COEFFICIENTS VERSUS NRe

1 II III
Laminar Transition Turbulent
105

104
SPHERES

DISKS
103
CYLINDERS

CD 102

10

1.0

0.1
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 102 103 104 105 106
NRe

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Reynolds, T. D., and P. A. Richards. Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental
Engineering. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS Publishing Company, 1996.
 SETTLING ZONE
V
v
INLET V
H vo
OUTLET ZONE
ZONE e
SLUDGE ZONE

Zones of a rectangular, horizontal, continuous-flow sedimentation basin.

2V
v
1/2 H 2V
vo

Reduced tank depth does not increase removal ratio.

V
v
1/2 H V 1/2 v0

Intermediate
1/2 H Tray

Tray in tank provides added floor area & increases solids removal

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Camp, T. R. "Studies of Sedimentation Basin Design." Sewage and Industrial Wastes
25, no. 1 (1953): 1-12.
 EFFECT OF PARTICLE AGGLOMERATION ON SETTLING

Settling Zone

B
H

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Camp, T. R. "Studies of Sedimentation Basin Design." Sewage and Industrial Wastes
25, no. 1 (1953): 1-12.

EFFECT OF TURBULENT DIFFUSION ON SETTLING

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Camp, T. R. "Studies of Sedimentation Basin Design." Sewage and Industrial Wastes
25, no. 1 (1953): 1-12.
 Apparatus For Quiescent Settling Analyses

Siphon

1
h2 Cock

Portion for
2 concentration test
Sample of Suspension
Constant Temperature water bath

h5
3

Sample of
suspension

Sludge

Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from Camp, T. R., 1946. Sedimentation and the
design of settling tanks. Transactions ASCE. Vol. 111, Pg. 895-936.
 R1
Sampling Ports �h1

h1 �h2

Isopercent Removal Curves

�h3
h2
DEPTH

40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

h3

�h4
R5 R4 R3 R2
h4

0.5 m

h5
150 mm t1 t2 t3 t4 t5

TIME

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: G. Tchobanoglous, F. L. Burton, and H. D. Stensel. Wastewater Engineering:

Treatment and Reuse. 4th ed. Metcalf & Eddy Inc., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 369.
 Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous.

Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 781.
 RECTANGULAR SETTLING TANK

Sludge hoppers Drive motor Skimmer

Effluent troughs

Scraper board Chains Effluent

Influent

Sludge
Scum Scum Scum box
Drawoff

A Plan

Drive Skimmer

WS
Influent
Effluent

Sprockets Chains
Scraper board

Sludge hoppers
Sludge
Drawoff

B Longitudinal Section

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Reynolds, T. D., and P. A. Richards. Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental
Engineering. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS Publishing Company, 1996, p. 249. ISBN: 0534948847.
 Clarifier Flocculator

Corner
blade Baffle

Walk way
Influent
channel
Blades
Weir Rake arm
Effluent pipe Cage Blade Influent pipe

Sludge pocket
Drive Unit
Chain Flash mixer
Chamber
Guide Counter weight
plate Paddle
Effluent
channel Sheaves

Corner blade

Stuffing box
Sprocket Chain
Dry well Gear
motor
PLAN

Handrail
Diffuser Top of tank
Turntable

Water level
Concrete pier Cage Rake arm

Flow
Baffle
Influent pipe
Sludge discharge pipe

Flocculator & square sedimentation tank for water clarification, illustrating ceoss-flowoperation.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Droste, R. L. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
 Effluent
Flume

Collection Trough

Bridg
e Scraper Arm

Rotation

Flocculation Skirt

Mixer

Water level

Collection trough
Effluent flume with submerged
orifaces
Flocculation zone

Settling zone Settling zone

Inlet port

Flocculator-clarifier provides mixing, flocculation, & sedimentation in a compartmented concentric circular tank.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Droste, R. L. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
Figure by MIT OCW.
Adapted from: Droste, R. L. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
 Figure by MIT OCW.
Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed.
Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.