Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Handout Cardio
Handout Cardio
ü Chambers of the Heart
a. Atria
o Superior chambers are known as the “receiving chambers”
because they receive blood from the veins
o Alternately contract and relax to receive blood and then push it
to the ventricles
o The myocardial wall of the atria is thin because not much
• Structure of the Heart:
pressure is needed to move blood
ü Wall of the Heart
o Auricle: earlike flap that protrudes from each atrium
a. Epicardium: outer layer of the heart wall
b. Ventricles
b. Myocardium:
o The two lower chambers are known as the “Pumping
o Thick, contractile middle layer of the heart wall
chambers” because they push blood into the large network of
o Compresses the heart cavities and the blood vessels within
blood vessels
them with great force
o Myocardial wall is thicker because a great force must be
c. Endocardium
generated to pump the blood to a large distance
II. CAPILLARIES
• Microscopic vessels that carry blood from arterioles to venules
which constitute the microcirculation
• Not evenly distributed: highest number in tissues with high
metabolic rate or may even be absent in some tissues such as
cartilages
• Types of Capillaries
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS 1. True Capillaries: receive blood flowing from metarteriole with
I. ARTERIES: carry blood away from the heart input regulated by pracepillary sphincters
• All carry oxygenated blood EXCEPT the pulmonary artery 2. Continuous Capillaries: continuous lining of endothelial cells
• Types of Arteries containing openings in between called “Intercellular clefts”
a. Elastic Arteries: largest in the body 3. Fenestrated Capillaries: have both intercellular clefts and
o Able to stretch without injury “holes” or fenestrations through plasma membrane to
o Accommodate surge of blood when heart contracts and facilitate exchange functions
able to recoil when ventricles relax 4. Sinusoids: large lumen and tortuous course having an
o Examples: aorta and its major branches incomplete or absent basement membrane
b. Muscular (Distributing) Arteries o Very porous to permit migration of cells into or out of the
o Smaller in diameter than elastic arteries vessel lumen
o Muscular layer is thick
o Examples: brachial, gastric, superior mesenteric
Oxygen-poor blood
Oxygen-rich blood
Tricuspid Pulmonary
Superior vena cava (SVC) valve semilunar valve
Right Right Pulmonary
Inferior vena cava (IVC)
atrium ventricle trunk
Coronary sinus
Pulmonary
arteries
SVC
Coronary
sinus Pulmonary
trunk
Right Tricuspid
atrium valve Pulmonary
semilunar
valve
Right
IVC ventricle
Systemic Pulmonary
capillaries capillaries
Aorta Pulmonary
veins
Aortic Left
semilunar Mitral atrium
valve valve
Left
ventricle
Aortic Mitral
semilunar valve Left valve Left Four
Aorta ventricle atrium pulmonary
veins
694 Reference:
Marieb, E. & Hoehn, K. (2016). Human anatomy and physiology (10th ed.)[PDF]. USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
LABORATORY DISCUSSION [ EXPERIMENT 9: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ]
RELATIONSHIP OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS TO BLOOD VESSELS
• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymph make up the lymphatic system
o Lymphatic vessels return fluids that have leaked from the blood
vascular system back to the blood
• Lymphatic vessels form a one-way network (lymphatic capillaries, collecting
vessels, trunks, and ducts) in which fluid flows only toward the heart
o The ____________________ drains lymph from the right arm and right
side of the upper body; the _______________ receives lymph from the
rest of the body → These ducts empty into the blood vascular system
at the junction of the ________________________________________
o Lymphatic capillaries are exceptionally permeable, admitting proteins
and particulate matter from the interstitial space
• The flow of lymphatic fluid is slow; it is maintained by skeletal muscle
contraction, pressure changes in the thorax, and contractions of the
lymphatic vessels; valves prevent backflow
• Lymphoid organs and tissues protect the body by removing foreign material
from the lymph and bloodstream, and provide a site for immune
surveillance
o Overview of the Immune System
Natural/Innate Acquired/Adaptive
First Line Second Line Third Line
External Components Internal Components
Physical factors: Cellular: Cellular:
o Intact skin, mucous o WBCs o Lymphocytes (i.e. T
membranes, cilia, o NK cells cells and B cells)
cough reflex o Antigen Presenting
Humoral/Biochemical:
Cells (APCs)
Processes:
Physiologic factors: o Phagocytosis
o pH, body o Inflammation
temperature, O2
tension, hormonal
balance, age