Running Head: THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 1

The Negative Effects of Drugs in Society

Santiago M. Fraga

Liceo Internacional
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 2

Table of Contents

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..3

Introduction………………….…………………………………………………..............4

Chapter 1: Health Issues……….……………………………...…………………………6

Chapter 2: Social Impact of Drug………………………………………………………13

Chapter 3: Economic Consequences of Drug Abuse……………………..…………….19

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...24

References……………………………………………………………………………...26
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 3

Abstract

What motivated me to write this paper is that nowadays drugs seem to be the

biggest problem for society due to the terrible effects they bring on. After reading,

researching and experiencing drugs effects as well as knowing that drugs are the main

reason of deaths, the ideas and possibilities of concluding this paper expanded. The

possibilities that arose throughout the composition of this work had many aspects such

as the social (easiest to approach) or the medical aspects that provide a reasonable and

scientifically explained process and damage of these illegal substances. Despite having

a little idea of what drugs are capable of when consumed, making these research paper

has given another perspective, one that shows the extreme consequences and limits of

drugs which had an impact over the way of seeing these substances plus understanding

and reaching to important conclusions about them. After stating all these reasons and

approaching to the negative effects of drugs, one can conclude that a person needs to

prevent approaching to these substances or actually generating a change for society,

thus having a better lifestyle.

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 4

Introduction

Drugs are killing people every day at an alarming rate, making drug control a

major concerning issue for the society. According to the Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention (CDC), Drug overdoses kill more than cars, guns and falling

collectively. For example, they underline that by 2014, 49,714 Americans’ deaths were

drug-related, whereas that same year, 32,675 Americans were killed by car accidents.

Also, they compare the number of deaths between 2004 and 2014 and reported that the

number rose significantly because in 2004 it was 30,711 (Center N. D., 2006). The

principal cause of this, is that people are not fully aware of the real problem that drugs

can cause, making it a common practice to consume them, thus creating a big problem

for society as a whole.

Drugs are any substance, natural or synthetic that ingested or introduced into the

body causes a physiological change to it. Some of them are legal and used as a medicine

to treat a disease. However, there are also illegal drugs that are used for its narcotic

and/or stimulants such as: alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and many others (Wales,

2015).

People have used drugs for thousands of years, either for spiritual and religious

reasons, or for recreational purposes. It has been noted that the use of drugs dates back

to prehistoric times. Studies have revealed that early dwellers also consumed drugs.

This conclusion comes from different analyzes that scientists have made to ancient

fossils of psychoactive plants and some other evidence like residues of alcohol (Cooper-

White, 2015).
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 5

Nevertheless the dilemma remains, are drugs really dangerous for those who use

them and why? Nowadays, people worldwide are still experimenting the use of drugs

for curiosity or simply because they want to feel sensations that only drugs can provide.

Whatever the reason might be, we need to be conscious that the use of drugs causes

dependence, addiction and most importantly, it has an important and negative impact on

health, as well as social and economic development.

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 6

Chapter 1

Health Issues

All drugs cause changes in the body and, more specifically, the brain.

Significant effects to the brain can cause mood swings and other psychopathologies

such as depression. Once addicted, a person will begin experiencing various health

issues, due to the brain’s main function of regulating the body’s basic functions. Effects

range from psychological disorders, the weakening of the immune system to, even,

death from an overdose.

Psychological disorders

Some people develop mental health problems related to their compulsive drug

use while others take drugs to relieve symptoms of health disorders. “Individuals with

drug use and psychiatric disorders are more likely than those without drug and

psychiatric disorders to develop a drug use disorder” (Compton et al. 2007). Here is a

description of the different types of mental health problems that often co-occur with

drug problems.

Personality Disorders

Individuals affected with personality disorders tend to have accentuated and

insisting recurrent personality traits which keep them from functioning in social
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 7

contexts or other activities. These traits also affect their capacity to handle stress or

other forms of personal distress. (Policy, Physicians and Lawyers for National Drug,

2008). Also this type of person has unusual changes in emotions, and will tend to have

different thoughts, and sometimes even believe in things that cannot happen in real life.

The way they relate with people is different from the way normal people would. One of

the common symptoms they experience is impulse control. Impulse control occurs when

they cannot manage their temptations and feel the impulse to do something without

thinking through potential problems it may cause. A normal person could resist the

temptation, but for the people with this type of disorder it is very difficult to control.

The most typical examples are Avoidant Personality Disorder and Obsessive-

Compulsive Personality Disorder. People nowadays get help and seek a doctor in order

to recover and have a better lifestyle with medicine and therapy.

Mood Disorder

The disorder which encompasses all types of depression and bipolar behavior is

called Mood disorder (Policy, Physicians and Lawyers for National Drug, 2008). People

who experience this disorder have hard time relating with others because of the

problems they are facing in life. They are always sad and struggle to think positively.

Most affected people simply want to be isolate themselves making it very difficult to

help them. It is important for affected people to see a psychologist and undergo

treatment, to help them optimize surmounting their clinical depression. Bipolarity and

depression are very similar, although bipolarity may cause drastic mood swings. While

in the morning a bipolar can feel happy, they may become severely depressed that same

afternoon. It is important to have control over patients with bipolarity, not only because
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 8

of their mood swings, but because studies show extreme depression can very likely lead

to committing suicide. Therefore, it is necessary to care and help these people fight this

disorder. There are treatments for this medical condition and with this help, drug addicts

can have a successful life and have a successful life (Policy, Physicians and Lawyers for

National Drug, 2008).

Psychotic disorder

Patients that go through this issue tend to have terrible symptoms; these are

delusions and hallucinations (Policy, Physicians and Lawyers for National Drug, 2008).

They believe that people are talking to and watching them, whereas these are only

hallucinations and pigments of their imagination. (Policy, Physicians and Lawyers for

National Drug, 2008).

Trauma and Abuse

It is important to take into consideration that trauma and abuse are also

psychological disorders (Policy, Physicians and Lawyers for National Drug, 2008).

“Research shows that rates of trauma in men and women entering the

justice system are higher than rates found in the general population. A

history of physical and/or sexual abuse has been linked to many types of

mental disorders, including PTSD, depression, suicidal behavior, borderline

personality disorder, and other personality disorders”(Spielvogel and Floyd,

1997, p.57).
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 9

When people are victims of any kind of abuse they tend to get traumas and this

can affect the way they live making them more tense and nervous.

Psychopathy

Psychopathy is a brain disease and when people are suffering from this, loses

touch with reality permanently, most of psychopaths tend to be criminals (Policy,

Physicians and Lawyers for National Drug, 2008).

“Psychopathy is a criminogenic risk factor often found among offenders

with substance use disorders. Psychopathy is marked by primary and severe

deficits in attachment and interpersonal bonding, lack of empathy for

others’ experiences, lack of remorse, and shallow emotional functioning.

Ten to 20% of male prison inmates meet the criteria for psychopathy”(Hare

et al., 1991, p.57).

When these people lose touch with reality they start to commit crimes without

thinking about the consequences they would have in the future.

Weakening of the immune system

Drugs also bring cardiovascular diseases, for example cardiomyopathy.

Cardiomyopathy is the disease of the heart muscle. The symptoms are heart failure,

abnormal heart rate, and heart attacks. Common drugs like amphetamines and cocaine
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 10

are responsible for cardiovascular disorders (American Addiction Centers, 2016). These

disorders are disruptions of the heart and blood vessels. When people consume

amphetamines, they could develop Cardiomyopathy, Cerebral infarction, Cardiac

arrhythmia, Myocardial infarction, all of these diseases are cardiovascular disorders

(American Addiction Centers, 2016). Cocaine also can cause many chronic diseases like

for example blood pressure, lack of oxygen to the heart, and many others that lead

people to death (American Addiction Centers, 2016).

Drug Overdose death

Medicine that is used for alleviating pain is also considered a drug. As they may

be over-the-counter medicine sold virtually everywhere without a doctor’s prescription,

stronger drugs or painkillers may cause to develop an addiction and, in worse cases,

lead to an overdose and death. This is the case of the opioids, as they are medication

that reduces the intensity of pain signals that reach the brain and affects brain areas that

control emotions. Opioids may cause chronic diseases similarly to illicit drugs (Health,

2013). The biggest hazard remains overdosing. Opioid overdose symptoms are dilated

pupils, unconsciousness, and respiratory depression. There is a study that states that the

main problem of a fatal overdose was the use of opioids and other substances (Health,

2013).

Victims of overdosing should be closely examined to prevent future problems

opioids may cause (Health, 2013). The majority of victims are patients who suffer an

accident and can only revert to opioids to reduce their pain.

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 11

Nowadays, there are many ways to reduce overdosing in patients. With

the advance of technology, every day scientists discover new medicines which can treat

different diseases (Health, 2013). The medical drug called naloxone can treat overdoses

and it is used specifically for opioid overdose, a leading causes of death at the moment

(Health, 2013).

If naloxone causes a favorable evolution, the patient may be able to walk and

articulate words well, displaying the symptoms the patient is receiving adequate

treatment (Health, 2013). Notably, respiratory depression, a symptom of opioid

overdose, can be relieved by naloxone, allowing patients to breath normally. Also, it is

said that ventilation is good for the overdoses of long-acting opioids (Health, 2013).

Side effects caused by naloxone are rare occurrences. Such effects include

abdominal or stomach cramps, body aches, and also convulsions (Health, 2013). Much

like any other medication, there are secondary effects. However, if people wish to

improve their health condition, the medication should only be administered under the

supervision of a professional (Health, 2013).

Medicine is constantly advancing and so are treatments. With discoveries and

breakthroughs we are able to administer medication that is less and less dangerous for

patients, better and better adapted to their pathology. Medicine remains, however, a

field of trial and error.

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 12

Despite the negative effects that drugs cause on people's health it can be said

that technology has made great advance to create suitable treatments that might help

people with these diseases. Moreover, every day there are different campaigns made

against drugs. This is very important for our society and young generations since the

more communication on negative side effect of drug use the better results will be. Yet, it

is on one’s own commitment to manage avoiding drugs and being aware of the negative

side effects of it. Becoming addicted can be very easy therefore; we should all live drug

free and live a better lifestyle.

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 13

Chapter 2

Social Impact of Drugs

The use and abuse of drugs has been a social conflict for many years.From the

moment consumer began consuming these addictive substances the whole world has

been in a daily struggle to combat the different social problems they cause. Stability of

relationships and environment are very important,especially for children and young

adults since the influence of peer groups as well as family problems can have a negative

impact on them. This chapter will address some of these issues in order to understand

how they can affect the emotional stability of an individual, and to know how to prevent

oneself from drug addiction.

Psychosocial Disorders

There are some the psychosocial factors that affect the well-being of people who

are going through these disorders. It is not unusual to see that people who are facing out

with this problem tend to have more issues with their families, financial problems as

well as difficult relationships, whether they are personal or professional. The excessive

consumption of drugs is so devastating that creates such a dependency for these people

on drugs and as a result they are stuck in a limbo they themselves have created. They no

longer have goals or their lives become so meaningless as they are now trapped in a

delusional world that offers no hope for them. The family members are those who
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 14

perceive and receive this impact and all they can do at this point is seek out professional

help and be very supportive. In cases of having relatives with psychosocial disorders the

most important thing is to resort to a solution and receive help.

In the average family, the most important thing is the upbringing of children,

when this union between the father and mother is broken there are family breakups.

Separated parents is something that can be a highly likely situation where children are

affected by it creating a negative situation where drugs might become a way of dealing

with this, a form of escaping reality and eventually might lead to psychological

disorders (Health I. J., 2013).

Alcohol would be considered a legal drug by the free sale to the legal public.

“Less than 10% of the U.S population is dependent on alcohol and/or other drugs while

30% use alcohol at unhealthy levels, placing them at risk for social, legal, and medical

problems associated with their use even though they are not dependent” (Saitz, 2005).

When there are cases of alcoholism in families, children are more likely to become

alcoholics. And in the long-term they may have problems with addiction and will

develop diseases like anxiety, depression and, neuroticism, this could become a real

mess at work or in school if the affected is an student (Services, 2000). It is said that

when in a family there are signs of alcoholism it breaks the relationship between their

members, and when this bond has been broken there is no good communication with

their children and so they may be affected emotionally (Services, 2000). In many cases

it has been said that alcohol can help reducing stress but this may occur in very rare

situations and not to everyone, in other cases it can get worse (Services, 2000).
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 15

Adolescents with drug addiction may have social conflicts at school with friends or at

home with the family, all this in the future becomes a problem that could lead them to

suicide and it would affect socially and psychologically the victim's close relatives .

(Administration, 2004).

Relationship Conflicts

In drug use, the family plays a very important role in the life of adolescents.

This relationship between parents and children is fundamental for the formation of

values and also the establishment of norms and limits. Also, the relationships with peers

is extremely important at school, at work and anywhere else where there is going to be

interaction with people.

When there is a well-structured family the support from parents to children is

evident, and this bond is perhaps the biggest foundation when facing problems in life.

Later in school all learned values can be strengthened in such a way that youths are

somewhat prepared to deal with issues in life, at this point it might be safe to assume

that children are on the right path, all of this might make them stay away from drugs

(Health I. J., 2013). However, when there are problems with drugs at home the

consequences could be many, issues like: divorce, child abuse, and domestic violence

(Policy, Physicians and Lawyers for National Drug, 2008). There are studies stating that

children with divorced parents tend to use drugs at a very early age unlike the children

who have their father and mother living with them (Health I. J., 2013).
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 16

Nevertheless, excessive over protection from parents to children produces in the

adolescent, in addition to irresponsibility, little critical sense and difficulty to make

decisions since as they would always seek out approval of their parents (UNDCP, THE

SOCIAL IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE, 1995). This is something that will eventually

lead teens to experimenting and trying new things, simply because they are almost

forbidden to do anything without parental permission. On the other hand there is also

the influence of friends in the school. Nowadays, teenagers may be affected by peer

influence, on occasions social pressure make teens feel compelled to do what their

peers want forcing them to try new things just to be accepted in their group of friends

(Health I. J., 2013). In schools, authorities should teach and make young people aware

of the negative effects of drugs on society. This would be of great help as there are

many teens who have bad influences from home and their only way to learn about all

this would be at school (UNDCP, THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE, 1995).

This should also be done in companies not only to avoid problems in the future and

achieve a good performance with the company, but also as a standard policy to educate

and to keep this from happening.

Socio-economic Issues

In addition to the previously mentioned issues, one more adds up. Financially

this also causes a negative effect. One of the biggest problems facing drug users is the

economy. When consumption is frequent, this creates and becomes an additional

expense, in other words, this would have direct repercussion with the family budget,
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 17

should family member is involved in drug use or undergoing a rehabilitation process,

which needs and additional budget to cover these expenses (UNDCP, THE SOCIAL

IMPACT OF DRUG ABUSE, 1995). Likewise there are family therapies. These

therapies that the psychologist offers could improve the relationship between family

members affected by drugs and have a better lifestyle, but this also would be an

additional expense (Administration, 2004).

Patterns of Interaction

“Reilly (1992) describes several characteristic patterns of interaction, one or

more of which are likely to be present in a family that includes parents or children

abusing alcohol or illicit drugs” (Administration, 2004):

 Negativism

 Parental inconsistency

 Parental denial

 Miscarried expression of anger

 Self-medication

 Unrealistic parental expectations

(Reilly, 1992)

To conclude, the fight against drugs is still really hard since its use is often

related to psychosocial disorders as well as personal and family issues. Unfortunately,

without own will and/or external help, drug users get caught in a vicious circle. Indeed,
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 18

as described in this chapter, a drug disorder might progressively affect several aspects of

one’s life, beyond repair.

Although the drug issue will not be eradicated, a proper education, specific

infrastructures and communication campaigns can greatly help to prevent or mitigate

the risks. It is not necessary to target only drug users but also their families by making

them aware of a potential suspect behavior around them. This sensitization should be

even more present in schools and companies, because everybody needs to be part of the

solution.
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 19

Chapter 3

Economic Consequences of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse has been a big issue for many years, not only because it affects

public health and safety worldwide, but also because of its negative impact on social

and economic development. It is worth mentioning that drug addiction causes personal

financial hardship and also has repercussions on our nation’s economy, businesses and

healthcare system. Moreover, crime is another big issue that is connected to drug abuse

since the continuous use of drugs makes a person spend all their money on this, and

when they are running out of resources, committing a crime might appear as the only

alternative (UNDCP, 1995).

Addiction and Personal Finance Problems

Financial problems are almost inevitable when a person develops a drug

addiction. A serious substance abuser will do anything to feed their addiction and

therefore, spend all their money on drugs and begin to have debts (UNDCP, 1995).

Moreover, if the person needs rehabilitation, the cost of treatment can be very high and

deeply harm his pocket. In many cases, even relatives might spend all their money to

help fund a successful recovery (Center R. , 2016).

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 20

Substance abuse and addiction affects both poor and wealthy people. However,

since drugs are usually expensive those with low income might spend a higher

percentage of their money on drugs and this will affect even more their families and

way of living (Policy, 2012).

Besides, the abuse of drugs affects people’s health and can cause sickness. This

condition won’t let them get a job, and this is one of the main causes

ofunemployment(Linda Bauld, 2010). Furthermore, drugs use makes people less

productive. At work, this lack of performance could make them lose their job, which

means that they won’t have any money to live and this will make their financial

situation even worse (Center R. , 2016).

Impact of Drugs on the Workplace

It should be noted that companies who hire drug users could be also affected.

According to the National Council On Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD)

70% of the estimated 14,8 million Americans who use illegal drugs are employed. An

employee who is using drugs, especially on a daily basis may be prone to miss work or

decrease their productivity. Besides, other employees could be also affected because of

the person’s behavior at work. In some cases, employers may have to cover the

employee’s rehab, which can be very expensive. As stated by the NCADD, drug abuse

costs employers $81 billion annually in the United States of America.

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 21

Alcohol is a non-illicit drug that also causes many problems in companies. Its

addiction is usually a source of inconsistent work quality and health problems; forcing

companies to spend money on medical insurance fees (Studies, 2014). Indeed, the

employer suffers from the reduced workforce and therefore, will need to replace the

person and hire someone else. This will be an additional cost for the company.

Global Economic Costs of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse is a major problem in every society and has a big impact on multiple

levels. It requires societies to dedicate resources especially on health care, safety and

productivity.

Health care

Many top medical problems can be linked to drug abuse. Visits to hospitals as a

result of overdoses, psychotic episodes or symptoms of infectious diseases are costly to

society. Moreover, victims of drug-related crimes and accidents are also often

hospitalized and this is also a big cost of money (INCB, 2013). According to The New

York Times, most of the money that the government spends on drug-related health

conditions is used to treating conditions like liver disease and drug overdose (Eckholm,

2009).

Crime
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 22

There is often a link between drugs and crime. Indeed, as a person’s addiction

becomes stronger, their need to use drugs intensifies and can push them to commit a

crime. This situation will force a society to spend more money on law enforcement

associated with the prevention of drug trafficking and drug-related crime (Center R. ,

2016). There are some types of drugs that lead people to be more engaged in crime. For

example Crack users most of the times commit crimes (Linda Bauld, 2010). Also,

“Studies of heroin “careers” show that the frequency of criminal activity tends to covary

with periods of intense use” (see Fagan, 1990, for review).Crime occurs not only in

consuming countries but also with producers. For instance, in Colombia in the last

years, crime, murders, kidnappings and many more have increased (Robert MacCoun,

2003).

Impact on Productivity

There is a loss in productivity due to drug consumption. If we multiply one

person’s lost of productivity by thousands or millions, the result is terrible and the

whole economy suffers. People who are unemployed because of drug addiction must

rely on public services that in some countries are funded by State and Federal

Governments. In addition to this, drug users are more likely to injure themselves or to

cause accidents at work. This will cost money to the company and will affect other

employees’ performance at work (Policy, 2012).

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 23

We observed that drug abuse not only affects the person itself but also a society

as a whole. It affects the economy in general by causing extra expenses that could be

used for other purposes such as education, employments, etc. Also, companies spend

money on health care or rehab instead of using these resources to create more jobs.

It is important to understand the economic costs of drug abuse in order to

develop policies that reduce such costs. Drug prevention programs for young people are

one alternative to avoid drug abuse. This will help them make healthy choices in the

future. Also, providing treatments for those who have already initiated drug abuse can

be a good way to help them overcome their problems. Governments should increase

their collaboration with important international organizations as well as other countries

in order to fight against drug war (INCB, 2013).

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 24

Conclusion

For a long time the consumption of drugs has been increasing day by day,

dangerously becoming a major concern worldwide. As they pose a real problem to

society, as well as in the lifestyle of those individuals who consume them.

Drug consumption has a negative effect in the short and long term. Its use not

only hurts one’s health, but also they can be lethal. Moreover, mental illnesses can

develop or become worse with drug use. Regarding health issues, drug consuming is

present because of the fact that these substances are chemicals and in most cases they

can become addictive, causing considerable damage to the body of those who consume

them.

In addition, drugs and their addiction affect relationships in general. Indeed,

dealing with someone who uses drugs can be dangerous, since their behavior is altered.

Not only the family and close friends suffer, but also they become part of the problem.

Besides, relationships and drugs are also a big issue among young people.

Demographically speaking, this group of the population often experience peer pressure,

which is a strong factor in starting to use and abuse drugs. It is extremely important to

focus on their education because youths might one start using drugs, and what is worse,

addiction is just a matter of time.

Finally, we could say that there are negative consequences on an economic

level. When people have a drug addiction they become so dependent, that they are
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 25

willing to do whatever it takes to satisfy their addiction. Unfortunately, this can lead

them to waste all their money and in some cases, to break the law and act carelessly

with no regard whatsoever for others.

Drugs can become a vicious circle of destruction. It causes conflict, which

pushes users to consume more and more drugs and prevent them from quitting.

Therefore, any kind of help is necessary, either from family and close friends or perhaps

from the government. This, can in turn, have a positive effect and it is necessary to help

a drug addict. However, even though some governments regularly publish ads and warn

people about the dangers of drug consumption, there is an unanswered question, are

these messages really useful and sufficient to reduce drug problems? Has any country

manage successfully to significantly reduce drug consumption by using these

approaches? Only time will tell, it is up to every member of society to take it upon

ourselves and become involved in some capacity to somehow alleviate this problem.
THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS IN SOCIETY 26

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