B0002

Methods of Collecting Data

1. Objective Method - by
measurement, counting, or observation.

2. Subjective Method - provided by

respondent

3. Use of Existing Records -published

statistics

Collection and Presentation of Data * Property of STI

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Methods of Presenting Data

1. Textual

2. Tabular

3. Graphical

Collection and Presentation of Data * Property of STI

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Methods of Presenting Data

1. Textual Presentation
- a narrative; may be written to
describe the characteristics of the
population based on the data
collected and organized
Example:
In a span of four years, the country
will be populated with over 94 million
people. This translates to a yearly
population growth of 1.95 percent from
2005 to 2010. Women are expected to live
longer than men by 5.5 years, but less by
half a year compared to five years earlier.
Males (47.3M) will still outnumber the
females (46.7M).
These results were taken from the
2000 census-based national, regional and
provincial population projections released
by the National Statistics Office on April
4, 2006.

Source: National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)

posted on May 06, 2006.

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Methods of Presenting Data

2. Tabular Presentation
- data are arranged and entered into the
appropriate row and/or column categories
Example:
Table I
Summary of Projected Population, by Five-Year Interval,
Philippines: 2000-2040 (Medium Assumption)

Year Both Sexes Male Female

2000 76,946,500 38,748 38,198

2005 85,261,000 42,886 42,372
2010 94,013,200 47,263 46,749
2015 102,965,300 51,733 51,232
2020 111,784,600 56,123 55,660
2025 120,224,500 60,311 59,912
2030 128,110,000 64,203 63,904
2035 135,301,100 67,741 67,559
2040 141,669,900 70,871 70,798

Source: National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) posted on May 06,

2006.
Collection and Presentation of Data * Property of STI
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Methods of Presenting Data

Tabular Presentation (cont.)
- a special table that may be constructed for
any variable is the Frequency
Distribution Table (FDT)

Steps:
1. Determine the range (R).
R = Highest value – Lowest value

2. Determine the number of classes (k)

using the rule of thumb (ideal number
2k

is odd and may fall within 5 – 15); or

use formula 1: 2k ≥ N, where k is the
number of classes and N is the
population size.

3. Compute the class interval (c):

c = R/k, where c is rounded off to the
nearest value whose precision is the
same as those of the raw data

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Frequency Distribution Table

Steps in constructing FDT (cont.)

4. Construct the classes as follows. Each class

is an interval of values defined by its lower
and upper class limits.

 The lower limit (LL) of the lowest

class is conventionally taken to be the
lowest value.
 The upper limit (UL) of the lowest
class can then be easily obtained by
subtracting one unit of measure from
the lower limit of the next class.

5. Tally the data into the classes constructed

in Step 4 to obtain the frequency of the
data belonging to each class.

Collection and Presentation of Data * Property of STI

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Frequency Distribution Table

Steps in constructing FDT (cont.)

6. Determine the relative frequencies

(RF):

RF  F
N  100%
7. Determine the class marks (x). A class
mark is the midpoint of the ith class
and is given by

 LL UL 
xi  2
8. Compute the true class boundaries (or
true limits):

• Lower True Class Boundary (LTCB)

LTCB = LL – 0.5(unit of measure)
• Upper True Class Boundary (UTCB)
UTCB = UL + 0.5(unit of measure)

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Frequency Distribution Table

Steps in constructing FDT (cont.)

9. Determine the cumulative

frequencies (CF):

a. “Less than” cumulative

frequency (<CF) is the total
number of observations whose
values do not exceed the upper
limit of the class

b. “Greater than” cumulative

frequency (>CF) is the total
number of observations whose
values are not less than the lower
limit of the class.

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Frequency Distribution Table

Steps in constructing FDT (cont.)

10.Determine the relative cumulative

frequencies (RCF):

a. “Less than” relative cumulative

frequency (<RCF)

 CF
 RCF  100%
N

b. “Greater than” relative cumulative

frequency (>RCF)

 CF
 RCF  100%
N

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Frequency Distribution Table

Illustration:
Consider the ff. table to construct an FDT.
Table 1.1
Scores of 120 BSCS Students in the Probability and
Statistics Post Test

19 20 29 48 45 46 44 46 29 24
24 18 29 31 47 45 48 47 48 34
30 22 18 26 33 39 41 42 43 41
38 31 24 17 25 33 37 39 37 39
40 36 31 21 16 26 34 34 33 37
43 39 35 32 20 15 28 34 33 38
29 41 32 33 33 24 19 29 33 36
31 43 31 33 34 34 22 29 29 31
33 41 33 33 33 37 34 24 25 27
34 42 33 39 39 34 38 34 22 27
33 31 44 34 35 38 37 39 27 24
26 29 26 27 40 44 39 42 28 26

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Frequency Distribution Table

Illustration
The ff. were arranged in ascending order to
facilitate FDT construction.
Table 1.2
An array of Scores of 120 BSCS Students in the
Probability and Statistics Post Test

15 22 26 29 32 [33 34 38 39 44
16 24 26 29 32 33 34 38 40 44
17 24 27 29 33 33 34 38 40 44
18 24 27 29 33 33 35 38 41 45
18 24 27 30 33 34 35 39 41 45
19 24 27 31 33 34 36 39 41 46
19 24 28 31 33 34 36 39 42 46
20 25 28 31 33 34 37 39 42 47
20 25 29 31 33 34 37 39 42 47
21 26 29 31 33 34 37 39 43 48
22 26 29 31 33 34 37 39 43 48
22 26 29 31 [33] 34 37 39 43 48
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Frequency Distribution Table

To construct the FDT, the following are
determined.
1. R = 48 – 15 = 33
2. Since 27 > 120, then k = 7
33
3. c = 5
7
4. Write down the classes and tally and
construct the frequency (F) column.
5. Obtain the relative frequency (RF) column
e.g.
RF of the lowest class is RF  120
7
100%
RF= 5.8%
6. Compute the class mark
e.g.
class mark (CM) of the lowest class
CM = (LL + UL)/2
CM = (15 + 19)/2
CM = 17

Note: The succeeding class marks may also be

obtained by adding c to the preceding class
mark.
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Frequency Distribution Table

Table 2
Frequency distribution of the post test scores of BSCS students
in Probability and Statistics.

Relative Class
Freq
Class Tally Freq Mark
(F)
(RF%) (CM)

//// - //
15 – 19 7 5.8 17

//// - //// - //
20 – 24 12 10 22

//// - //// - //// - //// - /

25 – 29 21 17.5 27
//// - //// - //// -//// -
30 – 34 //// - //// - //// 35 29.2 32

//// - //// - //// - //// - //

35 – 39 22 18.3 37

//// - //// - ////

40 – 44 14 11.7 42

45 – 49 //// - //// 9 7.5 47

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Frequency Distribution Table

7. Compute the true class boundaries (TCB).

e.g. TCB of the lowest class

LTCB = LL – ½ (unit of measure)

LTCB = 15 – ½ (1)
LTCB = 14.5

UTCB = UL + ½(unit of measure)

UTCB = 19 + ½(1)
UTCB = 19.5

Note: The succeeding true class boundaries

may also be obtained by adding c to the
preceding true class boundary.

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Frequency Distribution Table

8. Compute the cumulative frequencies (CF)
e.g.
for “Less than” cumulative frequency
(<CF)
<CF of the lowest class = number of
observations less than or equal to the upper
limit of the lowest class, which is 19.
<CF = 7

<CF of the second class = number of

observations less than or equal to 24.
<CF = 19

for “Greater than” cumulative frequency

(>CF)
>CF of the lowest class = number of
observations greater than or equal to the
lower limit of the lowest class, which is 15.
>CF = 120

>CF of the second class = number of

observations greater than or equal to 20.
<CF = 113

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Frequency Distribution Table

9. Compute the relative cumulative frequencies
(RCF)
e.g.
for “Less than” relative cumulative
frequency (<RCF)

 RCF of the lowest class  120

7
100%
<RCF = 5.8%

 RCF of the second class  120

19
 100%

<RCF = 15.8%

for “Greater than” relative cumulative

frequency (>RCF)
 RCF of the lowest class  120
120 100%

>RCF = 100%
 RCF of the second class  120
113
100%
>RCF = 94.2%.

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Frequency Distribution Table

Table 2
Frequency distribution of the post test scores of BSCS
students in Probability and Statistics.

Freq
Class (RF%) (CM)
(F)

15 – 19 7 5.8 17

20 – 24 12 10 22

25 – 29 21 17.5 27

30 – 34 35 29.2 32

35 – 39 22 18.3 37

40 – 44 14 11.7 42

45 – 49 9 7.5 47

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Methods of Presenting Data

3. Graphical Presentation
- data are presented graphically by
means of a histogram (also called as
bar chart), line graph, pie chart, stem-
and-leaf diagram or pictogram.

 Histogram is the most widely used form of

graphic presentation of numerical data. It is a
bar diagram where the bars are adjacent, and
the base extends from the lower true class
boundary to upper true class boundary.

 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram is a diagram that

presents a graphical display of the ungrouped
data. It is also called as Stemplot. The data are
arranged by its stems and leaves.

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Graphical Presentation
Histogram

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Graphical Presentation

Histogram

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Graphical Presentation
Stem-and-Leaf Diagram
Consider the following ungrouped test scores of
students in Statistics class.
48, 39, 35, 20, 54, 40, 35, 20, 55, 40, 36, 15, 24, 37, 57,
41, 60, 16, 79, 39, 63, 38, 34, 80, 33, 56, 34, 28, 31, 44,
21, 41, 22, 17, 46, 43, 20, 30, 26, 24, 29, 46, 24, 23, 23, 26

Steps in constructing Stem-and-Leaf Diagram:

1. Arrange the observations in increasing order
15 24 36 46
16 26 37 48
17 26 38 54
20 28 39 55
20 29 39 56
20 30 40 57
21 31 40 60
22 33 41 63
23 34 41 79
23 34 43 80
24 35 44 46
24 35 46
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Graphical Presentation

Steps in constructing Stem-and-Leaf Diagram:

2. For each of the datum, identify its leaf (the

units digit) and its stem (all other digits
except the last or units digit).

Example: 24 4 is the leaf

2 is the stem

79 9 is the leaf
7 is the stem

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Graphical Presentation
Steps in constructing Stem-and-Leaf Diagram:

3. List the stems vertically in increasing order

from top to bottom
4. Draw a vertical line to the right of the stems
5. List the leaves to the corresponding stem to
the right of the line in an increasing order

Thus, the scores of students in Statistics class

1 5 6 7

2 0 0 0 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 8 9

3 0 1 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9

4 0 0 1 1 3 4 6 6 8

5 4 5 6 7

6 0 3

7 9

8 0

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Graphical Presentation
Stem-and-Leaf Diagram

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