Document — 96/102124 pe vratt tor Public Comment a Lea for receipt of comments 95 2758 30° ng 1946 Ourref. B/509/50 18March 1996 Sub-Committee B/509/50 pee teeeeeecea Street lighting columns Se prEN 40-3.3 ad ‘\ LIGHTING COLUMNS - DESIGN AND VERIFICATION Se PART 3-3 : VERIFICATION BY CALCULATION ‘This draft is now available for public comment and your views and technical comments on it would be appreciated. Ltyouhave no specific comments to male but find it generally acceptable it would be helpful if you would notify us. accordingly: Suggestions entailing revision of the text should indicate the preferred wording. Please quote the relevant clause number against ary comment, ‘The co-ordination of the requirements of this draft with those of any related standardsis of particular importance and you are invited to point out ary areas where this may be necessary. All comments should be sent to the Committee Secretary __ J W WATTS at the London address below. The comments received will be passed to the committee concerned for {ts consideration; no acknowledgement will normally be sent, Requests for purchase of further copies of this draft should be sent to: Customer Services, at the head office address below. Telephone 0181 996 7000, fax 0181 996 7001. Priced 6- ‘75 to Subscribing Members, who will be invoiced. Non-members should send a remittance of 413. ¢'O together with an addressed label. Orders not accompanied by a remittance will be subject to a delay. THIS IS A DRAFT AND MUST NOT BE REGARDED OR USED AS A BRITISH STANDARD Bead office Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL ‘Telephone 0181 996 9000 Fax 0181 996 7400 SNb \ BSI COMMITTEES TO WHOSE MEMBERS THIS DRAFT HAS ALSO BEEN SENT STANDARDS COMMITTEE “*__. PARC edhe) TECHNICAL COMMITTEE B/1i THE NORTHERN IRELAND ADVISORY COMMITTER FOR BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL COMMITTEE B/2 SCOTTISH ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR BUILDING & CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL COMMITTEE B/509 ROAD EQUIPMENT TECHNICAL COMMITTEE CB/1 SPECIFIC STUDIES ON BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING STANDARDS SUB-COMMITTEE B/509/50 STREET LIGHTING COLUMNS CONSTITUTION ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED ( ALUMINIUM FEDERATION BRITISH IRON AND STEEL PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION BRITISH PRECAST CONCRETE FEDERATION LTD COUNTY SURVEYORS’ SOCIETY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT - HIGHWAYS AGENCY INSTITUTION OF HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTION OF LIGHTING ENGINEERS LIGHTING COLUMN MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION LIGHTING INDUSTRY FEDERATION LTD ootte 2 - A2- . 96/102124NATIONAL FOREWORD ‘This draft European Standard is one of a series being prepared by CEN/TC 50 Street lighting columns under mandate from the European Commission. ‘The United Kingdom has been fully involved with CEN/TC 50 the CEN Technical Committee responsible for the preparation of this draft standard. Comments on this draft standard will be considered when formulating the national response to this CEN Enquiry. If the draft is approved at the final vote and the standard published, it is obligatory for it to be implemented nationally without deviation. Any conflicting national standard will be withdrawn and any relating Codes of Practice will be aligned.DRAFT EUROPEAN STANDERD PrEN 40-3-3 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE NORM February 1996 Tes Descriptors : English version Lighting columns - Design and verification ~ Part 3-3: Verification by calculation candélabres d’éclairage public - Lichtmaste - Bemessung und Nachweis - Conception et vérification - Partie Teil 3-3: Rechnerischer Nachweis 3-3: Vérification par calcul ‘This draft Buropean standard is submitted to the CEN members for CEN enquiry it has been drawn up by Technical Committee CEN/TC 50 . If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Szandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. ‘This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. cEN European Comittee for Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Buropdisches Komitee fir Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels © CEN 1996 Copyright reserved to all CEN members Ref. No. prEN 40-3-3:1996 E 96 102124 OCPage 2 prEN 40-3-3:1996 Contents Foreword 1 Scope 2 Normative references 3 Definitions 4 Symbols 5 Basis of calculations 6 Strength requirements (ultimate limit state) 6.1 Applications of calculations 6.2 Characteristic loads 6.3 Characteristic strength of materials 6.4 — Design loads 6.5 Calculation of moments 6.6 Strength of section 6.7 Acceptance of design for strength 7 Deflection requirements (serviceability limit state) 7.1. Application of calculations 7.2 Characteristic loads 7.3. Characteristic material properties 7.4 Calculations of deflections 7.5 Acceptance of design for deflection 8 Permissible modifications to verified column 9 Fatigue requirements Annex A (informative) Guidance on fatigue requirements * 25 36Page 3 pIEN 40-3-3:1996 Figures 1 Door openings 20 2 Values of factor 4 26 3 Closed regular cross sections of m-tal lighting column 27 4 Values of factor 4, 2B 5 Unreinforced door openings in metal lighting columns 29 6 Cross sections of reinforced door openings in metal lighting columns 30 7 Elevating of reinforced door openings in metal columns 33 8 Values of factor 4) 34 9 Cross sections of concrete lighting columns 35 A.1 Fatigue of lighting columns stress range limit for class of weld detail 38 based on a 25 year design life requirement A.2 Weld detail type 1 39 A3 Weld detail type 2/1 39 A4 Weld detail type 2/2 40 AS Weld detail type 3 40 A.6 Weld detail type 4 4 A.7 Weld detail type 5 41 A.& Weld detail type 6 2 96 1021240ePage 4 prEN 40-3-3:1996 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the Commission of the European Communities and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EC Directive(s). This part of EN 40 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 50, Lighting columns and was approved by the CEN Technical Board. ‘There will be six parts to this Standard as follows: Part 1: Definitions and terms ( Part 2: General requirements Part 3: Design and verification Part 3.1: Specification for characteristic loads Part 3.2: Verification by testing Part 3.3: Verification by calculation Part 4: Specifications for concrete columns Part 5: Specifications for steel columns Part 6: Specifications for aluminium columns Comments are particularly invited on the values of the factors included in this Standard.“s+ TMM Page 5 prEN 40-3-3:1996 1 Scope ‘This European Standard specifies the requirements for the verification of the design of a lighting column by calculation. It applies to post top columns not exceeding 20 m height for ppost top lanterns and to columns with brackets not exceeding 18 m height for side entry lanterns. 2 Normative references ‘This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 40-1: 1991 Lighting columns Part 1: Definitions and terms PIEN 40-3.1 Lighting columns Part 3.1: Specification for characteristic loads prEN 40-4 Specification for conerete columns ENV 1992 Eurocode 2: Designs of concrete structures ENV 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures ENY 1999” Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium alloy structures 3 Definitions For the purposes of this European Standard. the definitions given in EN40-1: 1991 apply. ” In preparation 96 1621240¢Page 6 prEN 40-3. 4 Symbols The following symbols are used in this European Standard. The definitions are abbreviated, the full definitions being given in the text. @ Overall length of door opening. Area of legs of closed hoops at section. Effective cross-sectional area of door reinforcement. Cross-sectional area of door reinforcement. Mean dimension of flat side of polygonal section. ‘Mean dimension of flat side at edge of door opening. Factor. Factor. Length of halves of straight edge of door opening. Diameter of cross section. Mean diameter of hoop reinforcement. Diameter of central bore. Width of door reinforcement. Modulus of elasticity. Factor. Factor. Modulus of rigidity. Nominal height. Effective length of door opening. Distance from centroid of door reinforcement measured normal to the x-x axis. Distance from centroid of door reinforcement measured normal to the y-y axis. Distance from centre of column wall at the door opening measured normal to the x-x axis. Distance from centre of column wall at the door opening measured normal to the y-y axis. Combined bending moment for closed regular cross sections. Bending strength for closed regular cross sections. hs Qe #33 a "MARR A ORB HST TR ED( RPP PN NN ee anre se weve REE 2 ae > Page 7 PYEN 40-3-3:1996 Bending strength about xx axis. Bending strength about y-y axis. Bending moment about x-x axis. Bending moment about y-y axis. Comer radius of door opening. Factor. Mean radius of cross section. Longitudinal spacing of hoops. Length of end connection of door reinforcement. ‘Wall thickness. Lesser of f and 1, Thickness of reinforcement Torsion moment. Torsion strength. Radius of gyration of door reinforcement. Bracket projection. Plastic modulus of closed regular cross section. Plastic modulus of unreinforced door opening cross section about n-n axis. Plastic modulus of unreinforced door opening cross section about y-y axis. Plastic modulus of reinforced door opening cross section about n-n axis. Plastic modulus of reinforced door opening cross section about y-y axis. Partial load factor. Partial material factor. Half angle of door opening. Constant = 3.1416. Factor. Effective compressive strength of concrete at transfer of prestress. Characteristic strength of material. Characteristic shear strength. Stress on cross section from prestressing force after taking account of prestressing losses. 96 1021240CPage 8 pIEN 40-3-3:1996 $,/6 Factors as defined in text. 7 5 Basis of calculations The approach to calculation used in this standard is based on limit state principles, where factored load effects are compared with the relevant resistance of the structure; two limit states shall be considered. a) The ultimate limit state, which corresponds to the load-carrying capacity of the column. b) The serviceability limit state, which relates to the deflection of the column in service. NOTE: In following this approach, simplifications appropriate to lighting columns have been adopted. These are: 1) the number of separate partial safety factors have been reduced to a minimum; 2) serviceability partial safety factors have a value equal to unity. 6 Strength requirements (ultimate limit state) 6.1 Application of calculations ‘The adequacy of the strength of the column shall be calculated for the following critical cross sections. a) The point at which the column is fixed (normally at ground level). b) The lower edge of the door opening(s). If two or more door openings are provided, the strength of each opening shall be verified. c) The point at which the bracket begins if the column and the bracket consist of one piece, or the point at which the bracket is attached if the bracket is detachable. 4) Transition from one diameter to another when the column is stepped.Page 9 prEN 40-3-3: ¢) Any other critical position, e.g. change of material thickness. 6.2 Characteristic loads ‘The characteristic loads for strength requirements shall be the loads calculated in accordance with prEN 40, Part 3.1. 6.3 Characteristic strength of materials 6.3.1 Metal lighting columns ‘The characteristic strength 0, (in N/mm?) of steel and aluminium alloys shall be taken in ‘accordance with ENV 1993 and ENV 1999 respectively. ‘The increase in the yield strength due to any process (such as cold working) shall not be utilized for members which are subject to another process (such as beat treatment or welding) which may result in softening. 6.3.2 Concrete lighting columns 6.3.2.1 Concrete ‘The characteristic strength 0, (in N/mm?) of concrete shall be derived by the use of an appropriate modification factor on the tested compressive strength in accordance with ENV 1992 and prEN 40-4. 6.3.2.2 Reinforcing and Prestressing steel The characteristic strength o, (in N/mm?) of reinforcing and prestressing steel shall be taken in accordance with ENV 1992. 6.4 Design loads ‘The characteristic loads specified in 6.2 shall be multiplied by the appropriate partial loads factors, -y to give the design load to be used for calculation. The values in the table 1 are recommended values. 96 102124010 prEN 40-3-3:1996 Table 1: Partial load factors [toa | Dead loads 12 Wind loads (1.4) (U.K) [1.2] [Netherlands] NOTE: Each country will supply its own value. 6.5 Calculation of moments 6.5.1 Bending moments The bending moments, M, and M, (in Nm), about the orthogonal axes xx and y-y, respectively, shall be calculated for each position specified in 6.1 using the loads specified in 6.4. For sections with openings, the x-x and y-y axes shall be taken as shown in figures 5, 6 and 9. NOTE: For octagonal sections, the axes may be positioned through the centre of flat side or through a comer. For closed regular cross sections, the bending moments M, and M, may be combined to give a single moment, M, (in Nm) that give the most adverse action on the column cross section being considered and shall be calculated from the equation: M, = (Mi = Me @ 6.5.2 Torsional moments On columns with asymmetric bracket/lantern arrangements the torsion moment 7, (in Nia) shall be calculated for each position specified in 6.1 using the loads specified in 6.4. On columas with symmetric brackets the following configurations shall be checked: d. column with a single bracket, with torsion; 2) column with symmetrical brackets, without torsion.In both cases the values for bracket projection and lantern weight and windage shall be the same. 6.6 Strength of section 6.6.1 General The strength in bending and the strength in torsion of particular cross section shall be calculated in accordance with 6.6.2 and 6.6.3, as appropriate. Either the strength in bending M,, and M,, (in Nm) shall be calculated for the particular cross section, where M,, and M,, are the bending strength about orthogonal axes x-x and y-y respectively, which coincide with the direction of the moments M, and M, in 6.5.1 or, where M, has been calculated in accordance with 6.5.1, the strength in bending M,, of the particular cross section in the direction of M, shall be calculated. ‘The strength in torsion T, (in Nm) of the particular cross section shall also be calculated. 6.6.2 Metal columns 6.6.2.1 Closed regular sections For closed circular cross sections and closed regular octagonal cross sections, the strength i of the sections shall be calculated from the following equations: a) Bending strength (in Nm) @ b) Torsion strength (in Nm) Re = She BR ® 10° Y, 96 1021240or is a factor having the value obtained from the curve appropriate to the cross section in figure 1 where the value of p = (Ri) /6,JE ; 0.474E o,(R/0) is a factor with a value equal to but not greater than 1,0; is the characteristic modulus of elasticity of the material as specified in 7.3 (in Nimm’); is the mean radius of the cross section (see figure 3) (in mm); is the wall thickness (see figure 3) (in mm); is a partial material factor having the appropriate value given in table 2; is the characteristic strength of the material as specified in 6.3.2 (in N/mnt); is the plastic modulus of the closed regular cross section (in mm*) NOTE: For the purpose of this standard Z, may be taken as having a value of: 4R°t for circular cross sections; 4,32R% for octagonal cross sections.Page 13, prEN 40-3-3:1996 ‘Table 2: Partial material factors, Yn MATERIAL “tn Steel: Specified elongation e > 15 % 1,05 Specified elongation 5 % < ¢ < 15 % 11s_| Aluminium: ‘Specified elongation = 5% 115 L Specified elongation < 5% 1.30 ‘Welded joints 130 Bonded joints | 3.00 Conerete: cae Dense* 1.30 Normal 1.50 a Steel reinforcement (in concrete columns) 1.15 a Prestressing wire (in concrete columns) LIS NOTE: For values of specified elongation refer to the appropriate EUROCODE. ™ Dense concrete is that which meets the requirements for water absorption 3s specified in prEN 40-4 annex B ( 6.6.2.2 Unreinforced openings in regular cross sections For unreinforced openings in circular cross sections and regular octagonal cross sections, the strength of the sections shall be calculated from the following equations: a) Bending strength (in Nm) Z, a, = “8820 ® 10 Yq, Z, M,* L8b2y oy 107, 96 1021240Page 14 prEN 40-3-3:1996 ) Torsion strength (in Nm) $s , $s 28000584 © 1? y,L PE is a factor having the value equal to. ———* but not greater o PE + 0,07RLo, than gy: ; PE is a factor having the value equal to but not greater PE + 0,035RLo, than $2? is a factor having the value obtained from the figure 4 using the appropriate value of R/L and 6; on by E, 0, and yp, are as defined in 6.6.2.1; 6 & is the half angle of the door opening (see figure 5) (in degrees); is a factor having the following values: - circular cross sections: 1,0; = octagonal cross sections: (15#/b,)°* but not greater than 1,0; is the mean dimension of the flat side at the edge of the opening (see figure 5) (in mm). When 6, is less than 4 the value of b, shall be taken as equal to b; is the mean dimension of the flat side of an octagonal section (see figure 5) (in mm); is the effective length of the opening and has a value of (a - 0,43N) (in mm); is the overall length of the opening (see figure 5) (in mm); is the comer radius of the opening (see figure 5) (in mm); (max. value: half of the width of the door opening); is the mean radius of the cross section (see figure 5) (in mm); is the wall thickness (see figure 5) (in mm), is the plastic modulus of the section about the plastic neutral axis n-n (in mm’); is the plastic modulus of the section about the plastic neutral axis y-y (in mm’).Page 15 prEN 40-3-3:1996 NOTE: For the purpose of this standard the following values of Z,, and Z,, may be taken for circular sections and regular octagonal sections: = 2F Rt cos (1 - sin® Zyy 2FRtt co} (1 eng) Zp, = FR'(1 + cos €) where: \ F isa factor having the following values circular cross sections 2,0; octagonal cross sections. 2,16. 6.6.2.3. Reinforced openings in regular cross sections For the purpose of this clause, for reinforced openings in circular cross and regular octagonal sections the classification of reinforcement type shall be in accordance with the appropriate type shown in figure 6. +e In addition, the reinforcement shall be fixed to the column wall at the door and the clear distance between individual fasteners or intermittent fillet welds shall not be greater than 121,. ¢ ‘The strengths of the sections shall be calculated from the following equations (for reinforcement type 1, 2, 3 and 4): 96 102124%Page 16 prEN 40-3-3:1996 a) Bending strength (in Nm) = 2b Lm oO “10, 2,b62, M, = oe @®) 7 0 Y_ b) Torsion strength (in Nm) 7 = 2ebalds * PONR ® 10 ¥,L where: 5 is as defined in 6.6.2.2; 5 is a factor having the following values: 1) reinforcement types 1, 2 and 3 (see figure 6) rE FE+ ont but not greater than ¢, 2) reinforcement type 4 (see figure 6) Qt + t,PE | ——___._ but not greater than @, (Qt + 4,)°E + 0,32RLo, aa ; NOTE 1: Where-a higher value for, would *thereby “be obtained, type 4 reinforcement may be considered as type 2.o, P Page 17 prEN 40-3-3:1996 isa factor having a value obtained from figure 8 using the appropriate values of UL and 6; is the radius of gyration of the actual door reinforcement (.e. area 4, (see figure 6) about its centroidal axis parallel to the wall of the column at point of attachment (in mm); NOTE 2: A length of column wall, not greater than 201, as indicated in figure 6, may be assumed to act with the reinforcement for the purpose of calculating v. is a factor having a value equal to A/R¢ but not greater then the lesser of L/4R or 1,6; bp E, ‘Yq ate as defined in 6.6.2.1; @ and L are as defined in 6.6.2.2. o, is the characteristic strength of the material used for the column or the reinforcement, as specified in 6.3.2; is the mean radius of cross section (see figure 6) (in mm); is the wall thickness (see figure 6) (in mm); is the lesser of the two values f and 1, (in mu’); is the thickness of reinforcement at the side of the door opening (see figure 6) (in mm). For the purposes of the calculations t, has a consistent value, which may be taken as being less than the actual thickness; is the effective cross-sectional area (in mu?) of the door reinforcement and shall be taken as equal to the least value of the following. a) A,, the actual cross-sectional area of the door reinforcement as indicated on figure 6. Where the value for A, is not uniform over the length of the door opening the minimum area shall be taken. b) Sie c) The total shear strength (in N) of all fasteners in each length S divided by o,. 4) The total shear strength (in N) of all fasteners in each length C divided by o,. 96 1021249¢Page 18 prEN 40-3-3:1996 where: ‘The shear strength of fasteners shall be taken as the shear strength of fillet weld per unit length times the appropriate length or the shear strength of the individual fasteners times the appropriate number of fasteners, as appropriate. The shear strength shall be calculated using a shear stress equal to 9,/y3_. The throat thickness of fillet welds shall be taken as being the lesser value of: 1) the actual throat thickness; or 2) the value of tp; is the length of the end connection of the door reinforcement (see figure 7) (in mm). Where the upper and the lower end connections have different lengths the lesser value shall be taken; is the length of the upper or lower halves of the straight edge of the door opening (see figure 7) (in mm); is the plastic modulus of the section, including the effective door reinforcement, about the plastic neutral axis n-n (in mm); is the plastic modulus of the section, including the effective door reinforcement, about the plastic neutral axis y-y (in mm’). NOTE: For the purposes of this European Standard the following values of Ze, and Zp Tay be taken for circular sections and regular octagonal sections: al 38 a> ait is the distance from the centroid of the actual door reinforcement (i.e. area A,) to thePage 19 prEN 40-3-3:1996 x-x axis (see figure 6) measured normal to the axis (in mnt). m, is the distance from the centroid of the actual door reinforcement (i.e. area A,) to the ”” yny axis (see figure 6) measured normal to the axis (in mum). m, is the distance from the centre of the column wall at the edge of the opening to the ax axis (see figure 6) measured normal to the axis (in mm). m, is the distance from the centre of the column wall at the edge of the opening to the y-y axis (see figure 6) measured normal to the axis (in mm). For type 5 reinforcement, where an inner tube is expanded into the column, the bending strength of the section will be the algebraic sum of the bending strength of the inner tube and the bending strength of the outer tube, provided that the inner tube fits snugly (press-stress) in the outer shell. Formulae (4) and (5), section 6.6.2.2, will be used here. The torsion strength will be the strength of the outer (=column) section alone. Here, formulae (6) will be used. The length 1 (figure 6c) of the inner tube shall be greater or equal to a + 200 mm, to guarantee the participation of the inner tube in resisting bending ‘leformations. 6.6.2.4 Door openings In the case of door openings the calculation shall be in accordance with 6.6.2.2 or 6.6.2.3 verifying the door openings (figure 1). 6.6.3 Concrete columns 6.6.3.1 Closed regular cross sections ‘The bending strength and torsion strength of closed regular cross sections shall be as follows: a) Bending strength (in Nm) For closed regular cross sections, the appropriate bending strengths M,,, M,y Or My shall be calculated by inelastic analysis based on the short term stress-strain curves derived from the characteristic material strengths derived by the appropriate partial material factor, Yq, given in table 2 where M,,, M,, or M,, are defined in 6.6.1. NOTE: See ENV 1992. ; "96 021240¢Page 20 pIEN 40-3-3:1996 WHO Goi] BIORUNTE 350-3 | —— Tana zd 4 10 Soipess | PISpUDIS Tea sy] “wT HAR ut a S83) 40H) Figure 1: Door openings( % 4, 4, s Page 21 prEN 40-3-3:1996 b) Torsion strength (in Nm) ' ‘The torsion strengths T,, of circular or octagonal closed sections, with longitudinal steel reinforcement and/or prestressing wires shall be the greater of the two values calculated from equations (10) and (11) below, where appropriate. Bp 1, a@ - 4) ae, * 6) (10) 12 x 10° 2 eristic strength) andy | \__of reinforcement ay 4s x 10° Yn is the diameter of cross section of the column (see figure 9) (in mm); is the diameter of the central bore of the column (see figure 9) (in mm); is the characteristic shear strength with a value equal to 0,1/(6,/¥,) (in N/mn®), where o, is the characteristic strength of concrete as specified in 6.3.3; is as defined in 6.6.2.1; is the stress on the cross section from the prestressing force after taking account of the prestressing losses (in N/mm?). Account has to be taken of the reduction of o, in the transmission length. For reinforced concrete o, = 0; is the mean diameter of the hoop reinforcement (see figure 9) (in mm); is the total area of the legs of closed hoops at section (in mnt); is the longitudinal spacing of hoops (in mm). ‘The value from equation (11) shall only be adopted where reinforcement hoops are provided around the longitudinal steel reinforcement and the total area of longitudinal steel (in mm") in the cross section exceeds: 96 10212(12) 6.6.3.2 Other cross sections (including those with openings) The bending strength and torsion strength of other cross sections (including those with openings) shall be as follows. 1) Bending strength (in Na) ‘The bending strengths M,., My (see 6.6.1) of other cross sections, including those -vith openings, shall either be obtained by an inelastic analysis based on the short term stress-strain curves derived from the characteristic material strengths divided by the appropriate partial material factor, 7_, given in table 2, provided instability of section does not occur before failure or by an empirical method based on tests. NOTE: Advice on instability of concrete sections is given in ENV 1992. b) Torsion strength (in Nr) ‘The torsion strengths T,, of other cross sections, including those with openings, shall either be calculated using an appropriate analytical method, which has been proved suitable for the particular cross section, or by an empirical method based on tests. 6.6.3.3 Additional requirements for prestressed concrete columns For prestressed concrete columns the following additional requirements shall apply. a) Concrete ‘The maximum initial stress in the concrete in the lighting column at transfer shall not bbe greater than 0,60, (in N/mm) is the effective compressive strength of the concrete in the lighting column at the moment of transference of the prestressing force. b) Complete structure Prestressing losses shall be calculated in accordance to ENV 1992.Page 23 prEN 40-3-3:1996 6.7 Acceptance of design for strength \ ‘The strength of the column shall be considered acceptable if for all the position specified in 6.1, the following is satisfied: Seater (13) MM, or alternatively for closed regular sections: Mt as M, 7, where Mz, M, or M, are as defined in 6.5.1; T, is as defined in 6.5.2; Ms My Muy and T, ate as defined in 6.6.1. 7 Deflection requirements (serviceability limit state) 7.1 Application of calculations ‘The horizontal and vertical deflections of the lantern connection under the action of the characteristic loads shall be calculated. 7.2 Characteristic loads ‘The characteristic loads for deflection requirements shall be the loads specified in 6.2. NOTE: For deflection calculations this is a serviceability limit state and y, is taken as 1,0. 7.3 Characteristic material properties “The characteristic moduli of elasticity, E, and rigidity, G, shall be obtained from the specific EUROCODE. 7.4 Calculation of deflections 96 1021246Page 24 ‘ prEN 40-3-3:1996 1.4.1 Horizontal deflection of the lantern connection(s) The total horizontal defection ‘in m) calculated from the effects of the loads specified in 7.2 shall be taken as the sum of the following. 7.4.1.1 Column with asymmetric arrangement a) The horizontal deflection caused by flexure of the column shaft and the bracket due to the simultaneous effect of the wind on the column shaft, bracket and lantern(s). b) The horizontal deflection caused by torsion of the column shaft and any vertical section of the bracket dc to the simultaneous effect of the wind on the section of the bracket deviating from the vertical and the lantern(s).. 7A,1.2 Column with symmetric arrangement a) The horizontal deflection caused by flexure of the column shaft and a single bracket due to the simultaneous effect of the wind on the column shaft, bracket and lantern with torsion, b) The same as a) but w:th the symmetrical brackets, without torsion (see also 6.5.2). In both cases the values for bracket projection and lantern weight and windage shall be the same. 7.4.2 Vertical deflection of the lantern connection(s) The vertical deflection (in m) calculated from the effects of the loads specified in 7.2 shall be taken as that caused by the flexure of the column shaft and bracket due to the simultaneous effect of the masses of the section of the bracket deviating from the vertical and the lantern. 7.4.3 Additional requirements for concrete columns ‘The reduced stiffness of the portions of the column that will be cracked under the action of tensile stresses shall be taken into account in calculating the deflections. For reinforced concrete columns, the extent of cracking shall be that obtained under the full unfactored loading used in the strength calculations. For prestressed concrete columns, account shall be taken of prestressing losses,Page 25 prEN 40-3-3:1996 7.5 Acceptance of design for deflection i 7.5.1 Horizontal deflection ‘The horizontal deflection of each lantern connection, calculated in accordance with 7.4.1, shall not exceed 0,06 (h + w): where A is the nominal height of the lighting column (in m) as defined in EN 40: Part 1; w is the bracket projection (in m) as defined in EN 40 : Part 1. 7.5.2 Vertical deflection ‘The vertical deflection of each lantern connection, calculated in accordance with 7.4.2, shall not exceed 0,025w, where w is as defined in 7.5.1 8 Permissible modifications to verified column ‘The design calculations for a given column with a particular bracket arrangement and projection, lantern(s) and wind load shall be considered acceptable for the same column with the same style of bracket(s) but with reduced bracket projection and/or smaller effective lantern area(s) and/or smaller effective lantern weight(s) and/or reduced wind load. “S¢ TMOITLAMT 9 Fatigue requirements When specified, the possibility of fatigue effects shall be considered for metal columns 9 m and above in height. NOTE: Guidance on a method of calculation is shown in annex A. 96 1021240¢Page 26 i) prEN 40-3-3:1996 1.0) 09) 6: as: Ow! 0.3) 0.5 10 18 NOTE 1: For circular cross sections use curve 1 and 2. NOTE 2: For octagonal cross sections use curve 1, 2 and 3. Curve 1 = 1,0 for0 < p < 0,8 Curve2 4, = (2) for 0,8 < p 52,0 Curve 3 4, = 0,81 - 0,3(p -1,5)°? for 1,53 < p = 2,0 Figure 2: Values of factor 4 20( ( Page 27 prEN 40-3-3:1996 Octagonat —— cireuiar Figure 3: Closed regular cross sections of metal lighting column 96 102124Page 28 prEN 10-3-3:1996 NOTE: $5 may be obtained from the following expression: 10c0s'(2 1+ 215tan0 + 085% 9s - TT T7standl _ 1+ 215tand + 085% + 342) Figure 4: Values of factor $5Page 29 prEN 40-3-3:1996 a Ts Octagonal ———=Circulor Octagonal ——————= Circular NOTE: Nis the corner radius of the door opening 2) Elevation b) Cross section Figure 5: Unreinforced door openings in metal lighting colismns 96 1021240CPage 30 prEN 40-3-3:1996 NOTE: A, = t, dy a) Type (1) NOTE: A, is the area of reinforcement, which may take the form of an angle or any other cross section. (b) Type @) Figure 6: Cross sections of reinforced door openings in metal lighting columnsPage 31 prEN 40-3-3:1996 NOTE: A, = ty dy For type (3) reinforcement, take d, as lesser than m, or 20t,, © Type @) NOTE: A, = ty dy For type (4) reinforcement, d, has to be greater than 4t, and t, has to be greater than t (d) Type (4) Figure 6: Cross sections of reinforced door openings in metal lighting columns (continued) 96 1021240<°Page 32 prEN 40-3-3:1996 j 100 : l= g +100 Uear (©) Type 5 Figure 6: Cross sections of reinforced door openings in ‘metal lighting columns (concluded)( \ Page 33 prEN 40-3~ 5 as yp e rf c ti ‘ : ot fe , sf in iT Xx a a iW It ! ? btu u Octagonal = Circular Octagonal ————= Circular NOTE: N is the comer radius of the NOTE 1: Nis the comer radius of the door NOTE 2: In this form of reinforcement Sis the length of connection of the curved portion of the reinforcement. (@) Reinforcement projecting beyond the door _(b) Reinforcement continuous around the door Figure 7: Elevation of reinforced door openings in metal lighting columns 96 1021240CPage 34 prEN 40-3-3:1996 (NOTE: curve fitting formula to follow) Figure 8: Values of factor ¢,“SHUM Page 35 prEN 40-3-3:1996 y Octagonal = cireytar a) Closed regular cross section b) Cross section with opening Circuler Octagonal Figure 9: Cross sections of concrete lighting columns 96 10212406Page 36 prEN 40-3-3:1996 Annex Annex A (informative) Guidance on fatigue requirements A.1 When required by the customer, the fatigue rules in A.2 to A.4 should be used. A.2 A check on fatigue at and adjacent to each welded section, including the ends of reinforcement at door openings, should be undertaken using a stress range o,, given by: somes fe : where: is the stress calculated at this position for the design wind loads specified in 6.2; B is the dynamic response factor specified in prEN 40 : Part 3.1; yx is the average shape coefficient for the top half of the column as used for the static analysis and given in prEN 40 : Part 3.1; © is 1,2 for circular sections 1,3 for octagonal sections with r/D = 0,075 1,45 for octagonal sections with 1/D < 0,075 r is the radius of the corner; D is the distance across the flats. A.3 This stress range should be less than that obtained from A.4, appropriate to the class of detail being considered and for a number of cycles N given by: N=10NL where: Ny... is.the frequency of vibrationof the cohwmn-(Hz); L is the design life of the structure (years).(MY +S Page 37 prEN 40-3-3:1996 'A.4 For a design life of 25 years, the maximum allowable stress range is given in figure ‘ALL, appropriate to the class of detail under consideration and dependent on the frequency N; (Hz). Guidance on classes of weld is given in A.5. 'A.S Classification is critically dependent on welding procedures and hence the following is for guidance only. Better procedures and/or post-weld treatment can improve the weld classification. Classification may also be modified by fatigue testing of a sample of typical full-scale details. 96 10212400Page 38 prEN 40-3-3:1996 (12 wuyn) abuns ssasys s1wuukp ayqomoljy Figure A.1: Fatigue of lighting columns stress fange limit for class of weld detail based on a 25 year design life requirement Frequency Ny (Hz)shat? ange Page 39 prEN 40-3-3:1996 Wald Procedures ass aren | wert Meal | Theos Maat weld: even! soplans: novesing: | Fa |W s wex profile. = - i ‘Auo eld one sop/sart duly dese: » fom ADE Watng:concive or fa profile ended opuen nei Provided wed 1A is designed or ante of ter oud and wed 1 i for ieee Geeta ep aetna lg Wis coeniwion acon wed Figure A.2: Weld detail type 1 ae a ‘Manual weld: several stoplstar: 0 testing: | gavin SS ek coe wed Procedares es Parent | Weld Meat | Throat me w ‘Ao wel: one zop/ca duly dese ABE Stns tomes rot Surface, gaps ange & 0,5 mm, a 2 Use stress concentration fitr. Figure A.3: Weld detail type 2/1 96° 1021241Page 40 prElt 40-3-3:1996 Snatt menal unt wea 2 sige ‘Auto wel: on start uly res n | pe i aie ly eure fe. Figure A.4: Weld detail type 2/2 a — oe tel Se tex | ae ee a ‘Aut toplstart dul rE at F RR ee pen fo aaien re ate [tet rmeitonic alo Figure A.5: Weld detail type 3+S Page 41 prEN 40-3-3:1996 NOTE: Joint detail not recommended for other lightly loaded short columns. weld ‘4 Procedures : Ten | we ms |_ iss Manali sweat sons: mesg, | Gt |W ‘Ao well ong open day dese | mY |G NBT. a Ca ie Bins Sunda 7 Use ates conce tion fe0e bade ‘wed Procedures cuss | wes on Manwal wel; several sop/stars; 0 testing: w sa | Sonex profi ‘a well ong sopoan daly dressed: Flor AND Wetigr tor coneave proie lnded Spurs neat [556 | Phage not ground ange, : Plugs ground 00, E Figure A.7: Weld detail type 5 96 1021240CAuowelioresentan | war | or | re a ND Tesang: {at r concave profit blended to parent metal EE Assumes tight ft berween tubes for load taster by sheat. NOTE: Classification could depend on the accuracy of fit-up and on the proportions of tapered length. Lapped length and angle of bend. Corrosion protection would need to be assured, Figure A.8; Weld detail type 6