HKDSE Chemistry Occurrence and Extraction of Metals 1 Why metals are commonly used? What are the physical properties of metals? Metals have particular physical rock, glass and plastics. Physical Properties: High m.p,/ bp. properties which make them different from other materials such as wood, Good conductor of electricity and heat High tensile strength Sonorous Structure and Properties of Metals Structure and bonding Giant Metallic Structure with strong metallic bond Good Conductor of Heat Wher ove en) of 0 pine of wetal is hte], the delocalized elections there get more ener - They move faster , Calg with reighbowig electrons. Heat is transferred in the collision Good Conductor of Electricity The delrcalized electrons move toward th positive pok of the ity ho bath ends of the metal plece are Comecte a battery, High melting point and boiling point A lot of energy is required to break the Strog metolh bonds between the sea of electrons an) the nucki iv giont wetallic structure. Malleable and Ductile The atoms are packed in Tayers. When we apply Fre to a piece of meal the leyers of atoms Con slip over ohe anotherHKOSE Chemistry Occurrence and Extraction of Metals SSS ‘Common Uses of Metals and their Properties Metal lUses [Major Reasons for use Iron car body, Construction Hard and strong, malleable, cheap |copper [Electrical wires |Good conductor of electrical water pipes Malleable and ductile, corrosion resistant cooking utensils |Good conductor of heat, corrosion resistant lAluminium [Overhead power cable \Good conductor of electrical Aircraft body Light but strong, |Saucepans, kitchen foil Good conductor of heat Windows frame corrosion resistant [Titanium ‘Supersonic aircraft Light but strong, corrosion resistant IGold Jewellery |Attractive, corrosion resistant, expensive \Shield for heat, sunlight and radiation [Excellent reflective quality Mercury \Thermometer Liquid at room temp. and expands on heating ‘silver Jewellery |Attractive, corrosion resistant, expensiveHKDSE Chemistry Occurrence and Extraction of Metals Il. Metal Ores and Extraction of Metals A. How to extract metals from their ores? Some metals ate too reactive to exist on their own. Instead, they combined with other elements as compounds, called ores. ‘A few metals (e.g. Gold and Platinum) are so unreactive that they occur in the Earth in free elements. [Metal _|Year of Discovery |Main Ore Method of extraction Ik 11807 kc Ina 11807 Inaci Ica 11808 Limestone, CaCOs Electrolysis Mg 1808 Magnesite, MgCOs lal 11827 Bauxite, AlOs zn {1000 zine blende, Zns 11. Heat with air \2. Heat with carbon Fe |3000, f* lHaematite, Fe2Os Heat with carbon Pb Galena, Pbs rtoZn Icu lancient (B.C.) _|Copper pyrites, CuFeS: Heat in air He | Cinnabar, Hes lag Silver glance, Ages Displacement from solution |Au (5000 B.C. Free element [Mechanical separationHKDSE Chemistry Occurrence and Extraction of Metals ——SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSssss ‘The first metals used by humans were exists as free elements. Gold and Silver can be found as almost pure metals. Ancient people used them to make jewellery and tools. Copper was the first metal extracted from its ores. People used copper to make ornaments, weapons and tools. However, copper is rather soft. Addition of small amount of tin to copper produced a much harder metal alloy called bronze. Iron was extracted from its ores later in history. It is mainly because of the higher temperature required for its extraction Aluminium and magnesium are difficult to be extracted. These metals were discovered and extracted after the invention of electrolysis in 1800. Therefore, aluminium was discovered later than iron even it is more abundant than iron in the Earth's crust.HKDSE Chemistry Occurrence and Extraction of Metals B. Chemical Equations and Setup 41. Heating the metal oxides of unreactive metals (e.g. Agand Hg) Therntc] decomposition General Equation: Metal oxide > Metal + oxygen Setup: metal oxides (e.g. Ag,0, Hg) test tube Bunsen burner a. Mercury(tl) Oxide Word Equation: Mercury(II) oxide > Mercury + oxygen Chemical Equation: ) Hs ( + \emical Equation: hy i> att 0.,) oteraons el all bens shay ll eel! Xie? Xglming splot relights b. Silver Oxide Word Equation: Silver oxide > Silver + oxygen Chemical Equation: 2 AO) > 4Agquyt Ory ! cteeraion Bk ok bun lbs soy /e 2HKDSE Chemistry Occurrence and Extraction of Metals 2. Heating the metal oxides of less reactive metals (e.g. Fe and Cu) with carbon (carbon monoxide can also be used to reduce these metal oxides) General Equation: Metal oxide + carbon > Metal + carbon dioxide setup: Cwible wo Er t heot a. Copper(I!) Oxide Word Equation: Copper(ti) oxide + carbon > copper + carbon dioxide Chemical Equation: ) (u(Oks)+ Co) —> 2Cusyt CO, 5) Observations: The black sold becomes a relich brow solid. b. Lead(t!) Oxide Word Equation: Lead(I!) oxide + carbon > lead + carbon dioxide Chemical Equation: ) P)()-+C —>2Pb+C0, Observations: The yellows) becones orange when heatel an) a gioy ssid will be fomel after stom hastHKDSE Chemistry Occurrence and Extraction of Metals ctron({ll) Oxide Word Equation: Iron(II!) oxide + carbon -> Iron + carbon dioxide Chemical Equation: ) Fe, 0), $3 —5.4fe + 3Co, Observations: The brown solid becomes a giy sold Fov(D) Bonide» Fes0,42.—3Fe + C0, Black si —> grey sold d. Blast furnace Iron is commonly extracted from its ores (haematite) from industry by heating with coke (carbon) and limestone(calcium carbonate, CaCO;). Waste gases escape | (!)_Theyare added into the furnace from the top. (I!) Hot air is blown into the furnace from the bottom (02) Charge of iron ore Coke andlimestone | (1!) at the high temperature, up to 150°C, the iron formed is molten (a liquid). It sinks to the bottom of the furnace. The iron is run off into moulds. (Iv) The molten slag (limestone with the impurities in the ore) is tapped off, cooled and used for making roads. warm air {V) The waste gases, mainly carbon dioxide and carbon Sag teoped of? monoxide will escape from the top of the furnace and Molten iron the gas may be used to heat up the air going into the furnace. The iron form the blast furnace is impure, it contains 3-4 % carbon and some other non-metals. It is very brittle and smashes easily. Most of it gets turned into steel which is much tougher.HKOSE Chemistry Occurrence and Extraction of Metals Chemical reactions involved 1. coke & oxygen (formation of carbon monoxide) C+ 0,5 CO carbon + oxygen > carbon dioxide CO + C 3 2C0 carbon dioxide + carbon > carbon monoxide 2. reduction of iron(II!) oxide equation: Fe, 0, +39 —> 2 fet 30, Iron({!) oxide + carbon monoxide > iron + carbon dioxide 3. Removal of impurity (e.g. Silicon(IV) oxide) equation: (50, —> (40+ COs calcium carbonate > calcium oxide + carbon dioxide G0+ SA—>GS0, calcium oxide + silicon oxide > calcium silicate equatio (impurity) (slag)HKDSE Chemistry Occurrence and Extraction of Metals 3. _ Electrolysis of the metal oxides/ salts of reactive metals (e.g. AlOs) General Equation: Metal oxide > Metal + oxygen (Nas Al Fe) setup: Soutum olunivian Fede. allel to the welton Als Op positive lite Vv electrode (+) Co) to lower the mp- v Save energy negative molten. sendets , electrode (-) aluminium — AAP" 13> Al IF equation - WN 20> Ot te Word Equation: Aluminium oxide > Aluminium + oxygen Chemical Equation: J Al,0, > 4Al + 30,HKDSE Chemistry ci i. Factors Affecting the Availability of Metals The availability of a metal depends mainly on: the abundance of the metal in the Earth's crust the ease of mining its ore and the cost. the ease of extracting the metal from its ore and the cost of extraction, Conserving Metals Ways of Conserving Metals 1. Reusing metal articles 2. Recycling used metals 3. Replacing metals by other materials 4, Reducing the use of metal articles Occurrence and Extraction of Metals 10HKDSE Chemistry Occurrence and Extraction of Metals se Exercise: 1. Which of the following statements is/are correct when metal is extracted from metal oxide by heating with carbon ? (1) All metals can be extracted by using the above method, (2). Carbon dio» (3) Carbon monoxide can also be used for the extraction. A. (1)only B.(3)only —C. (1)and (3) only _D, (2) and (3) only is one of the products. sof metals? Which of the following statements is NOT related to the Reactivity S Appearance of the metal oxides. Extraction methods of metals from their ores. ‘Storage methods of the metals, pores Thermal stability of the metal oxides. Which of the following statements concerning about extraction of metals is correct ? Silver can be obtained by mechanical separation. Copper must be extracted from copper pyrites by heating with carbon. Blast furnace is used for the extraction of aluminium from its ore. poppy Sodium can be obtained only by the electrolysis of its molten ore. 4, Which of the following methods can be used to extract lead{I!) oxide? ‘A. heating lead{tl) oxide in the absence of air B. heating lead(tl) oxide in the presence of air C. heating lead{tt) oxide with carbon at high temperature D. heating lead(Il) oxide with copper at high temperature 5. Which of the following metal oxides cannot be reduced to the metal when heated with carbon? (1) lead(tt) oxide (2) aluminium oxide (3) iron(tt!) oxide A. (1Jonly B. (2)only C. (1)and(3)only ——D.-_(2)and (3) only 6. With reference to the methods of obtaining copper, magnesium and silver from their oxides, deduce the order of reactivity of these three metals. 2014-DSE-CHEM-1B 4 (5 marks) unHKDSE Chemistry Occurrence and Extraction of Metals —_ Answer 2-0-2 A 3 D 4 C. 5B Resources: EAI-Veio 1. _ Physical Properties of Metals and Non-metals: https://www.youtube.com/watch? 2. _ Extraction of Metals: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PkhbKw1oEc : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftOGGOKVapE 3b. Blast furnace: /www.voutube.com/watch?v=XYGalOxPBOk 3a. Blast furnace 4, Heating Copper(Il) oxide with carbon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nEtécW_GSw 5. Heating Lead{|!) oxide with carbon: https://www-youtube.com/watch?v=ESHsEKne1TE 6. Heating silver Oxide: https://www-youtube.com/watch?v=t5FFRnCtaa8 7. Heating zinc oxide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cElujFx2Mro 8. Heating Mercury(I!) Oxide: https://www-youtube.com/watch?v= YialDuxXm6A 2