Topics

1 Fundamentals of Temperature Measurement

2 Temperature Enclosures
3 Thermocouples
4 Resistance Thermometry
5 Humidity Measurement
6 Calibration & Measurement Uncertainty
 Fundamentals of
Temperature Measurement
 Sources Sensors System Readouts

Oven /
Chamber SPRT

Validator
Temperature
& Humidity
Probes
Ice-Point
Reference
Sensor Input Module (SIM)

Chart
IRTD
Recorder
Fluid Bath /
Dry Well
Electronic
Recorder

Precision
Voltage
Source Thermocouples
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
(BIPM)
• BIPM is an international metrology research laboratory
set up after the signing of the Metre Convention
• Developed international measurement standards
• It is in Sevres, at the outskirt of Paris
• Managed by International Committee of Weights and
Measures (CIPM)
The International System of Units (SI)
There are 7 base units and 22 derived units
• Temperature is one of the seven quantities of the
SI units (Kelvin)
• Kelvin: Unit of thermodynamic temperature

Quantity Unit Symbol

Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K

Amount of substance mole mol

Luminous intensity candela cd
Evolution of Temperature Scale
Gas thermometer is a practical means of obtaining
thermodynamic temperature-ideal gas law,
PV=NkT where :
• P is the pressure of the gas
• V is the volume of the gas
• N is the number of molecules of the gas
• k is the Boltzmann’s constant, 1.3807 x 10-23 J/K
• T is the thermodynamic temperature in kelvin, K

Constant Volume Gas Thermometer

Gas thermometry is a
lengthy process but it
has been the only way
to measure
thermodynamic
temperatures and it is
used to develop
temperature scale.
Triple Point of Water
(TPW)
Units of Temperature

• Kelvin temperature is not conveniently used in

everyday life
• t(°C) = T(K) - 273.15 (C ==> Celsius) e.g. triple
point of water = 273.16 K - 273.15 = 0.01 °C
• The unit is the same size as the kelvin.
– Temperature variation of 0.1 K = 0.1 °C
– Temperature variation of 10 mK = 0.01 °C
• Kelvin is generally used below 0 °C
• Small temperature differences are more often
expressed in milli-kelvins (mK)
Temperature Fixed Points
TPW against Fix-Point cells ITS 90

Source: NPL UK
Temperature Fixed Points
17 temperature fixed points are used
to define the ITS90
Evolution of the Temperature Scale ITS is revised
periodically
• ITS-27
• IPTS-48
• IPTS-68
• EPT-76
• ITS - 90

-189oC Argon
-38.8oC Mercury
Water
Gallium

Tin
Zinc
Aluminium
Silver
Gold
Copper
 Traceability Chart
National/
Overseas National Metrology Centre, A*STAR
Kaye Germany E&E Austria
Singapore
Labs

SII Cal Lab

Temperature Humidity

Reference Standard Reference Standard

Precision Voltage Precision 7-1/2 Digit Humidity Chamber
Platinum Resistance Thermometer
Source Multimeter (25 oC)
(-196 oC – 660 oC)

Precision Working Standard Working Standard

Water Triple Point Cell
Multifunction Platinum Resistance Thermometer Thermo-Hygrometer
(0.01 oC)
Calibrator (-196 oC – 420 oC) (-196 oC – 600 oC)

Working Standard
Temperature Drywells Temperature Baths Temperature Chamber
Thermocouples
(-80 oC - 400 oC) (-196 oC, -80 oC to 400 oC) (20oC - 400 oC)
(-196 oC – 600 oC)

SII Cal Thermocouples Resistance Temperature Detectors Temperature Enclosures Thermo-hygrographs

Kaye Validator/AVS (RTDs) Temperature Baths Temperature & Humidity
Services Kaye SIM Digital Thermometers Recorders
Temperature Dry wells
Temperature Sensors/Probes Environmental Chambers Humidity Sensors/Probes
Temperature & Humidity
Enclosures
Why calibration?

• To ensure consistent process performance

• To meet regulatory accuracy requirements
for the application
Terms used
Service Maintenance
Routine actions to ensure that the system or device is in working order (known as
scheduled maintenance) or prevent trouble from arising (preventive maintenance).
Maintenance could include any of the following : testing, measurement/calibration,
replacement and repair.

Testing
A process by which a system or components are compared & evaluated against
requirements and specifications under specified operational conditions - to assess
progress of design, performance, safety, supportability, etc.

Calibration
Comparison of an instrument against a reference or standard, to find any errors in
the measured values indicated by the instrument. In some cases, calibration assigns
a relationship between the input and output of an instrument; for example,
calibration of a resistance thermometer could relate its output (in ohms) to an
input temperature (in degrees Celsius, or in kelvins).

Verification and validation

Independent procedures that are used together for checking that a product, service, or
system meets requirements and specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose
Thank You