HKDSE Chemistry Reacting Masses I, Whatis Mole? Definition: One MOLE of a substance (or species) represented by a formula is the amount containing the same number of formula units as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. ‘Any sample of substance contains many particles. In fact, we never work with hundreds or thousands of particles, but always with trillions of them. ‘mole = 6.0210" of particles/atoms/molecules/ formula units 6.0210" is called Avogadro constant Miner of Wistec nie number of formula units Avogadro constant Example: Calculate the number of copper atoms in 2 moles. its REDer ot neon number of formula uni Avogadro constant number of copper atoms 6.02x10* Number of copper atoms in 2 moles =: 2.0410" = 1.204 x10HKDSE Chemistry Reacting Masses Exercise 1. Calculate the number of moles of the following species: (2) 6.02x10sodium atoms 6,0)x/0* No.of moles = Zap xipmt al (b) _3,01x10" carbon atoms = 3.0110 No. of we (6) Chlorine atoms in 6.0210* chlorine molecules (Cl) le — 6.02x10"" No.of mks of Cl molecu me Nuof mks of Clatom= [0x2 =20 2. Mass of 1 mole of carbon atom = 12.08 Mass of 1 mole of aluminium atom = 27.0 Mass of 1 mole of sodium atom = 23.0 g Calculate the number of moles of the following species: 24.08 ene "U of mls of C=-24 (b) 13.5 g of aluminium Ma oF bs of N= 23 sig fy. (c) 28.3.g of sodium a v No. oF pels of No= 2433 =[BHOSE Chemistry Reacting Masses I, To Count by Weighing A. How large is Avogadro Constant? ‘The Avogadro Constant is a very huge number. Suppose you get 1 mole of 1$ coins and all were changed to $1000 notes. If you can count them at two notes per second non-stop, how many years do you need to count them? It is impossible to really count the number of particles in a substance. Fortunately, we can solve the problem by counting indirectly — by weighing. B. Molar mass, formula mass, molecular mass Defini Formula Mass: Sum of atomic masses of all atoms present in a formula unit of it. Molecular Mass: Sum of atomic masses of all atoms present in a molecule of that substance. Molar Mass: The Molar Mass of a substance is the mass in grams of one mole of it. Example: What is the molecular mass of glucose(CsH::0s)? Malewlor mess. »F ghee aa Ixn+lob What is the formula mass of carbon dioxide(CO2)? Ferme mea oF carbo dove = (2 ¢16N2 =44 What is the molar mass of methane(CH.)? Molor was = \D+ MM = thynl" Note that molecular mass and formula mass of compounds have no unit.HKDSE Chemistry Reacting Masses Exercise: 1. What is the molar mass of the following compounds? Alo, 1 AgNO» rs (a) aluminium oxide 02 gn (b) silver nitrate [64.4 rl HO ig oy! Nocl ne S65e nl (water [by m! (4) sodium chloride 56.54»! (e) ethanol (C,HsOH) 469 ml 2. Calculate the molecular mass of the following compounds/ elements (a) nitrogengas ){ (b) ammonia |) Cle Hs (¢)___tetrachloromethane |‘ (a) hydrogen sulphide 3: | e) mone em, \) 3. Calculate the formula mass of the following compounds/ elements Fest ZnCl (a) ron I5).4 (b) tincchloride (364 KM Oe Nb Gr Oy () potassium permanganate [59 (d) sodium dichromate ) 62. (e) lane 367 Relative atomic masses of elements: Element symbol RAM. Element Symbol RAM. Aluminium Al 7 Nitrogen N 14.0 Carbon ¢ 12.0 Oxygen ° 16.0 Calcium Ca 40.1 Phosphorus | P 31.0 Chlorine cl 35.5 Potassium k 39.1 Copper cu 635 Silicon Si 28.1 Hydrogen H 1.0 silver Ag 107.9 Iron Fe 55.8 Sodium Na 23 Lead Pb 207.2 Sulphur s 32.4 Magnesium | Mg 24.3 Titanium Ti 47.9 Manganese —_| Mn 54.9 Zine Zn 65.4HKOSE Chemistry Reacting Masses Number of Moles = —™SS Molar mass Example: Calculate the number of moles of 6.35 g copper. Number of Moles. = —™=SS __ Molar mass Number of oles = ©3520. mole 63.5 Exercise 1. Calculate the number of moles of the following species: (a) 8.0gofheliumgas 2 ms) (b) 58.5 gofsodium chloride | yo () 7.1 gof chlorine gas 0.) mo (4) 1.1.g of carbon dioxide 0.025 mo! {e) 1.0 gofaluminium oxide (),0(0980 mo | 2. Calculate the masses of the following species: (2) 0.25 mole of oxygen gas & 0.1 mole of ammonia |.79 0.2 mole Goth 34Reacting Masses HKDSE Chemistry 3. Calculate CuSO4 (a) the number of copper(I!) ions in 10.0 g of copper(|!) sulphate. Na. of mles = 10-0 __ Bernt = 0.062 Tm) No. of wales of Cut: No of moles of CuSO =I) No oF particle = pale x Avogonro combat = 0.0627x 60210" NerePkGe 3.7z0" (b) the number of sodium ions in 1.0 g of sodium sulphate. No, of les = aoa 1) = 0,00704 rel No oF les of Ma: No.of wules of NSly = 2°) Nh.of Hats 0.00704 x 6.02x10 x2 = 44710" (the Se eae ‘sn? No.of 2.01x10" fy — 2: 01x10 ° iene sexo nfm 7B wor = 0S =05 mle 5s = 20 7 tay Mass of Cc qoleX “Mla macs = 05 (40 05 = 1005q (d) the mass of 1.20410" silver atoms. aoe xin’ L.204x10* Nach mes — a gr Ne of mls = at =20 mle os ia =20 > Mas of By = talerny moss = 21054 a - = USReacting Masses HKDSE Chemistry ees Ill. Percentage by mass of an Element in a Compound __ relative atomic mass x number of atoms of A in the formula Percentage by mass of element Ain a compound = Fae ease ease ‘A. Calculating percentage by mass of an element in a compound What is the percentage by mass of Al in AO3? » — 27x2 1 by wats DPR v 1007, 2.9 B. Calculating the mass of an element in the sompound u 0, «SHO Calculate the mass of copper in 15.08 aaa 1) sulphate-S-water 635 ass of copper nats of (Cu = bas » by nes FG 15.0, OSHRIAIOxtF S[HOFIG) = ras ape — 3.5 / ( eee nee 99 X BSh HvaFBa) = 3Ny C. Calculating the relative atomic mass of an element The chloride of metal M has the formula of MCI3 and contains 34.4% by mass of M. Calculate the Leta be He am of M relative atomic mass of M. Let ram. of M be x xX _ = 344%, $3558 K = 0364 436.636 x = 553 Rolie abv may sb of MO Us/HKDSE Chemistry Reacting Masses TE a IV. Determination of Empirical Formulae & Molecular Formula ‘A. Finding the empirical formula of copper oxide Town gas ——> Specimen results Mass of test tube Mass of test tube + copper oxide Mass of test tube + copper = copper oxide : H+ GO— (a+ hO 18.100g 18.7018 18.5798 Mass of copper in oxide 18.579-18.100 = 0.479g Mass of oxygen in oxide = 18.701-18579 = 0.122 cu ° Masses (in g) 0.479 0.122 Number of moles 0479 oazz _ “a2 = 0.00754 seo = 0.00763 Relative number of moles 00754 2.00763 4 4 0.00758 0.00754( HKDSE Chemistry Reacting Masses Revision Exercise 1. Lead (Pb) is an element in Group IV of the Periodic Table. (a) An oxide of lead, X, contains 90.6% of lead by mass. (b) Xs known to be a mixed oxide composed of PbO and PbO: the mole ratio of PbO to PbO, in X. 2005-CE-CHEM-| 8 () PO Masy¢g) 90.6 ci No.of moles 490.6 2072 ge = 0.437 = 058 Relative m of 9.437 0.589 les “ei al aa =(35 2 Mule ratio= 3:4 i Evpitica] formula vf X= Pha by fy, [1.2 = 96 Fg ast is =29 bg = eS Calculate the empirical formula of X. Based on your answer in (a), deduce (b) Let mb tio of LOEW, le xy mole of Th xty 3 woleof ty =F (2 PbO+ Phd —> Ps Or) YX is amixtine of PbO ond PhOr i» te Fs 2. Anexperiment was performed to determine the empirical formula of an oxide of magnesium. The experimental results are tabulated below: Item Mass (g) Crucible + lid 28.092 Crucible + lid + magnesium 28.698 Crucible + lid + oxide of magnesium 29.103 Determine the empirical formula of the oxide of magnesium using the above data. (Class Practice us Ij 0 Mas (9) Dhodt-ptot — 14 103-24.698 = 0.606 = 0.405 No,o6 woes 0,606, 0.05 2 le = 0,0249 =0,0253 Relative w. of con 0.053 _ 1 p)4 vnoles 0.028 00249 ~ Mbevetio = |: | rot wecetoy i Te rical Wpmula: of Fhe cride: cS orem = MO) if obviousHKDSE Chemistry Lf 3. 1.200 of a compound containing only carbon hy 0.240 g of water on complete combustion. Find (Class Practice 12.6.2) Reacting Masses Cr hy —> x C02 + HL0 yydrogen and oxygen gave 1.173 g of carbon dioxide and the empirical formula of the compound. - C H [ O Moss LIBxte | g.agox ae | 1am -0320- 00267 = 03209 ts 9.02674 = 055334 No. of moles | 032 0.0267 0.4533 B ! 16 =0067 | =0007 | = 0,053 Ratio ) | 2 Engirical formula = CHO, y G [Wee mb Gio) H-O—C—C—0-H 4. Orolic acid Compound x contains 26.95% sulphur, 13.44% oxygen and 59.61% chlorine by mass. Find the empirical formula of X. iy 0 C | O MovFks | 2695 | Bat SS l 32) \% Be =o | 05+ | =b6 = 7 NG Rotio | | 2 Thiong! chhovide «Empirical Lymela =HKDSE Chemistry Reacting Masses B. Finding the molecular formula ‘Molecular formula may be determined from empirical formula and relative molecular mass. Moleculr formula =(Enpvice!. ‘ml Relotive wlecular inass forme rss of the empirical frmele)» m Example: Compound X has an empirical formula CH, and a relative molecular mass of 28. Find its molecular formula. Draw structural formula of compound X. Let the meculr forme be (CHa) whee wis @ Whole ve Relative mlecrln mois = Dy \4 =2y =e Molecule fm = (hly )x 2 = GHe Structure] formula : Ne HSH uHKDSE Chemistry Reacting Masses — Revision Exercise: 1, compound containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen gave the following results on analysis: 0.81 Of the substance gave 1.32 g of carbon dioxide and 0.45 g of water on complete combustion. Find the empirical formula of the compound. If the relative molecular mass was 320, find also its molecular formula. (Class Practice 12.7) C H 0 Mas 6) [3x osx | Of) —036- 0.05 = 036 = 0.05 = 0% Ot Nh. of rales 23 6 ~ =0,3 = 0,05 = 0.025 Ratio 6 10 C ; Engi Sormals GH Os Let melee fora be (Coto O5 )n Relate molecular may = 320 16 2n = 320 na FE - Molecular $orula = Gi O..HKDSE Chemistry Reacting Masses V. Calculations Based on Equations ‘A. Complete Reaction Example: 1. The extraction of iron from the ore magnetite (FesOs) can be represented by the following chemical equation: FesOx(s) + 4 C (s) > 3 Fe (s) +4 CO (g) What is the mass of the ore required to produce 101 g of iron? Ne of les of fe = JO? = 1.8] mol Mle ratio Fez 0, Fe = 13 Nol mbs of Ferd, = HE “i =n (‘wore Fede = # [sro ) Mas of Ferd, = osnar[Ssacneuly] = 2. Titanium(IV) oxide can be prepared from titanium(IV) chloride and steam by the following reaction: TiCh (I) +2 H20 (g)_ > Tie (I) +4 HCI (g) 47.5 g of titanium(IV) chloride have reacted. Calculate (a) the mass of titanium({V) oxide produced; (b)_ the mass of steam consumed. (4) Mu of moles of Ti Ch = ares = Mole ratio oF TiCly: Tidy = $21 0.250 m| CMeck rob F T= 0.59 1 Mass of Tid =0.250 (1244 16), 4G a (1) Hae rato of Had Tip = 221 No of wales of Hh) = O.25px2 = 0,500 Mas of Hy0= 0:500(K+in) = 4.HKDSE Chemistry Reacting Masses B. Limiting Reactant Example: 1. The following equation represents the reaction between ammonia and chlorine: ining veactont 8 NHs (g) + 3 Clz (g) > 6 NH«C! (s) + Nz (g) 15.3 g of ammonia and 21.3 g of chlorine are allowed to react. What is the mass of ammonium chloride produced? haf mobs of Ni == Oy! Wo. of mob of Ch x23 = 030m] ( Fw the et oly OB NHy vill be rental with 03m! »f Ch) * nel Patarere lining reagent Male vatio of Cy Ma (l= 3:6 = :2 No. of mobs °F ME, C= 030x2 = 0.60 me Vos of NH4Cl = 0.60 (14444355) uyHKDSE Chemistry Reacting Masses c Percentage by mass Example: 1 Calcite is a mineral which contains mainly calcium carbonate. The mineral is heated in air strongly. Calcium oxide and carbon dioxide are produced. (a (3 —> (40+ CO 100 g of calcite are heated to give 44.8 g of calcium oxide. What is the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the sample of calcite? meee =074 wh Mob ratio of G0:GCH; =]: Nb. of mobs of (C05 = 0), 74fpalo Mass oF (CO, = 0.709 (40 412+ 162) =74 Ty - 2794 —— x07, = nah (DJ yp) Y, by hats =HKDSE Chemistry Reacting Masses Revision Exercise 1, 19.85 g of an element M combine with 25.61 g of oxygen to form an oxide. Given only that the relative ‘atomic masses of M and oxygen are 31 and 16 respectively, deduce the simplest formula for this oxide. 2. Ametal oxide MO contains79.9% by mass of the metal M. Find the atomic mass of M. 3. 26.88 g of a metal chloride MCI contain 5.68 g of chlorine. Find the atomic mass of the metal M. 4, Ifthe formula of a hydrate is MgSOxe xH.0 and the percentage by mass of water of crystallization is $1.22, what is the value of x? 5. 2.48 g of Na,COs* nH10, on heating, left 2.12 g of the anhydrous salt. Find the value of n. 6. 0.166 mole of a hydrated salt, on strong heating, gave 17.94 g of water. Find the number moles of water of crystallization in one mole of hydrated salt 7. Abydrate contains 16.08% sodium, 4.20% carbon, 6.99% hydrogen and 72.73% oxygen by mass. If all the hydrogen atoms of the hydrate are in the form of water crystallization, determine its empirical formula. 8. 4.8 of a metal M of atomic mass 24 form 19 g of metal chloride with excess of hydrogen chloride on heating. (2) What mass of the chloride contains 1 mole of M? (b) What mass of chloride is present in that mass of the chloride in (a)? ()_ How many moles of chlorine atoms combine with 1 mole of M in this chloride? (d) Deduce the empirical formula of the chloride. 9. By analysis, 23 g of a compound of formula X:¥O3 were found to contain 13 g of X, 2g of Y and 8 g of oxygen. Calculate (a) the mass of X that combines with 16 g of oxygen in the compound (b) the relative atomic mass of X. {c)__ the mass of ¥ that combines with 1 mole of oxygen atoms in the compound. (a) the relative atomic mass of ¥. (e) the molar mass of the compound 10. Various known masses of magnesium powder were added to excess of aqueous silver nitrate in separate experiments. (a) Write a balance chemical equation for the reaction. (b) Sgof silver were obtained. How many grams of magnesium were used? 11. When 3.1 of a carbonate MCOs are heated to constant mass, 2.0 g of the oxide of the metal are formed. On reduction of this oxide, 1.6 g of pure metal remains. McO; -»MO+COz 2MO > 2M+0z Calculate the atomic mass of M. 12. Copper(tl) oxide reacts with sulphuric acid to form copper(I!) sulphate and water. (a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between copper(l) oxide and sulphuric aci (b) calculate the mass of copper(I!) oxide which will react with a solution containing 4g of sulphuric acid 16