the instant the sample reaches the graduation mark of the flask and the
final reading of the oil cup thermometer is noted.
11. The procedure is repeated for various temperatures and the time in second is noted at each
temperature and the results are tabulated.
OBSERVATOIN:
Oil sample:
CALCULATIONS:
`
Kinematic viscosity = AR – B/R in centistokes
A = 0.26 B = 171.5
CONCLUSION:
Viscometers are helpful in determining and establishing the degree of viscosity of a particular
fluid at particular time and temperature.
GRAPHS:
Temp Temp
`
`
ENGLER’S VISCOMETER
`
ENGLER’S VISCOMETER
AIM
To determine the viscosity in Engler’s seconds of the given samples of oil and to
plot the variation of Engler’s seconds, kinematic and dynamic viscosity with
temperature.
APPARATUS
o Engler’s viscometer,
o Stopwatch,
o Thermometer (0-1000C)
o Measuring flask (200 c.c.).
THEORY
The viscosity of given oil is determined as the time of flow in Engler’s seconds.
The viscosity of a fluid indicates the resistance offered to shear under laminar condition.
Dynamic viscosity of a fluid is the tangential force on unit area of either of two parallel
planes at unit distance apart when the space between the plates is filled with the fluid
and one of the plate’s moves relative to the other with unit velocity in its own plane. The
unit of dynamic viscosity is dyne-sec/cm2. Kinematic viscosity of a fluid is equal to the
ratio of the dynamic viscosity and density of the fluid. The unit of kinematic viscosity is
cm2 .
sec
DESCRIPTION
Engler’s viscometer consists of a water bath and oil bath, both provided with two
thermometers inside them. There is an ebonite valve stick, which is located at center of
oil bath to flow of oil through the orifice. A heater with regulator is fixed for heating
purpose.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the oil cup with a suitable solvent thoroughly and dry it using soft tissue paper.
`
2. Keep the ebonite valve stick in its position so as to keep the orifice closed.
`
3. The water is taken into the water bath and the oil whose viscosity is to be determined
is taken into the oil cup up to the mark.
4. Before switch on the electric supply, at room temperature note down the time taken in
Engler’s seconds for a collection of 200cc. of oil with a stopwatch.
5. Heat the bath and continuously stir it taking care to see that heating of the bath is done
in a careful and controlled manner.
6. When the desired temperature is reached, place the cleaned 200 c.c. Flask below the
orifice in position.
7. Remove the ebonite valve stick and simultaneously start a stopwatch. Note the time of
collection of oil up to the 200 c.c. Mark. During the collection of oil don’t stir the bath.
8. Repeat the process at various temperatures.
OBSERVATIONS
`
Where
A = 0.0026 cm2
B = 1.8 cm2/sec2
GRAPHS TO BE DRAWN
1. Engler’s seconds vs. temperature
2. Kinematic Viscosity vs. temperature
3. Absolute Viscosity vs. temperature
MODEL GRAPHS
Temp
Temp
Temp
PRECAUTIONS
1. Stir the water continuously so that the temperature of the oil and water are equal.
2. Before collecting the oil at a temperature, check whether the oil is up to the Indicator in
the oil cup.
3. Always take the readings at a stable temperature
4. Ensure proper setting of the Ebonite stick to avoid leakage
RESULTS
Variation of Engler’s seconds, Absolute viscosity and Kinematic viscosity with
temperature, were observed and found to be decreasing with temperature.
`
ENGLER’S VISCOMETER
55
JUNKER’S GAS CALORIMETER
56
JUNKER’S GAS CALORIMETER
AIM: To determine the calorific value of the given gaseous fuel (LPG).
APPARATUS: Junker’s gas calorimeter, measuring jar, rubber tubing and corks,
thermometers gas flow meter.
PROCEDURE:
1. Place the apparatus preferably at the end of the test bench and nearer to sink
as shown in the sketch so that there will be space to keep the measuring jar
beneath the swinging outlet arm and the sink can be used to drain the
overflowing water.
2. Adjust the leveling screws of the calorimeter so that the entire apparatus is in
vertical position. Insert the thermometers into their respective positions as
shown in figure, keeping the scales visible and conveniently to the observer.
3. Connect the outlet end of the gas flowmeter to the burner by means of the
rubber tube supplied. Level the gas flowmeter using the spirit level and
adjusting the leveling screws.
4. Pour in the water through the hole provided for inserting the thermometer till it
reaches the mark on the glass window. Now fix the thermometer in flowmeter.
5. Connect the outlet of the pressure governor to the inlet of flowmeter by rubber
tubing. Remove the knurled head screw from the overflow tube of the
57
governor. Lift the float lightly by holding the thread and pour water till water
overflows through the side wall tube. Replace back the
6. knurled head screw tightly. Connect the inlets of the governor to the gas supply.
7. Connect the water supply from over head cistern or water tap to water inlet.
Connect the rubber tube to the water flow tube, the outlet end of which is
placed in a sink.
MAKING A TEST:
1. Turn on the water mains by opening the control knob of the gas calorimeter to
setting ‘ON’. Adjust the water supply in such a way that there will be only a
small amount of overflow of excess water to sink. By this the air bubbles inside
the water circulation will be out
2. Remove the burner from the calorimeter. Open the tap of the governor. Allow
the gas to pass for three of four revolutions as indicated by the flowmeter. Then
light the burner and adjust the air regulator sleeve and the gas tap to get a non-
luminous flame.
3. Clamp the burner keeping it to the top most position. Then adjust the flow of
water to get a temperature difference of 120 C to 150 C between the water inlet
and outlet temperature. This is important if the flow of water is less than
58
required; there will be a high temperature difference and the water may escape
as steam.
4. Keep the measuring jar beneath the swinging water outlet tube and
simultaneously count the number of revolutions made by the gas flowmeter
pointer, i.e., to find volume of gas consumed during the test period. When the
pointer has made 2 to 3 revolutions, swing the water outlet back to drain.
5. Also, immediately note the temperatures of water inlet and outlet as well as gas
flowmeter and amount of water collected in the measuring jar.
59
60
BOMB CALORIMETER
61
BOMB CALORIMETER
AIM:
APPARATUS:
Bomb calorimeter, water jacket, stirrer, pressure gauge with stand, pellet
press, crucible, ignition wire and given fuel.
THEORY:
Bomb calorimeter is normally used for determining the higher calorific value
of solid fuels. However, it is also used for liquid fuels. The combustion of the
fuel takes place at constant volume in a totally enclosed vessel. Thus higher
calorific value at constant volume is determined. If the combustion leads to
reduction in volume of the products when reduced to initial temperature, the
values obtained are different from actual heat liberated.
(i) Calorific value of fuel (Cv): The calorific value of fuel is defined as the amount of
heat liberated by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of fuel. In SI units,
for solid and liquid fuels, it is expressed in terms of kJ/kg of fuel and for gaseous
fuels in kJ/m3 at STP (Standard temperature and pressure). The two types of
calorific values are higher calorific value and lower calorific value.
(ii) Higher calorific value (HCv): The higher calorific value of fuel is defined as the
amount of total heat obtained by the complete combustion of a unit quantity of
62
fuel when the products of its combustion have been cooled down to the
temperature of air supplied.
(iii) Lower calorific value (LCv): The lower calorific value fuel is defined as the net
heat obtained when the heat absorbed by water vapour formed during the
combustion is not recovered.
DESCRIPTION:
63
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:
PROCEDURE:
1. About one gram of the fuel is weighed in the crucible; a piece of firing wire is
stretched between the electrodes in such a manner that it is in close contact
with the fuel so that it can be ignited.
2. Often the powdered coal is made into a small pellet with the fuse wire inserted
in it, weighed and placed in the crucible.
3. The cap is screwed down on the bomb and oxygen is filled in the cup to a
pressure of about 200 atm. The bomb is then placed in a weighed amount of
water, taken in the calorimeter.
4. Electrical connections are made, stirring is started and temperature reading is
taken with a thermometer reading to .010 C.
5. When the thermometer shows a steady temperature the fuel is made to fire
and temperature readings are continued for few minutes after the maximum
temperature is attained.
6. The water is stirred during the experiment.
64
7. The bomb is then removed and allowed to stand so that the acid mist may settle
down. The pressure is slowly released and the contents of the bomb are
carefully washed.
8. In actual practice correction needs to be made for the heat of fuse wire.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not use too much sample. The bomb cannot be expected to stand with the
effects of combustible charges which liberate more than 10,000 calories. This
generally limits the total weight of combustible material (sample plus gelatin,
firing oil or any combustible aid) to not more than 1.1 gram. Do not charge with
more oxygen than is necessary and do not fire the bomb if an overcharge of
oxygen should accidentally be admitted.
2. Keep all parts of the bomb especially the insulated electrode assembly in good
repair at all times. Do not fire the bomb if gas bubbles are leaking from the
bomb when it is submerged in water.
3. Stand back from the calorimeter for at least 15 seconds after firing the above
all, keep clear of the top of the calorimeter. If the bomb should explode, it is
most likely that the force of explosion will be directed upwards.
65
CALCULATION:
W = HM + (CVt + CVw) T
T1 = Initial temperature in 0C
T2 = Final temperature in 0C
WT = HM
= 6319x0.955+( 21+9.32)/2.609
= 2325 cal/oc
Initial temperature =
Final temperature =
Water equivalent =
67
Time
68
69
PENETRATION TEST
70
PENETRATION TEST
AIM
To determine the penetration of the given sample with the help of Penetrometer.
APPARATUS
• Penetrometer,
• Needle,
• Sample,
• Cup,
• Weights.
DESCRIPTION
Consistency or yield value is expressed in terms of penetration, which is defined as
“the distance in tenth of millimeter that a standard cone or needle penetrates vertically
into the sample, under the standard conditions of load, temperature and time.
Consistency of a sample depends on the structure and interaction of the gelling
elements in it and to some extent on the viscosity of oil used. The consistency is
determined by using Penetrometer. The apparatus consists of
1. Heavy base (of cast iron alloy):
It is one which is provided with spirit level, leveling screws and a plain table, over
which a box containing the sample under test is placed.
2. Vertical support is an iron rod fitted to the base. On this are slotted marks, around which
a holder can be moved up and down. The holder has a screw, which can be tightened in
any of the slots.
3. Circular dial: The holder carries a circular dial gauge, which is graduated in millimeters.
4. Moving dial rod: It is arranged behind the dial by a mechanical mechanism. The rod is
provided with a clutch arrangement for disconnecting or connecting it to the circular
dial.
71
5. Mirror: Vertical rod is provided with an adjustable mirror for removing parallax error
while positioning the cone or needle in contact with sample surface.
72
PROCEDURE
The apparatus is leveled, the cone or needle cleaned and the sample under-test,
in a box, is placed below the cone or needle. The height of the cone or needle is so
adjusted, that the tip of the cone or needle just touches the sample. Initial dial reading
is noted. The cone is then released for exact 2 sec, by pressing a button is released and
final dial reading is noted. The differences of the two dial readings given the penetration.
This is repeated for three times and noted the total penetration in 6 sec.
OBSERVATIONS:
RESULT
73
GREASE PENETROMETER
50
ASTM DISTILLATION TEST APPARATUS
51
ASTM METHOD FOR DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
4. A plot of volume percent distilled and temperature can be plotted as shown below:
Discussion • What information does the boiling range give on the composition, the
properties and behavior of the fuel during storage and use ? Degree API gravity
decrease, with the increase of mid percent boiling point temperature of the narrow
fractions, because the value of API is inversely related to specific gravity. 0 20 40 60 80
100 120 140 160 180 200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Y-Values
52
5. As shown at the figure above , the API gravity decrease with the increase the
temperature, this relation can explain all the change in petroleum products composition
with the change of boiling point, if the boiling point increase the API gravity decrease
resulting in heavy crude oil contain much hydrocarbons with aromatic hydrocarbons ,
this crude oil will contain less gasoline and will not be commercial , and if the boiling
point decrease it will make the inverse. If the boiling range of petroleum products were
low , the petroleum products will be Volatile and easy to evaporate that’s make the
storage and transferring of such products is dangerous , also in our life if boiling range
of some petroleum products were low it will evaporate quickly make a toxic gases that
we can breathing them causing problems. Also when the boiling ranges are high it will
effect at the Efficiency of them and the ability to burn inside the engines. • how can
distillation characteristics of hydrocarbon affect their safety and performance ? when the
petroleum products are distillated , the different hydrocarbons compounds inside the
petroleum products will separate that cause decreasing in boiling point of the distillated
fraction making it easy to evaporate and explosive . • what is the major determinant of
the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive ? the major
determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive
is the boiling range of the hydrocarbons inside the mixture, if the boiling range is low
the mixture is more able to explosive . • what are factors affecting on the accuracy of the
results ? There many factors affecting on the accuracy of this experiment , first the loses
of vapor from the flask when it evaporate , if the flask hole around the thermometer was
not closed completely , some of the vapor will run out from the flask without going
through the condenser , to solve this problem we should close the hole around the
thermometer with piece of rubber. Another problem that affect the results is if the
cylinder that we calculate the distillated vapor in it was open from the top without any
filter paper on it , some of the vapor that have not distillated will go out
6. from the cylinder by the opened top , to solve this problem we should put a filter paper
at the top of cylinder . Also if the condenser was not efficiency the vapor will not
distillated into liquid this is also effect on the results. Conclusion Boiling range points is
important property of petroleum products , when we send the products to the industries ,
they should have information about the properties of the petroleum products and one of
them is the boiling range , and also its important to take careful from the volatile liquid
that are dangerous and toxic.
53
54
CLOUD & POUR POINT TEST
55
CLOUD & POUR POINT TEST
AIM: To determine the cloud & pour point of a given fuel / lubricant / oil, using
cloud &pour point apparatus.
APPARATUS:
Cloud & pour point apparatus,
Digital stem thermometer
THEORY:
CLOUD POINT: The temperature, expressed to the nearest degree
centigrade, at which a cloud or haze appear when the oil is cooled under
prescribed conditions.
POUR POINT: The lowest temperature, expressed as a multiple of 30 c, at
which the oil is observed to flow when cooled & examined under prescribed
conditions.
PROCEDURE:
CLOUD POINT:
8. When an inspection of the sample first reveals a distinct cloudiness or haze at the
bottom of the jar, record the reading of the thermometer as the cloud point after
correcting the thermometer errors if necessary.
POUR POINT:
1. The sample has cooled enough to allow the formation of the crystals.
2. Maintain the bath temperature at -1 0 C to 2 0 C
3. Support the jacket and jar in a vertical position in the bath so that not more than
25 mm projects from the cooling medium.
OBSERVATIONS:
OIL CLOUD POINT ( 0 C) POUR POINT ( 0 C)
57
PRECAUTIONS:
2. The disc, the gasket, and jacket shall be kept clean and dry.
3. Don’t disturb the mass of sample nor don’t permit the thermometer to shift in the
sample. Any disturbance of the spongy network of crystals will lead to false results.
RESULT:
For a given sample of oil the Cloud & Pour point s are and
respectively.
58
CLOUD & POUR` POINT APPARATUS
59