HKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals IL What is Reactivity? Reactivity is the readiness to react. Compare Reactivity of common metals ‘The reactivity of metals can be compared by reacting with different substances: Metal + oxygen Metal + water/ steam Metal + dilute acid The more reactive the metal, the faster the reaction is. Potassium, K Icalcium, ca ‘Magnesium, Mg ICopper, Cu ° ° o8 5 {eX} °0,e ° @ @_ Reactivity of Metals: K>Ca>Mg>CuHKDSE Chemistry SSS“ al WO — pra Peas onde 10) pp, ual 1. Action of air(oxygen) on metal Reactivity of Metals Petrsium suponside (KOs) ~ 7 Metals Chemical equations Yotasiam oe ("| observations 0} {a it ith il ' Potassium | auation: Ks) +09)» KO, (5) a 1. Burns vigorously with lilac flame. X28 K202/ | 2. An orange powder is formed Poss aperoik YQ, i ith Hh Sodium | sauation: aNals) #0, (@) > 2Na,0 (8) 1. Burns vigorously with golden yellow flame. 2. Awhite powders formed. ; i ith brickred flame. cate | eayation: 2Ca(s) +05 g)-»2C20 () +L. Burns vigorously with bricked flame. 2. Awhite powder s formed. B I 7 Magnesium Equation: 2Mg (s) + 0 (g) > 2MgO (s) 1. Burns vigorously with dazzling white flame. 2. Awhite powders formed. Al 1 i tuminium | equation: 4A (3) + 30 (@) > 2Al0s (3) Heat is given out (burs) 2. Awhite powder is formed. i Heat i it zine Equation: 2Zn (s) + 0 (g) > 22n0 (s) 1. Heatisgven out (Sus) 2. A powder is yellow when hot but white when cold. 2 : i he ks. tron Tandy shale) 204) > Fesaab 1. Burns with yellow showery sparks. 2. Ablack solid is formed. Burn ts t balls. Lead Equation: _2Pb{s) +0 (g) > 2°60 (s) 1. Itmelts on strong heat to silvery balls. 2. A powder is orange when hot but yellow Daas vst when cold. ‘ath surface t k but | COPPET | Equation: 2Cus) +02 (e) -> 2Cu0 (s) SCE hay voc M ; d its TY | eauation: 248) +05 fe) —> 240 6) 1. aed powder is formed on its surface silver NO REACTION No observable change (NO CHANGE) Gold NO REACTION No observable change (NO CHANGE) Metal + Oxygen -> Metal oxideHKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals -..——— 2. Action of water on metal Metals Chemical equations Observations Potassium — | Equation: 2K(s) + 2H20(I) > 2KOH(aq) + Hp(g) | 1 It melts toa silvery ball 2. Burns vigorously with lilac flame, 3. Ahissing sound can be heard, (4. The resulting solution becomes alkaline.) Sodium Equation:2Na(s) +2H70(I) > 2NaOH(aq)+ H2(g) | 1- It melts toa silvery ball. 2. Ahissing sound can be heard. (3. The resulting solution becomes Burn alkaline.) t 4 Bre with a gale yell Flom v z_| Calcium | Equation: Cafs)+24,0(1)-> Ca(OH}(s)+Ha{a) | 1 Colouress gas bubbles evolved be in 2. White solid is produced. J" (3. The gas collected can be tested with a burning splint to give a ‘pop’ sound.) sos) | Masnesium | Equation: Ab Sates 1 a reacts ay poi mes Side) change with cold water and slowly hy Water Mg(s) + 24,0(1) > Mg(OH)9(s) + Ha(e) Oe ‘wetal oxide, (Steam Me(s) + H0(g) > MgOIs) + Hale) 2. Colourless gas bubbles will be evolved. 3. _Itreacts vigorously with steam, 4. The Mg glows with an intense white tight. (only with steam) 5._Awhite solid is formed. 1. Itreacts vigorously with steam, Aluminium | Equation: 2Al(s) +3Hy0(g) —> AlOsls)+ 3Hy(@) 2. Awhite solid is formed. (protective oxide layer removed) 1. Itreacts very fast with steam. Zine Equation: Zn (s) + H)O(e) -> Zn0\(s) + Ha(e) 2. Awhite solid is formed.HKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals a 1. _Itreacts very fast with steam. 2. Ablack solid is formed. Iron Equation: 3Fe (s) + 4H70(g) > FeaOu(s) + 4 Hp(8) Pb, cu, Hg, | NO REACTION No observable change (NO CHANGE) Ag, Au Metal+Water -> Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen Metal +Steam > Metal oxide + HydrogenHKDSE Chemistry es Reactivity of Metals 3. Action of dilute hydrochloric a¢id on metal Metals Chemical equations Observations Potassium | Explosive reaction Sodium Explosive reaction Calcium Equation: Ca(s) + 2HCI (aq) -> CaCl(aq) + H,(e) 1. Colourless gas bubbles evolved. 2. Calcium dissolved, lonic equation : Ca(s) + 2H*(aq) —> Ca**(aq) + Hp (2) 3. The test tube becomes warm, Half equations: Ca (s) > Ca2*(aq) +22" (4. The gas collected can be tested HN with a burning splint to give a ‘pop’ ag dle HIV oyna) + 26" Hale) sound.) Han 249 9. Co424 No; > GO} H, Magnesium | Equation: Mg(s) +2HCl(aq)-> MgCl, (aq) + H,(e) 1. Colourless gas bubbles evolved. 2. Magnesium dissolved. tonic equation :Mg{s}t 2H"Taq)—> Mg**teq)+ H2(8) 1 3. the test tube becomes Warm. Half equations: Mgls) -> Me2*faq) +26" (4. The gas collected can be tested with a burning splint to give a ‘pop’ 2H*(aq) + 2e" > H,(e) ena Aluminium | Equation: 2Al(s)+6HCl(aq) —> 2AICk(aq)+3H,(e) 1. Colourless gas bubbles evolved, 2. Aluminium dissolved. (protective oxide layer removed) 3. The test tube becomes warm. lonic equation : 2Al(s)+6H*(aq) -> 2AI°*(aq)+ 3H,(g) | (4. The gas collected can be tested with a burning splint to give a ‘pop’ Half equatioi Alls) > AP*(aq) +367 sound.) 2H"(aq) + 2e" > H,(g) Zine Equation: Zn(s) +2HCI{aq) > ZnCh(aq) + H,(8) 1. _Colourless gas bubbles evolved. 2. Zinc dissolved. Tonic equation :Zn(s) + 2H*(aq) —> 2n"*(aq)+Ha(@) | 3 The test tube becomes warm. Helf equations: 2n(s) > 2n2"(aq) + 26° (4. The gas collected can be tested with a burning splint to give a ‘pop’ 2H*(aq) + 2e" > Hye) sound.) (5. The reaction is slow when cold.) tent 2 Zn + HiS0; > Zr 50h + HeHKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals Tron tacid > oly Sw Dim — XTru (Bon Iron Equation: 1. Colourless gas bubbles evolved when hot. Fe (s) +2 HCl(aq) > FeCl,(aq) + H,(8) 2. The test tube becomes warm. lonic equation : Fe(s) + 2H*(aq) -> Fe?*(aq) + H,(g) | (3: The reaction is very slow when Half equations: Fe(s) > Fe2*(aq) + 2e" 2H*(aq) + 2e° > H,(e) cold.) (4. The gas collected can be tested with a burning splint to give a ‘pop’ sound.) 1. The reaction is very slow even heat. Lead Equation: Pb(s) +2HCI(aq) > PbCI,(aq) + H,(g) 2. Colourless gas bubbles evolved when hot. Half equations: Pb(s) > Pb?*(aq) + 2e” 2H*(aq) + 2e" > H,(g) Cu, Hg, Ag, | NO REACTION No observable change (NO CHANGE) Au Metal + dilute hydrochloric acid > metal chloride + hydrogen Metal + acid > Salt+ HydrogenHKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals Reactivity Series of Metals lo. 20 Hcl Reduction —offReduction _of loxides inair(oxyg) oxides with C k [Ze fon) | Poghive Na WA ln el Fong) / Explosive ca A (brick-rel flame} / VA Medals wt flu} / (vat lton Eley v J (stam) v tay v S (stem) v ¥ (\s00°c)| Pars v Vier) | v (ror ra Pb Vv v v ew Jv v Hate J Heating in air air |Ae Heating in irHKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals Revision Exercise: Write balance equations for the following reactions: 1. Burning of sodium in air. 4No + ), = 2 Ne, 0 2. Heata piece of magnesium with steam. Ma + 10 M0+H, 3. Burning of calcium in air. 2a + 0, > 2G0 4. Dropping a piece of calcium in dilute hydrochloric acid. Go +H] > GCl,+ Hy, 5. Heating zinc with steam. Zn + tO—>Z,0 + Uy 6. Dropping a piece of potassium into water. 2K 42H,0—>2KOH + Hy 7. Heating a iron nail in dilute hydrochloric acid. Fe +JH(|—> FeCl + He 8. Heating zinc in dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO.). Zn + th50,—> 2450, + HeHKOSE Chemistry Revision Exercise: Balance the following equations: 1. 2Mgi) + Oz = ———> 2Mg0w) 2 Zn) + H20@ = ———> ZnO) + Haw 3.3 Fee + 440 ——__> FesOue) + — 4 Hay) 4. Fe) +) 2 HCley ———> FeClyeq) + Haig) 5. Pb) +) HNOsq)———> 2 Pb(NOs)as) + Ha) > HCI (oq) + NAOH faq) =) > NaCl) + — HeOny 7. IKI oa) + Fea(SOx)oq) = ———> 2FeSOsjey + KeSOs(ac) + loea) 8.2802@+ O2@ ———> 2S0s@ 9. 2. NH (aq) + HeSOx (oy) |= + (NH,)280s (0a) 10. Ch@ = + 2Kley = ———> KCl aa) tee 11. 2NaHCOs (aq) + H2SOs (aq) =< ————> _NazSOv (0g) HO +2COo 12.3CUSOs (oe) + 2Al ) ———> Ale(SO4)o ay + 3Cu(s) Reactivity of Metals _HKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals 4. Setup a. Calcium reacts with water and collection of Hydrogen gas ‘test tube ;—— water ;— inverted funnel j-— beaker b. Magnesium reacts with steam and collection of Hydrogen gas wet sand Magnesium ribbon hydrogen 6 = A [ water Iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid Gir cil, hydrochloric acid iron Hy 10HKDSE Chemistry Supplementary — collection of gas Reactivity of Metals lUpward deliver (downward displacement of air) [For those gases which are less dense than air Jes. Hydrogen helio ommonia Downward delivery (upward displacement of air) |For those gases which are denser than air le.g. sulphur dioxide Displacement of water |For gases which are insoluble in water. (Take precaution to prevent| sucking back of water if gases are collected from heated| vessels.) ll | IN lgas syringe 11HKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals Revision Exercise: Structural questions 4. The table shows the experimental results of four metals. w x Y Reaction with | React vigorously | no reaction water or steam | with water and a colourless gas, no reaction react with steam and a solid (yellow when hot, white evolved when cold) is left Heating the | no reaction no reaction metal Yis formed | no reaction metal oxide alone (a) Before starting the experiment, the metals are first cleaned with sandpaper. Explain the reason. (b) What is the gas evolved in the reaction of metal Wwith water? Suggest a chemical test for the gas. {c) Drawa labeled diagram to show how to collect the gas produced when Wis put into water. (4) Name the solid that formed in the reaction of metal Z with steam? Write down the equation for its formation. (State symbols should be given.) Arrange the four metals in descending order of reactivity. Explain your answer bri {e) WDZ>X3Y.W and Z oe mar ati fn X 05 Wend Z con react with water or stom TSE Yond coat, W is on Z ay it reacts vigamly with watar while. Z cw uly react with steam, Y isthe kort reactive metal as its oxide com be rolwel by h love while theothes come. 2. “Magnesium shows different reactions with cold water and steam.” According to the above statement, (2) (i) Name the common gas formed in both reactions. (ii) Describe how you can identify the gas produced (b) By writing balanced chemical equations, show how the other products of the reactions are different. (c)_ Drawa simple setup to show how steam is reacted with magnesium and gas is collected. 2HKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals _— 3. A pupil was asked to arrange five unknown metals A, 8, C, Dand Ein a reactivity series. He performed several experiments, with results tabulated as follows: Experiment Metal A 8 c D E 1. Reaction with | Moderate | Norreaction | Violent No No cold water reaction reaction reaction reaction 2. Reaction —_with | Vigorous No reaction | Experiment | Reacts No dilute reaction NoT attempt | readily reaction hydrochloric acid 3, Heating the oxide |< Not decomposed —— + _| decomposed of metal into metal and oxygen (a) From the information given, arrange the five metals in descending order of reactivity. (b) (i) Suggest what A and C might be. (ii) Why the reaction of C with dilute hydrochloric acid was NOT attempted? (iii) Name a method by which C can be extracted from its ore. (c)_ How would you show that oxygen is produced when the oxide of metal E is heated? 4. Calcium reacts with cold water to give a colourless gas. (a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction. (b)_ Ina practical lesson, a student added a few pieces of calcium granules into a beaker of cold water. (i) Drawa labeled diagram to show how the student could collect the gas produced. (ii) The student recorded the following observation in his laboratory report: “Evolution of the colourless gas was at first slow but became faster after some time.” Suggest an explanation for the student’s observation. (c)_ Potassium also reacts with cold water. State TWO differences in observation when potassium and calcium are added separately to cold water. (7 marks) E2004 BHKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals ——— Answer: (b) ) (a) te) (b) steam (Cc) wet sand (b) ) Before starting the experiment, the metals are first cleaned with sandpaper in order to remove metal oxides on the metal surface ‘The gas evolved is Hydrogen gas. ‘Test the gas with a burning splint will give a ‘pop’ sound. test tube | water |— inverted funnel J— beaker Zinc oxide. Zn+H,0 > ZnO + Ha WZX%Y (i) Hydrogen (ii) Test the gas with a burning splint and it will give a ‘pop’ sound. water Mg(s) +2H,0(I) > Mg(OH),(s) + H,(e) Mg(s) + H,0(e) > MgO(s) + H,(8) Magnesium ribbon hydrogen oa [| A H water C>A>D>B>E () A: Calcium; C: Potassium or sodium (ii) Because it will explode. {it) By electrolysis. ‘Test the gas with a glowing splint and it will relight. 4HKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals _— B. Simple Explanation for Different Reactivities of Metals Reactivities of Metals can be explained by their readiness to lose electron to form cations and it is related to their position in the Periodic Table: Down the Group: Increasing Feadliness to lose 6l6ctrOn increasing the reactivity of metals Itis because the distance between nucleus and outermost electrons increase. ‘Across the Period: Decreasing feadiness to lose electron, decreasing the reactivity of metals. Number of outermost electrons and (protons\inithe nuclei inerease from Na to Al, so that the attraction: ‘efce will be increased from Na to Al. Gear u 2 u Be 3 Na Mg. Al 4 kK ca 1sHKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals. Sn Il. Applications of the Reactivity Series A. Reduction of Metal Oxides Increasing ease of Reduction: removal of oxygen form a substance reduction of metal 1. Reduction of metal oxides by electrolysis) oxides: e.g. aluminium oxide A metal lower in the reactivity series has 2. Reduction of metal oxides by heating withicarbon compounds with lower eg. copper) oxide, inn( ile bloat stability, so its oxide con be mare easily reduced 3. Reduction of metal oxides by heating e.g. silver oxide, mercury(I) oxide 4, Reduction of metal oxides by heating withanttiermeta (tre recive) salt sold If a more reactive metal (Mg) is heated with a metal oxide of less reactive metal (CuO), the less reactive metal oxide will be reduced to become its metal(Cu) and the more reactive metal will become an oxide. ———~ e.g. CuO + Mg > Cu + MgO az When a mixture of aluminium powder is heated with iron(IlI) oxide powder is ignited, a lot of heat will be given out and the reaction is known as Thermit Reaction. €.9. FexOs + 2Al > 2 Fe + As Noe reactive metal + Chile of kr race mote) (less reactive (pe root meal) pet) ise S/he fens ane) = vag hy 16HKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals 7 5. Displacementrezetion said + soutin Ifa more reactive metal (Cu) is placed into a solution of a compound of less reactive metal (AgNO), the less reactive metal ion in the compound will be reduced to become its metal (Ag) and the more reactive metal will lose electron to become an ion. CEN Mave reactive Less reoctive mete] etal 2.8. Cu +2 AgNO3 > Cu(NOs)2 +2 Ag Sod + Solution | Observations: siveryrystalsformed on copper (syper “7 Ser rn The colourless solution turned blue, Silver pitrate solution 7 Cppon(witrate slut lonic equation: ‘An ionic equation is an equation involving ions in aqueous solution; only those ions formed or changed during the reaction are included. For example: Chemical equation: Cu +2 AgNO > CufNQs}a +2 Ag Spectator —_ ions | y should be crossed lonicequation: Cut 2Ag'-> Cu +2.Ag vHKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals Revision Exercise 1. Write ionic equations for the following reactions: a. Ch+2KBr> Br, +2 KCI (+2 Br > Br, + 2c) b. Fez(S0x)s +3 Mg > 3 MgSO, +2 Fe _2FP +3 Mg >) Fe + 30 Zant (5p ZnSlet Co ¢.Put Zinc into copper(ti) sulphate solution. Dnt Cr Zt + Gy d.Putlead ito siver nitrate solution. Pb +2ANO, ~> Pallas), 42h Pht 2a’ —> Pht 2hy 2. Write ionic equations and give observations for the following reactions: a. Putzinc into silver nitrate solution Zn Hh’ 3 tnt 2Ag Lined Silver substame is formed onthe zinc. b. _Putiron nail into copper(I) sulphate solution Fe+ G2 > Rta, Rellls braun solid is Sermed Solution turns from bhe to pole be Bla pate gice (Wit Gully rect!) yHKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals, B. Applications One + 20m + 40 oF ow ‘underground ste ol nk ethode) Connecting the underground water pipe to a magnesium bag, 2. Galvanization ~ coat zinc on the surface of iron, 3. Thermit reaction Extractions of metals 19HKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals Revision Exercise 1, Inthe following experiment, a mixture of lead!) oxide and carbon powder is strongly heated in test-tube ‘A. Any gas given outis directed into limewater in test-tube B. wos oo once od carbon power t eat teow A sete (a) After some time, grey beads are seen in test-tube A. What are these? (b) What will happen to the solution in test-tube B? (c) Write a balanced equation for the reaction taking place in test-tube A. (Physical states are required) (d)_ Will there be any reaction if lead(t!) oxide is replaced by magnesium oxide? Explain your answer. 2. Astudent attempted the following displacement reactions using zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu) and silver (Ag). The results were summarized as follows: [Zn(NOs)2 |Ni(NOs)2 |Co[NOs)2 |Cu(NOs)z_|AgNOs zinc - v ¥ lv iv Nickel « - x v % Cobalt x v - v vy ICopper « x x - vy ‘silver 5 x x x - Note: reaction takes place ® no reaction {a) Explain the term displacement reaction. (b) Arrange the five metals in an ascending order of reactivity. Give your reasons. (c)_ Write ionic equation for the reactions of i) Zincand cobalt (I) nitrate; (ii) nickel and copper(tl) nitrate; {iil) nickel and silver nitrate. (a) Based on the reactivity series in part (b), do you expect copper reacts with nickel(l) oxide under heating? Explain briefly. 20HKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals lS 3. The main use of copper are shown below : Electrical wiring 60% Water pipes / roofing 20% Coins 5% Other uses 15% (a) Suggest ONE reason why man discovered and used copper long time ago though its abundance is very low. (b) Why can copper conduct electricity? {c) Both copper and aluminium are good conductors of electricity, but aluminium is preferred to copper for use in overhead cables. Suggest TWO reasons. (d) Besides electrical conductivity, state TWO other properties of copper. {e) When making coins, copper is combined with other metals such as nickel to form an alloy. State TWO properties of the alloy that make it suitable as a coinage metal. (f]_When a piece of copper is placed into an aqueous solution of silver nitrate, a silvery tree-like growth slowly appears on the copper wire. | snares J — ener ten (i) What are the silvery crystals? (ii) Write an IONIC equation for the reaction. (Physical states are required) (iil) Describe ONE other change that can be observed in this reaction, (iv) What happens if the copper wire is placed in a solution of zinc sulphate? Explain your answer, {g) Give THREE possible ways of conserving the world’s copper resource. 2HKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals, eo Answer: 1. (a) Lead {b) tturns milky. ()_ 2PbO(s)+C(s)> 2 Pb(s) + CO2/(e) (a) No. Because magnesium is more reactive than lead and its oxide is stable to heat 2. (a) _ Displacement Reaction: A metal higher in the reactivity series will displace any one lower in the series from a solution of its compound. (b) Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn {) (i) Zn+Co* > Co#2Zn"* Ni+ Cu > Cu+Ni* (iil) Ni+2Ag* > 2Ag+ NP (d) No, because Nickel is more reactive than the copper. The more reactive metal oxide cannot be reduced by less reactive metals. 3. (a) Coppers unreactive so that it is easy to be extracted from its ore. (b) _ Itcontains delocalized electrons. {c)_ Aluminium is lighter and more corrosion resistant. (a) Malleable / ductile / shiny / good heat conductor / high m.p. & b.p. (any two) {e) The alloy isharder and more corrosion resistant. (f) (i) Silver. (ii) Cu(s)+2Ag"(aq)—> Cu (aq) +2.Ag (5) (iii) The solution turns blue / Copper dissolves. {iv) No observable change. Because copper is less reactive than zinc, it cannot displace zinc from its solution. (g) Reuse, recycle, replace. 2HKDSE Chemistry Reactivity of Metals, eH Revision Exercise on Balanced Equations and lonic Equations Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions 1. Magnesium ribbon reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid Magy +2 HCIcogy — MoCo + He 2. Sodium reacts with water 2Nacg + 4H,Ogy—> 2NoOHast Hay 3. Nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas react to form ammonia (NHs) Nig + 3Hqs——> Ns ca) #4. Methane gas (CH) reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. CHa +405 —> COs + 2H.04, BF ybocaln Compu of erly hybrge on] carb. —> Corl donde + Water 5. Ethane gas (C2H) reacts with Oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water, Ctear + 20s——> 2 COye + 3, Ow 6. Lead nitrate solution reacts with sodium chloride solution to form lead chloride and sodium nitrate P, WOs) q+ 2NoCloy——>_Phth _+ JNA No, 7. Ammonia gas(NHs) reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide and water. 4N Hs ay t Qa 4NO js bHLOny 8. Silver nitrate solution reacts with calcium chloride solution to form silver chloride and calcium nitrate. 2A, NOs og) + Groy— > 2Ag_+ GINO) 9. Sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes into sodium carbonate carbon dioxide and water 2NaHOQ, ——> NaC, + (+ Ow 10. Ammonia solution (NHs) reacts with sulphuric acid to form ammonium sulphate 2 Ntlyyt _H,S0py ——> (N50 2BReacthity of Metals HKDSE Chemistry Write balanced chemical equations and ionic equations for the following reactions 1, Magnesium ribbon in dilute sulphuric acid Mos) + Hy SOnag——? My Sat He + ut Macy # 2H ty =? Myegt Hoey nator of Hifogy “Only gos state — He 2. Magnesium ribbon in copper{t!) sulphate solution Macs) + S04 oy» imma Mo SOs + Cug Myoy + Coho —? Myiy + Gey 3.1ron nail in dilute hydrochloric acid Fe wt 2Hd () Fe Chay + Ha) Feyy + 2th ayy? Fett Hs cn Asiver nitrate solution and iron) chloride solution 2 DaNOveg + FeCl tg) >) Ny Cis + Fel) Amey? Coy —> AgCly 5, Calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid. io COs cs) + 2HCloa» > (rChot Crm Hh, 0e) CaCOney+ 2Hagy—>_Co'ey + Cr + HO sae [Solid mat fe hept 90) Une) Cat ond mst lt (e120) (eg, HClep)