GVT Manual

1 jk mßÉfþoh
ixúOdk M,odhs;dj iy tys wjYH;dj
ksuejqï f,i ksIamdok NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ,ndfoñka

fiajd,dNSkaf.a wjYH;d imqrd,Su l=uk fyda ixúOdkhl m%Odk ld¾h
Ndrh f,i y`ÿkd.; yels h' fuf,i ksuejqu (Out put) ,nd .ekSu
iòyd udkj" uQ,H" fN!;sl" f;dr;=re iy ;dËKh jYfhka úúO
iïm;a fhojqï f,i (Input) f,i Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' ksYaÑ; ld,
iSudjla ;=< ixúOdkhla fhdokq ,nk iïm;a (Resources)
ksujqïj,ska fn§fuka ,nd.kakd m%;sM,h y`ÿkajd fokq ,nkafka
M,odhs;dj (Productivity) jYfhks'
ksuejqï
fhojqï = M,odhs;dj
fuu iólrKh ;=<ska ,efnk m%;sM,h l<ukdldß;ajhg fukau

fiajd,dNSkag o iEySulg m;aúh yels uÜgul mj;skafka kï tu
ixúOdkfha M,odhs;dj i;=gqodhl f,i ie,fla' iEySulg m;aúh yels
ksuejqula ,nd.; fkdyels kï tu ixúOdkfha M,odhs;dj .eg¨
iy.; nj y`ÿkd.; yels h' fuu ir, iólrKh NdKav yd fiajd
imhk ´kE u ixúOdkhl M,odhs;dj ms<snò wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug
Wmldß fõ'
ixúOdkhla" fiajdjka yd ksIamdok NdKav ld¾hËuj;a" iM,odhsj;a

iy .=Kd;aulj;a imhkq ,nkafka kï fiajd,dNS wdl¾Ykh ,nd.;
yels jk w;r tu.ska ixúOdk lghq;=j, id¾:l;ajh fukau
ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 1

M,odhs;dj o by< hkq we;' fï wkqj M,odhs;dj j¾Okh ;=<ska
ixúOdkfha ixj¾Okh" ld¾h uKav, wNsjDoaêh iy fiajd,dNS
i;aldrh by< uÜgulska mj;ajdf.k hd yels fõ' ixúOdk M,odhs;d
j¾Okh rgl wd¾Ólhg iDcq n,mEula t,a, lrk w;r ta ;=<ska trg
ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg o m%n, odhl;ajhla ,nd foa' ixj¾Okh lrd msh
k`.k rgla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ ksIamdok fËa;%hg iy fiajd iemhqï
fËa;%hg wod< ixúOdkhkays M,odhs;dj by< uÜgul mj;ajdf.k
hdfï wjYH;dj b;d oeä j mj;S'
ixúOdkhl M,odhs;dj j¾Okh lr,Su jql,s wxY lsysmhl

taldnoaO;djlska hq;= j isÿúh hq;a;ls' fhojqïj,g (input) wkqmd;slj
iEySug m;aúh yels ksujqula (output) ;=<ska wdh;khl M,odhs;dj
ms<snò lsishï wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels jqj o j¾;udkfha M,odhs;dj
udkj iïm;a iu`. iDcq inò;djla we;s nj w¾: olajkakkaa fmkajd
fokafka —M,odhs;dj hkq wLKav jeä ÈhqKqjla .ek wjOdkh fhduq
lrk mqreoaola njg m;ajQ udkisl wdl,amhla ˜ njhs' fuys§
ixúOdkhl ksIamdok fyda fiajd iemhqï l%shdj,shg odhl;ajh
,ndfok w.%" uOH" bÈßfm< yd iydh ld¾h uKav, hk isõ wdldr
udkj iïm;aj, odhl;ajh ixúOdk M,odhs;dj j¾Okfha m%n,
idOlhla f,i wújdÈ; j ms<s.kq ,nkakls' ukao M,odhs;dj
,nd.ekSug Þhljkakd jQ ishü iïm;a fufyhjkq ,nkafka udkj
iïm; úiska ksidfjks'

01' kdhl;ajfha odhl;ajh
ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Okfhays ,d kdhl;ajh w;sYhska u ;SrKd;aul

idOlhls' ukao wfmaË;
s mrud¾: fj; <`.dùu iòyd u`. fmkaùu
fufyhùu iy wjYH ;SrK .ekSu kdhl;ajh úiska u l< hq;= fyhsks'
M,odhs;d j¾Okfha § ld¾h uKav,h lKavdhï ixialD;shla ;=< f.dkq
lr.ksñka ksis oelaula (Vision) iys; j wfmaË;
s fufyjr (Mission)
fj; <`.dùu iòyd kdhl;ajfha lemùu iy Wkkaÿj w;sYhska jeo.;a
fõ' fï ksid ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Okfhays,d kdhlhka mqfrda.dóka ùu
tys id¾:l;ajhg w;HjYH idOlhla f,i ms<s.ekqKls' M,odhs;d
j¾Okh .ek Wkkaÿjla olajk kdhl;ajh j.n,d .; hq;= jeo.;a
lreKq lsysmhla mj;sS' tajd w;r
ixúOdk - oelau (Vision)
- fufyjr (Mission)
- w.hka (Values)
- wruqKq (Objectives)
- b,lal (Targets)
- l%shdldrlï(Activities)
ms<snò wjOdkh w;HjYH fõ'
kdhl;ajfha u`. fmkaùu iy l%shdldrlï ixúOdkfha ishü ld¾h
uKav, odhl;aj u; isÿùu M,odhs;d j¾Okhg id¾:l m%úIaghla
f,i ie,fla' fuys§ by; oela jQ uQ,idOl ljf¾ o hkak;a tajdfha
wjYH;dj;a fláfhka i,ld n,uq'

1(1 oelau (Vision)
ixúOdk l%shdldß;ajh ms<snò wkd.; isyskh oelau f,i y`ÿkd.;

yels h' fndfyda ixúOdkhkays —oelau ms<snò m%ldYh˜ (Vision
Statement ) flá jdlHhla fyda jdlH lsysmhl tl;=jla f,i ilia
lrf.k ;sfnkq olakg we;' oelau È.=ld,Sk jk w;r wkd.;fha §
ixúOdk l%shdldß;ajh $lghq;= flfia isÿjkafka o hkak .ek b`.shla
ke;fyd;a u`. fmkaùula tu`.ska ,efí' oelaula kdúlhkag u`.
fmkaùu iòyd bÈlr we;s m%§md.drhla fuks' tu`.ska kejlg u`.
fmkaùula isÿlrk w;r th .ukdka;h njg m;a fkd fõ' —fld,ska iy
fmdfrdiag˜ wkqj oelau uQ,l
s ixl,am follska iukaú; fõ'
I. yr ixl,am (Core Ideology)

II. s wkd.;h (Envisioned Future)
mßl,am;
ixúOdkh mj;skafka l=ula iòyd o hkak olajkqfha —yr ixl,amh˜

;=<ska jk w;r th wkd.;fha § l=uk ;;a;ajhla w;alr .eksug
wfmaËd lrkafka o hkak olajkqfha —mßl,ams; wkd.;h˜ ;=<sks' tksid
oelau ms<snò m%ldYh ilia lsÍfï § fuu ixl,am fol flfrysu
wjOdkh fhduq lsßu ;=<ska jvd;a id¾:l —oelaula˜ ilia lr.;
yelsjkq we;' my; WodyrK jvd;a wdl¾YkSh oelau ms<snò m%ldYhla
ilid .ekSug u`. fmkaùula ,ndfokq we;'

I. ÿmam;=ka ms<snò lghq;= lrk mqKHdh;khl oelau m%ldYh
fuf,i oelaúh yels fõ' —ÿ.SNdjfhka f;dr f,dalhla˜
(A World without poverty)
II. uyck;djf.a mßmd,k wjYH;djka bgqlrk rdcH
wdh;khla f,i m`vqjiakqjr kef`.kysr m%dfoaYsh f,alï
ld¾hd,fha oelau m%ldYh fufia h'
—;sridr ixj¾Okh ;=<ska wdo¾Yu;a m%dfoaYsSh f,alï
fldÜGdihla˜
III. cd;sl M,odhs;d f,alï ld¾hd,fha oelau m%ldYh fufia h'
"—2016 jk úg wdishdfõ úYsIag;u M,odhs;d m%j¾Ok

flakaøia:dkh njg m;aùu'"
1(2' fufyjr (Mission )
ixúOdkhla ta yd iudk fjk;a ixúOdkhlska fjkalr oelafjk

woaú;Sh uQ,l
s mrud¾:h t<soelafjkafka fufyjr m%ldYh ;=<sks'
ixúOdkh mj;skafka l=ula iòyd o iy ixúOdk" "oelau" <`.d
lr.ekSu iòyd lrkq ,nkafka l=ula o hkak fufyjr ;=<ska y`ÿkd.;
yels úh hq;= h' fufyjr m%ldYhla (Mission Statement) my;
oelafjk m%Odk m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemfhk mßÈ ilia ùu wjYH h'

I. ixúOdkh meje;Sfï fya;= iy wjYH;dj
II. by; wjYH;d imqrd,Su iòyd ixúOdkh lrkq ,nkafka
l=ula o@
III. ixúOdk ld¾hhka iïnkaOfhka l=uk uQ,O¾uhka iy
úYajdihka (Principles or Believes) ud¾f.damfoaYhka
f,i Wmfhda.S lr.kafka o@
iM,j;a fufyjr m%ldYhl wka;¾.; úhhq;= Wmudkhka (Criterias)

lsysmhls'
I. wm lrkqfha l=ula o@ wm th l< hq;af;a l=ula ksid o@ iy

ixúOdkh mj;skafka l=ula iòyd o@ hkak .ek wjOdkh'
II. flá tfuka u ;shqKq f,i b,lal.;ùu'
III. m%udKj;a ;rï úia;r wvx.= ùu'
IV. meyeÈ,s iy myiqfjka wjfndaO lr.; yelsùu'
V. ksjerÈ foa bgq lr,sSu iòyd u`. fmkaùula ;sîu'
VI. ixúOdk wjia:djkag wduka;%Kh lsÍu'
VII. ixúOdk yelshdjka taldnoaO lsÍu'
VIII. wfma îxúOdk& lemùu wjOdrKh
IX. wjidkfha wm u;l ;nd.; hq;af;a l=ula o hkak iòyka
úh hq;=ùu'

wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;= fufyjr m%ldY lsysmhla my; olajd we;'
I. —rcfha m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+, j fiajd ie,iSu" iïm;a

iïnkaëlrKh yd ck;d iyNd.s;ajfhka hq;a ld¾hËu"
;sridr yd ie,iqï.; ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shla ;=<ska m%foaYfha
ckÈúh kxjd,Su˜
^Wvm<d; m%dfoaYSsh f,alï ld¾hd,h&
II. "Y%S ,xldfõ M,odhs;dj m%j¾Okh lsÍfuka cd;Hka;r

;r.ldß;ajhg uqyqK §u iòyd wjYHjkakd jq Yla;sh
,nd§u iy cd;sl ixj¾Okhg odhlùu ;=<ska ck;djg
Wiia Ôjk ;;a;ajhla ,nd§u"
^cd;sl M,odhs;d f,alï ld¾hd,h&
III. rdcH m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+, j fiajd iemhSu" iïm;a

iïnkaëlrKh" ck;d iyNd.s;ajfhka hq;a ld¾hËu"
;sridr iy ie,iqï iy.; ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shla ;=<ska
m%foaYfha ck Èúh kxjd,Su wmf.a fufyjr fõ'
ûqkao,u m%dfoaYsSh f,alï ld¾hd,h&
1(3' w.hka ^Values)
w.hka ke;fyd;a jákdlï f,i ie,flkafka ixúOdkh ;u ld¾hhka

bgq lsÍfï § wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk uQ,O¾uhka h' fuu uQ,O¾uhka
ielfikafka ixúOdk o¾Yk (Philosophy) iy úYajdihka (Belives)
mokï lrf.k h' "tfukau w.hka ms<snò m%ldYhlska" (Value
Statement) ixúOdkh mßirh iy tys iïm;a iu`. jQ
iïnkaO;djhka o meyeÈ,s flf¾' tfuka u fulS w.hkag ixúOdk

ixialD;sh (Organization Culture) iy m%uqL;djka (Priorities)
n,mdkq ,nhs' wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;= ixúOdk w.hka ms<snò m%ldY
lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
I. —mqfrda.dñhd f,i" wka wh wkqukh fkd lrñka" tfy;a

fkdyels" wmyiq foa lsÍu˜'
- fidaks iud.u -
II. — ;dËKh iy kfjda;amdohka u`.ska cSú;fha .=Kd;aulNdj
jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu˜
- fckr,a bf,laá%la iud.u -
III. zzcd;sl ixj¾Okfha m%uqL;djZZ
- cd;sl M,odhs;d f,alï ld¾hd,h -
wruqKq (Objectives)
ixúOdkhla úiska <`.d lr.ekSug wfmaËd lrkakd jQ m%Odk ld¾hhka

ke;fyd;a lghq;= wruqKq f,i ye`Èkaúh yels fõ' fulS wruqKq bgq
lr,Su ;=<ska ixúOdk fufyjr idOkh lr.; yels fõ' ixúOdk
iuia; ld¾h Ndrh u úia;rd;aulj wruqKq ;=< wvx.= fkdl< o m<,a
uÜgñka tlS ld¾hhka oelaùu isÿflf¾' WodyrKhla f,i m%dfoaYSsh
f,alï ld¾hd,hl wruqKq m%Odk fËa;%hka wdjrKh jk mßÈ tkï"
idudkH mßmd,kh" uq,H l<ukdlrKh" ie,iqïlrKh" bvï lghq;="
fiajd,dNS i;aldrh jYfhka oelaùu fmkajd Èh yels h' wruqKq
fláld,Sk iy È.=ld,Sk jYfhka o oelaúh yels fõ' ixúOdkhl
wruqKq mßËdlsÍu ;=<ska wNHka;r fukau ndysr fiajd,dNSkag
ixúOdkfha iuia; ld¾hNdrh ms<snò wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels fõ'
ixúOdkhl wruqKq idOkh ms<snò j.lSu uOH uÜgfï

l<ukdldß;ajh fj; mejf¾' id¾:l wruqKl wka;¾ .; úh hq;=
uQ,l
s ,ËK lsysmhls' tajd kï"
I. ksYaÑ;ùu (Specific)
II. ueksh yelsùu' (Mesureble)
III. <`.d lr.; yels nj (Achievable)
IV. ;d¾lsl nj (Rational)
V. ld, mrdihlg iSudúh hq;= nj (Time Frame)
b,lal (Targets)
b,lal hkq wruqKq id¾:l f,i <`.dlr .ekSu iòyd Wmfhda.s lr.kq
,nk ñkqï o`vq h' ixúOdkfha bÈßfm< l<ukdlrejka (Frontline
Managers) b,lal iïnkaOfhka j.lSug nefòk w;r b,lal
iïmQ¾Kùu ;=<ska wruqKq lrd <`.d ùug yels fõ' fï ksid ixúOdkfha
tla tla wruqKq yd iïnkaê; b,lal imqrd .ekSu flfrys iydh ld¾h
uKav, odhl;ajh ,nd.ksñka wjYH wëËKh bÈßfm<
l<ukdlrejka úiska isÿl< hq;=hs' WodyrKhla f,i m%dfoaYSsh f,alï
ld¾hd,hl j¾Ihla ;=< § bvï wxYhg wod< b,lal f,i"
2011 j¾Ifha"
I. ud¾;= ui 31 Èkg fmr rcfha bvï w;am;a lr.ekSfï
lghq;= wjika lsÍu'
II. wf.daia;= 31 Èkg fmr bvï lÜá 300 la bvï wysñ
fiajd,dNSkag mjrd§u'
oelaúh yels h' b,lalj, úfYaI;ajh jkafka lsishï ld, mdrdihla
;=< w;alr.ekSug wfmaË;
s ld¾hiuqodh ljf¾ o hkak olajñka th
w;am;a lr.ekSug wjYH úêúOdk ie,eiaùuhs'

l%shdldrlï (Activities)
ixúOdkhlg iydh ld¾huKav,fha (Support Service) odhl;ajh

,efnkqfha l%shdldrlï bgqlr,Su ;=<sks' ixúOdkfha úúO wxY
YdLdj,g iïnkaê; udkj iïm;aj,g b,lal idOkh iòyd
odhl;ajh ,ndÈh yelsjkafka l%shdldrlï yryd h' fï iòyd úúO
wxY" YdLdj,g iïnkaê; úúO ;k;=re ork mqoa.,hkag l%shdldrlï
mjrd Èh hq;= fõ' fuys§ l%shdldrlï f,i úfYaIfhka ie,flkafka
;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shg fkd.efkk lghq;= h'
ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajh" ixúOdkfha úúO uÜgï ksfhdackh lrk

udkj iïm;a ;=<ska il%sh odhl;ajh ,nd.ekSu iòyd ld¾hhka
ke;fyd;a l%shdldrlï mjrdÈh hq;= fõ' fï iòyd rdcldß ,ehsia;=
fyda /lshd úia;r Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,nhs'
fï wkqj ixúOdkhl l%shdldrlï bgqlr,Su ;=<ska b,lal idOkhg

odhl;ajh ,efnk w;r b,lal imqrd .ekSu ;=<ska wruqKq lrd
<`.dùug yels fõ' wruqKq id¾:l f,i w;am;a lr.kakd úg
ixúOdkfha fufyjr yd oelau fj; <`.dùug yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
fï wkqj ixúOdkhg iïnkaê; ishü md¾Yjhkaa tys fufyjr
idOkhg odhl;ajh ,ndfok nj meyeÈ,s h' ixúOdk ld¾h idOkh
id¾:l f,i <`.d lr.ekSu iòyd tys kdhl;ajh úiska by; idlÉPd
lrk ,o uq,l
s wjYH;d imqrd,Su .ek wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fõ' ta
;=<ska udkj iïm;aj, ilS%sh odhl;ajh fiajd,dNS i;aldrh iòyd
Wmßu whqßka ,nd .; yels fõ'

2 jk mßÉfþoh
Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqu
ixúOdkhla úiska mßirhg wkq.; fjñka yd iSñ; iïm;a ld¾hËu

j fhdojñka È.=ld,Sk ke;fyd;a wkd.; wruqKq uqÿkam;a lr .ekSu
iòyd Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqï (Strategic Planning) ms<sfh, lrkq
,nhs' fïjd ixhqla; ie,iqï (Corporate Planning) f,i o yeòskafõ'
Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqula ixúOdkhla i;= j mej;Su tys ld¾h idOkh
by< uÜgul mj;ajdf.k hdug fya;= jk w;r l<ukdldß;ajh fyda
ld¾h uKav, fjkila isÿjqjo ixúOdkfha lghq;= ndOdj,ska f;dr j
bÈßhg wfmaË;
s f,i lrf.k hdug Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqula Wmldß
fjhs' j¾;udk ixúOdkhkag Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqï jvd;a wjYHùug
fya;=j f,i ie,flkafka tu ixúOdk yd ndysr mßirh w;r mj;akd
wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj b;d fõ.fhka fjkialïj,g Ndckh ùu;a"
ixúOdk l%shdldrlï jvd;a ixlS¾K ùu;a hk lreKq ksidfjks' iEu
Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqulau my; oelafjk mekhka iïnkaO l%shdldrlï
yd nefòa'
wm îxúOdkh& l=ula lrkafkuq o@ What do we do?
wm th lrkafka ljqreka iòyd o@ For whom do we do?
wm úYsIaghka jkafka flfia o@ How do we excel?

2(1 Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqï l%shdj,sh (Process of the strategic
planning)
Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqï l%shdj,sh my; iòyka m%Odk mshjrhkaf.ka

iukaú; fõ' tajd ms<snò fláfhka i,ldne,Su Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqula
ms<sfh, lr.ekSu yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï § m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'
I. oelau iy fufyjr ia:dms; lsÍu

II. WmdhYsS,S wruqKq msysgqùu ^È.=ld,Sk wruqKq&
III. mßir úYaf,aIKh
IV. Wmdh ud¾. ;SrKh
V. WmdhYs,s ie,iqu ieliSu
VI. wxY" YdLd' fomd¾;fïka;= iòyd b,lal kshu lsÍu iy
ie,iqï ilia lsÍu
VII. flá ld,Sk ie,iqï ieliSu$ixj¾Okh'
VIII. ie,iqu l%shd;aul lsÍu
IX. ie,iqu we.ehSu
I. ixúOdk oelau fufyjr ia:dms; lsÍu - (Define the

vision & mission of the organization)
Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqï l%shdj,sh wdrïN l< hq;af;a
ixúOdk oelau iy fufyjr ms<snò ks.ukh lsÍfuka
wk;=re h' id¾:l f,i fuu ld¾h bgqlr,Su iòyd
w.%.KH l<ukdlrejl=f.a iyNd.s;ajfhka yd
odhl;ajfhka ixúOdk ld¾h uKav,h iyNd.slrjdf.k
Tjqkaf.a woyia fhdackd ie,ls,,
a g .ksñka lghq;= lsÍu
jvd;a m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'

II. È.=ld,Sk wruqKq msysgqùu - (Define long range
goals/ objectives)
fuhska woyia lrkqfha ixúOdkh úiska È.=ld,Sk j <`.d

lr.ekSug wfmaË;
s wruqKq fkdfyd;a ud¾.
y`ÿkd.ekSuhs' ixúOdkfha oelau iy fufyjr wkqj fulS
wruqKq ;SrKh l< hq;=fõ' wruqKq msysgqùfï§ ixúOdkfha
m%Odk ld¾h fËa;%hka (Key Results Areas) wdjrK
lr,Sug j.n,d.ekSu wjYH fõ' Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqu
ixúOdkfha wkd.; ld¾h Ndrh bgqlr,Sug wjYH u`.
fmkaùu ,ndfokafka fï wkqj h'
III. mßir úYaf,aIKh (Environment Analysis)
WmdhYS,s wruqKq idOkh lr.; hq;=jkafka mßirh ;=<

ksid ie,iaug wka;¾.; hq;= Wmdh ud¾. ;SrKh
lr,Sug fmr mßir úYaf,aIKhka isÿlsÍu wjYH fõ' fï
iòyd .efkk úYaf,aIKhka lsysmhls'
^w'& — Yÿw;˜ úYaf,aIKh (SWOT Analysis)
wruqKq idOkh iòyd ixúOdkfha wNHka;rfha mj;akd Yla;Ska

(Strengths) ÿ¾j,;d (Weaknesses) y`ÿkd.ekSu fuu úYaf,aIKfha
wdrïNl wÈhf¾ isÿflfrk w;r ixúOdkfha wruqKq <`.d lr.ekSu
iòyd ndysr jYfhka Wmldßjk wjia:djka (Opportunities) .ek
mßËdldßùu B<`.g isÿflf¾' tfukau ixúOdk wruqKq idOkfha §
uqyqK fok ndOd" wNsfhda. ke;fyd;a ;¾ck (Threats) yels;dla ÿrg
u.yrjd .ekSu ms<snòj wjOdkh o fhduq l, hq;= fõ' fuu úYaf,aIK

iyNd.s;aj l<ukdlrK Wmdhud¾. wkq.ukh lrñka ld¾h uKav,
odhl;ajfhka hq;= j l%shd;aul lsÍu ;=<ska jvd;a id¾:l m%;sM,
,nd.ekSug yelsjkq we;'
^wd'& —tmsiafg,a˜ úYaf,aIKh (EPISTEL Analysis)
fuysoS ie,ls,u
s ;a jk idOlhka my; oelafõ'
 mßirh (Environment)
 foaYmd,kh (Political)
 f;dr;=re (Information)
 iudÔh (Social)
 ;dËKsl (Technological)
 wd¾Ól (Economic)
 kS;s (Legal)
fuu mdßißl idOl ixúOdkhg flfia n,mdkq ,nkafka o hkak yd

tu idOlj, wys;lr ;;a;ajhka u`.yrjd .ekSu iòyd;a ys;lr
;;a;ajhka jv jvd;a <`.d lr .ekSu iòyd;a fuys§ wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍu wjYH fõ'
IV. Wmdhud¾. ;SrKh ^f;dard.ekSu& (Decide Strategies)
by; úYaf,aIKhka isÿlsÍfuka wk;=rej ixúOdkfha ld¾h idOkh

fláld,Sk j fukau È.= ld,Sk j o id¾:l f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug
fhda.H Wmdhud¾. ;SrKh l< hq;= fõ'
fuys§ ixúOdk oelau iy fufyjr .ek úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrñka

Wmdhud¾. ;SrKh lsÍu ms<snò ie,ls,su;a ùu wjYH fõ' tfuka u
tlS Wmdhud¾.hkaf.ka jvd;a fhda.H Wmdhud¾. l=ula o hkak f;dard

.ekSfï § tajdfha YlH;dj" Yla;Ska" ÿ¾j,;d" ld,h" msßjeh .ek o
úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= fõ' m%Yia; Wmdhud¾. f;dard.ekSu
iòyd l<ukdldß;ajhg iyNd.s l<ukdldß;aj m%fõYh fhdod.;
yels fõ'
V. ie,iqu ieliSu$ixj¾Okh (Develop the Plan)
;SrKh lrkakd jq Wmdhud¾. ;=<ska ixúOdk wruqKq fukau fufyjr

idOkh iòyd È.=ld,Sk jevigyka ieliSu fuhska woyia flf¾' fufia
ks¾udKh jk jevigyk Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqu (Strategic Plan) f,i
yeòskafõ' th iuia; ixúOdkfha ish¨ fldgia wdjrKh jk mßÈ È.=
ld,hla iòyd ms<sfh, flf¾' fuh ixhqla; ie,iqu (Corporate Plan)
f,i o yeòskafõ'
VI. wxY$YdLd$fomd¾;fïka;= iòyd b,lal kshu lsÍu iy

ie,iqï ilia lsÍu' (Decide Section /Division
Targets and Prepare Plans)
ixúOdkhla ;=< ;sfnkakd jQ úúO wxY" YdLd iy fomd¾;fïka;=j,g

wod< b,lal yd tu b,lal imqrd .ekSfï jev ms<sfj< ieliSu fuhska
woyia flf¾' fulS ie,iqï iliaúh hq;af;a iuia; ixúOdkh iòydu
jq Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqfï wka;¾.;hg wkql+,j h' ta wkqj YdLd"
fomd¾;fïka;= iòyd jQ wdxYsl ie,iqï id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul jkafka
kï Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqu o id¾:l m%;sM, w;alr fokq we;'

VII. fláld,Sk ie,iqï ieliSu$ ixj¾Okh (Preparation
of Short term Plan)
Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqu l%shd;aul lr,Sfï myiqj iòyd th ld,hg yd

tla tla wxY$YdLd wkqj fláld,Sk ie,iqï (Short Term Plan) f,i
ilia lsÍu fuu mshjf¾ § isÿflf¾' ld,Sk j Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqu
we.ehSug o fulS fláld,Sk ie,iqu Wmldß fjhs' fï ;=<ska
Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqug wjYH ixfYdaOkhka lr,Sug o yels fõ'
fï wkqj tla Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqulg wod< flá ld,Sk ie,iqï

.Kkdjla wjYH mßÈ ms<sfh, lr.; yels fõ' WodyrKhla f,i
rdcH mßmd,k wud;HdxYfha Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqug wod< j udkj
iïm;a ixj¾Ok" uQ,H l<ukdlrK" mßmd,k" wdh;k yd mßmd,k
fiajd wd§ YdLd wkqj fláld,Sk ie,iqï ilia lr.; yels fõ'
VIII. ie,iqu l%shd;aul lsÍu (Implementation of the

Plan)
Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqu yd Bg wod< wdxYsl ie,iqï ixúOdk fufyjr"

wruqKq idOkh iòyd id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu fuu wÈhf¾§
isÿflf¾' wod< md¾Yajhka tkï" wNHka;r yd ndysr fiajd,dNSka
ie,iqu l%shd;aul lr,Sug fmr ta ms<snò oekqj;a lr,Su w;sYhska
jeo.;a jkq we;' ie,iqu id¾:l lr.ekSu iòyd Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh
,nd.ekSug fï ;=<ska wjldY ,efnkq we;' fuu l%shdj,sh iòyd
iyNd.s;aj m%fõYh wdfoaY lr.kakd l<ukdlrejkag fuh myiqfjka
l%shd;aul l< yelsjkq we;'

l%shdldß ie,eiau (Action Plan)
ie,iqï jvd;a id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lr,Su iòyd Bg wod< l%shdldÍ

ie,iqï (Action Plan) ilia lr.ekSu wjYH jkq we;' l%shdldÍ
ie,eiaula hkafkka woyia lrkqfha ms<sfh, lr we;s fláld,Sk
ie,iqï ;=<ska wfmaË;
s ld¾hhka" wfmaË;
s mqoa.,hka u`.ska ld¾hËu
j bgq lrjd.ekSu ;yjqre lr,Su iòyd ms,sfh, lrkq ,nkakls'
l%shdldß ie,eiaula ;=<ska fláld,sSk ie,iqïj, id¾:l;ajh
we.ehSulg ,laflfrk w;r ta ;=<ska Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqu o
we.ehSulg ,la l< yelsfõ' l%shdldÍ ie,iqul o< wdlD;sh my;
iòyka mßÈ fõ'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' iòyd jQ l%shdldß ie,eiau
whs;uhka l%shdldrlï l%shdldrlï ld, j.lSu wëËKh kshdukh msßjeh

wruqKq rduqj
by; ixo¾Nh ;=< /fòñka ixúOdkfha ld¾hNdrh iy wjYH;dj u;

wjYH ixfYdaOkhka iys; j l%shdldß ie,eiau ms<sfh, lr.; yels h'
IX. ie,iqu we.ehSu (Evaluation of Plan)
Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqu ;=<ska wfmaË;

s wruqKq id¾:l f,i bgqjkafka o
hkak ;yjqre lr.; yelsjkafka ie,iqu ld,Sk j we.ehSug ,lalsÍu
u`.sks' fï iòyd ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajh úiska wod<
md¾Yajlrejkaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka foi;s" udisl" ff;%udisl" w¾O

jd¾Isl yd jd¾Isl jYfhka we.ehSï isÿfldg m%.;sh iudf,dapkh
lsÍu wjYHfõ' ÿ¾j,;d iy miqnEï y`ÿkd.ksñka wjYH m%;sl¾u
fuys§ fhÈh yels fõ'
by; iòyka iuia; l%shdj,sh u kdhl;ajfha odhl;ajh" u`.mkaùu

iy iyNd.s;ajh ;=< isÿjkafka kï tlS ixúOdkhg fiajd,dNS
i;aldrh jvd;a M,odhS j iy .=Kd;aul j bgqlr,Sug wjYH Yla;su;a
wä;d,ula oud .ekSug yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqï l%shdj,sfha mshjrhka
1' oelau iy fufyjr ia:dms; lsÍu'
2' WmdhYsS,s wruqKq msysgqùu
3' mßir úYaf,aIKh
4' Wmdhud¾. ;SrKh
5' ie,iqu ieliSu
6' b,lal kshu lsÍu
7' fláld,Sk ie,iqï ieliSu
8' ie,iqu l%shd;aul lsÍu
9' ie,iqu we.ehSu

3 jk mßÉfþoh
udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh iy úêu;a Wmfhdackh
ixúOdk M,odhs;dj j¾Okfha jeo.;au tfuka u m%n,;u idOlh

jkafka udkj iïm;hs' udkj iïm;a ld¾hËu j iy l%uj;a j
fhdojd .ekSu ;=< ixúOdkfha M,odhs;dj by< uÜgul ròjd .ekSug
l<ukdldß;ajhg yelshdj ,efnkq we;' ixúOdkhla i;= uq,H"
fN!;sl" ;dËKsl yd f;dr;=re hk ish¨ iïm;a fufyhjkq ,nkafka
udkj iïm; jk fyhska M,odhs;d j¾Okfha ;SrKd;aul idOlh udkj
iïm;hs' udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu yd uekúka fhdod .ekSfuys ,d
ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajh wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= m%Odk lreKq
lsysmhls'
^w'& mqoa., wdl,am

^wd'& úêu;a ld¾h mejreu
^we'& úêu;a ld¾h idOk we.hSu
^wE'& mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh
^b'& fiajl wNsfm%arKh
^B'& fiajl ÿla.ekú,s ms<snò wjOdkh
fï tlsfkl ys jeo.;alu fláfhka i,ld n,uq'
^w'& mqoa., wdl,am
hï fohla fyda lsishï ldrKhla iïnkaOfhka mqoa.,hd ork u;h"

woyia is;=ú,s" ye`.Sï wkqidrfhka wdl,am ks¾udKh jkq y`ÿkd.;
yels fõ' hï whl=f.a wdl,am ms<snòj woyila ke;fyd;a wjfndaOhla
,nd.; yelafla Tyqf.a p¾hdj ;=<sks' fufia wdl,am u; mqoa., p¾hdj

ks¾udKh jk fyhska tajd .ek ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajh wjOdkh
fhduqlr,Su jeo.;a fõ' wdl,am Okd;aul fyda iqNjd§ jkafka kï
tjeks wdl,amOdÍka f.a p¾hdj o Okd;aul fukau wdl¾IKSh tlla
fõ' ixúOdkhl ld¾h uKav, idudðlhkag mejfrk ld¾hhla bgq
lr,Sfï § tajdfha id¾:l wid¾:lNdjhg ;uka ork woyia u; fyj;a
wdl,am iDcq n,mEula t,a, lrkq ,nhs' fldf;la kS;s Í;s n,lsÍï l,
o >DKd;aul wdl,am iys; mqoa.,hl=f.ka id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd .ekSu
ÿIalr fõ' tu ksid j¾;udkfha ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajh ;u ld¾h
uKav,h ;=< Okd;aul wdl,am j¾Okhg fkdfhl=;a mshjrhka .kq
,nhs' fuys§ kdhl;ajfha wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;= lreKq lsysmhls'
- ;ud ms<snò" ;u ld¾h ms<snòj yd ;udf.ka

wfmaËd lrk foa ms<snò wjfndaOhla ,nd§u'
- ixúOdkh yd tu`.ska i,ik fiajdjg ;u
odhl;ajh ,ndÈh hq;= wdldrh ms<snò wjfndaOhla
,nd§u'
- udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK l%shdj,sfha úksúoNdjh
iy idOdrK;ajh /lSu
- ÿla.ekú,s iòyd úêu;a l%ufõohla l%shd;aul lsÍu
- m%udKj;a iqN idOk myiqlï ie,iSu
- lKavdhï ye`.Su j¾Okh lr,Su
by; oelajq Wmdh ud¾.hkag wu;rj ;u ld¾h uKav,fha iqNjd§
wdl,amhka j¾Okh lr,Sug l<ukdldß;ajhg ;u w;aoelSfuka ,;a
id¾:l m%;sM,hka o Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsjkq we;' wdl,am mqoa.,
noaO neúka iuyr wjia:dj, fmdÿ Wmdh ud¾.j,g wu;rj
mqoa.,hdg .e<fmk wdldrfha Wmdh ud¾. .ek mjd l<ukdldß;ajfha
wjOdkh fhduqùu wjYH fõ'

fuys§ M,odhs;d j¾Okhg" ld¾h uKav, iqNjd§ wdl,am muKla fkdj
l<ukdldß;ajfha ke;fyd;a kdhl;ajfha wdl,am" iuia; ixúOdkh u
fukau mqoa., p¾hdjkag buy;a n,mEula t,a, lrkq ,nhs'
kdhl;ajfha wdl,am >DKd;aul jkafka kï th iuia; ld¾h
uKav,hg;a" ixúOdkhg;a wys;lr f,i n,mEu fkdje,elaúh
yelsjkq we;' tu ksid kdhl;ajfha o¾Ykh" lemùu" Wkkaÿj"
wdo¾Yj;anj" wjxlNdjh" idOdrK;ajh" wmËmd;S nj yd
úksúoNdjh ld¾h uKav, idudðlhkaf.a Okd;aul wdl,am j¾Okhg
fnfyúka WmldÍ jkq we;' tu wdo¾Yhka uOH uÜgfï
l<ukdlrKhg" bÈßfm< l<ukdlrKhg fukau ld¾h uKav,hg ;u
iqNjd§ Ñka;khka Yla;su;a lr.ekSug m%n, W;af;aclhla jkq we;'
fï ksid ixúOdk M,odhS;d j¾Okfha § iEu uÜgul u ld¾h uKav,
idudðlhkaf.a mqoa., wdl,am iqnjd§ f,i mj;ajd f.k hdu flfrys
l<ukdldß;ajh wjOdkh fhduq lr,Su jeo.;a jkq we;'
^wd'& úêu;a ld¾h mejreu
ixúOdkhg iïnkaê; ljr ;rd;srul mqoa.,hl=g jqj o ;ud úiska

bgq l< hq;= ld¾hhka fkdfyd;a rdcldß úêu;a j mjrd §u w;HjYH
fõ' ta u`.ska udkj iïm;a odhl;ajh il%Shj ,nd.ekSug wjldY
ie,fla' fuys§ mqoa., oË;d iy yelshdjka mokï lrf.k ld¾h
mejreu flfrys l<ukdldß;ajh wjOdkh fhduqlsÍu jeo.;a jkq we;'
fuys§ iïm%odhdkql+, rdcldß ,ehsia;=j (List of Duties) u`.ska ld¾h
mjrd§u fjkqjg jvd;a M,odhS mejreula f,i ie,flkafka /lshd
úia;r (Job Description) u`.ska rdcldß mjrd §uhs'

/lshd úia;rh
j¾;udk ixúOdkhkays udkj iïm;a úêu;a f,i Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu

iòyd /lshd úia;r (Job Describtions) u`.ska ld¾hhka mjrd§u
olakg ,efí' rdcldß ,ehsia;=jla u`.ska rdcldß mjrd§fï §
isÿlrkqfha bgq l< hq;= ld¾hhka ,ehsia;=.; lsÍula jqj o /lshd
úia;rhla u`.ska mejÍfï § th jvd;a l%uj;aj mqoa.,hd o j.lSug
nefòk wdldrfhka isÿlrhs' fï ksid mqoa., ld¾h idOkh wfmaË;
s
uÜgul ròjd .ksñka udkj iïm;a m%Yia; whqßka fhdojd .ekSug
l<ukdldß;ajhg yels fõ' /lshd úia;rhlg my; oelafjk lreKq
we;=<;a fõ'
I. ;k;=r ye`Èkaùu
^w'& wud;HdxYfha$ fomd¾;fïka;=fõ$wdh;kfha ku

^wd'& wod< tallh$wxYh
^we'& /lshd kduh
II. /lshd idrdxYh

/lshdfõ wka;¾.;h b;d ixËsm;
a j oelafõ'
III. bgq l< hq;= m%Odk ld¾hhka

/lshdjg wod< tla tla lghq;= ksYaÑ; j oelaùu
IV. j.lSu
iuia; ld¾hhkag wod< ;k;=r orkakdf.a j.lSu' Wod - —by; wxl
III hgf;a iòyka rdcldß ld¾hËu j" kS;sÍ;sj,g wkqj idOdrK j"
wmËmd;S j"wjxl j" ksis ryiHNdjfhka hq;= j bgqlsÍug Tn úiska
j.n,d .; hq;= h˜ jYfhka j.lSu .e<fmk f,i fmdÿfõ oelaúh
yels h'

V. wêldrh iy n,;,
;k;=f¾ ld¾hhka bgq lsÍu iòyd ;k;=re,dNshdg mjrdfokq ,nk

wêldrh ke;fyd;a n,;, fï hgf;a iòyka flf¾'
VI. ;k;=f¾ iïnkaO;d
fï hgf;a /lshd,dNshd j.lshkafka ldg o hkakka /lshd,dNshdg

j.lshk ld¾h uKav,hla we;akï ta ljqreka o hkakka iòyka flf¾'
VII. ld¾h idOk uÜgu
/lshd,dNshd ;u ld¾hhka uekúka bgq lrkafka o hkak w.ehSu iòyd

m%fhdackj;a jk l,ska kshu lr.kakd ,o m%ñ;Ska" ljf¾o hkak
iòyka flf¾'
VIII. oekqu yd l=i,;d
/lshd,dNshd ;u ld¾hhka bgqlr,Su iòyd ,nd.; hq;= oekqu iy

j¾Okh lr.; hq;= l=i,;djka fï hgf;a iòyka flf¾'
IX. /lshdjg wod< fjk;a úfYaI lreKq - rdcldßfha iajNdjh

u; ;SrKh flf¾'
fuu wdlD;sh ;u wdh;khg fhda.H mßÈ ilia lrf.k Ndú;

lr,Sug l<ukdldß;ajfha wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h' ^wxl 28$98 yd
1998'12'03 Èke;s rdcH mßmd,k pl%f,aLfhys fï ms<snòj iòyka fõ'&

^we'& ld¾h idOk w.ehqu
ixúOdkhl udkj iïm;a uekúka Wmfhdackh lr.kq ,nkafka o hkak

ms<snò ksjerÈ ks.ukhlg t<ôh yelsjkafka ld¾h idOk w.ehqu
;=<sks' mqoa., ld¾h idOkh w.ehSu ;=<ska mejrek ld¾hhka
m%udKd;aul j iy .=Kd;aul j wfmaË;
s mßÈ bgq lrkq ,nkafkao@
keoao hkak .ek mÍËdldÍ úh yels jk w;r ta ;=<ska wjYHjk
m%;sl¾u fh§ug l<ukdldß;ajhg wjldYh ie,fia'
ld¾h idOk w.ehSu ixúOdkhl yrj;a f,i l%shd;auljkafka kï tys

M,odhs;dj by< uÜgulska mj;ajdf.k hd yels w;r ixúOdkhkag
Y%u n<ldfhka o Wmßu fiajdjla ,nd.; yels fõ' fï ;;a;ajhkaf.a
wjidk m%;sM,h jkafka fiajd,dNS i;aldrh by< uÜgulska
mj;ajdf.k hd yels ùuhs' ld¾h idOk w.ehqfï uq,l
s wruqK jkafka
mejrek ld¾hhka wfmaË;
s uÜgñka bgq lrkq ,nkafka o hkak mßËd
lsÍu yd wod< ld¾h idOk uÜgug <`.djk whg ksis wNsfm%arK l%u
;=<ska ta ;;a;ajhka È.g u mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH úêúOdk
ie,eiaùu;a ÿ¾j, ld¾h idOkhla fmkakqï lrk wh wfmaË;
s uÜgug
f.k tau iòyd wjYH lghq;= fh§u;a h' úêu;a ld¾h idOk w.ehqula
mj;ajdf.k hdug wfmaË;
s ixúOdk l<ukdlrejka ta iòyd
wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdj,sh mshjrhka lsysmhlska iukaú;fõ' ta my;
iòyka mßÈ h'

ld¾h idOk w.ehqï l%shdj,sfha mshjrhka
^w&' ixúOdkfha oelau" fufyjr" wruqKq" b,lal yd m%uqL;djka

meyeÈ,s j y`ÿkd.ekSu'
^wd&' ixúOdkfha wruqKq bgq lsÍfuys,d tla tla mqoa.,hdf.a j.lSu iy
ld¾hNdrh y`ÿkd.ekSu'
^we&' iyNd.s;aj l<ukdlrKh ;=<ska tla tla mqoa.,hd úiska bgq l<
hq;= ld¾hNdrh iy j.lSï mjrd §u'
^wE&' ld¾h idOkh uek ne,Su iòyd fhda.H ñkqï o`vq iy l%ufõohka
ieliSu'
^b&' mqoa.,hd úiska ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla ^j¾Ihla& ;=< olajk ,o
ld¾h idOkh ilid.;a ñkqï o`vq Ndú;fhka uek ne,Su$ w.ehSu'
^B&' wfmaË;
s b,lal imqrd we;s whg wNsfm%arKhla ,ndfoñka ld¾h
idOkh wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdug wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu'
^W&' wfmaË;
s uÜgug fkdmeñKs whf.a ld¾h idOkh h:d ;;a;ajhg
f.k tau iòyd wjYH ms<shï fh§u'
rdcH wxYfha ixúOdkhkays ld¾h idOk w.ehqul wjYH;dj h iy

th flfia l< hq;= o hkak ms<snòj ksl=;a lr we;s wxl 07$98 yd
98'03'13 Èke;s rdcH mßmd,k pl%f,aLfha yd Bg wkqnoaê; j ksl=;a lr
we;s 8$98 yd 98'03'16" 8$ 98^1& yd 98'04'30" 8$98 ^2& yd 98'12'11 hk
pl%f,aLhka ys iòykaj we;'

^wE&' mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh
ixúOdkh i;= udkj iïm; ld,Sk wNsfhda.hg id¾:l f,i uqyqK

foñka ld¾hËu yd iM,odhS fiajdjla iemhSu iòyd Tjqkaf.a
yelshdjka iy ld¾h idOkh by< uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSu .ek
l<ukdldß;ajfha úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=hs' fï iòyd ld¾h
uKav, mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh fhdod .; yels m%Odk uqf,damdhla fia
ie,fla' mqyqKqj ;=<ska wfmaËd lrkqfha ld¾h uKav, idudðlhdg
oekqu ^úIhnoaO yd kj oekqu& ,nd§u;a l=i,;d ixj¾Okhla
isÿlsÍu;a jk w;r ta ;=<ska Tyqf.a wdl,am fjkila
îqNjd§$Okd;aul& we;s lr,Su;a tys m%;sM,hla f,i p¾hdfõ
Okd;aul fjkila we;s lr,Su;a h' fulS wruqKq uqÿkam;a jk wdldrhg
ixúOdk mqyqKq jevigyka iïmdokh flfrys l<ukdldß;ajh
wjOdkh fhduqlr,Su wjYH fõ' úêu;a mqyqKqjla ld¾h uKav,hg
,nd§u iòyd ixúOdkhl mqyqKq wjYH;d ióËKhla (Traning
Need Assessment) meje;aúh hq;= w;r th mokï lr.ksñka jd¾Isl
mqyqKq ie,eiaula wdh;khl ms<sfh, lr.; yels fõ' fï iòyd
msßjeh orkq ,nkafka flfia o hkak .ek o ie,ls,u
s ;aùu wjYH fõ'
tjeks mqyqKq ie,iqulg'
- mqyqKqfõ wruqKq yd mrud¾:
- mqyqKqj ,ndfokq ,nk b,lal lKavdhu
- mqyqKqj ,nd§ug wfmaË;
s úIh fËa;%hka
- fhdod .kq ,nk iïm;a îïm;aodhlhka o we;=`M
j&
- mqyqKq msßjeh
- j.lSu iy kshdukh hk uQ,l
s lreKq wka;¾.;
ùu wjYH fõ'

mqyqKqj ;=<ska mqoa., oekqu fukau w;aoelSïj, o ixj¾Okhla jk
fyhska th mqoa.,hdf.a ixj¾Okhg iy Tyqf.a jákdlu by< hdug o
fnfyúka bjy,a fõ' fï ksid mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh .ek ixúOdk
l<ukdldß;ajh úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu wjYH fõ' fï
iïnkaOfhka ksl=;a lr we;s wxl$97$02$12 Èke;s rdcH mßmd,k
pl%f,aLfhys olajd we;'
^b&' fiajl wNsfm%arKh
ixúOdkhl fiajfha kshq;= úúO uÜgïj,g wh;a ld¾h uKav,

idudðlhkag ;ud fj; mejreK ld¾hhka iaj leue;af;ka bgq lrk
udkisl jd;djrKhla ks¾udKh lr,Su wNsfm%arKh f,i ir,j oelaúh
yels h' fï ;=<ska ;ud bgq lrk ld¾hh ld¾hËu j iy iM,odhS
f,i bgq lrjd .ekSug l<ukdlrKhg yelshdj ,efí' wNsfm%arKh
ms<snòj bÈßm;a ù we;s úúO kHdhkaf.ka fy<s jk uQq,l
s ldrKd
jkafka th mqoa., wdl,am iu`. taldnoaO ù we;s njhs' tu ksid
Okd;aul wdl,am iys; mqoa.,hka ixúOdkhla ;=< ;u ld¾hhka
wNsfm%arKhlska hq;=j bgq lrk nj y`ÿkd.; yels h' ixúOdk
l<ukdldß;ajhg mqoa.,hka wNsfm%arKh l< yels Wmdh ud¾. m%Odk
jYfhka fldgia follg fnÈh yels h'
- uQ,Huh wNsfm%arK l%u
- uQ,Huh fkdjk wNsfm%arK l%u
wdl¾IKSsh jegqm"a Èß §ukd" fndakia" ,dNdxY f.ùï jeks uq,Huh
Wmdh ud¾. ;=<ska ld¾h uKav, wNsfm%arKh by< uÜgul ròjd .;
yels nj ms<s.ekqKls' ta ;=<ska ld¾huKav,fha /lshd ;Dma;sh by<
hk ksid myiqfjka wNsfm%arKh l< yels fõ' tfy;a fï iòyd ixúOdk
uq,H Yla;sh fukau tjeks Wmdh ud¾. fhdod.ekSfï yelshdj tlS
ixúOdk i;=úh hq;=hs'

úfYaIfhka rdcH wdh;k l<ukdldß;ajh wjOdkh fhduql< hq;=
jkafka uQ,Huh fkdjk wNsfm%arK Wmdh ud¾. fj; h' ukao rdcH
uQ,H mßmd,k l%u wkqj jegqma fyda jegqma j¾Ol f.ùulg wu;rj
uQ,Huh wNsfm%arK l%u iòyd we;s bvlv b;d iSñ; neúks' ld¾h
uKav,h wNsfm%arKh iy Tjqkaf.a /lshd ;Dma;sh j¾Okh lr,Su
iòyd fhdod.; yels Wmdh ud¾.hka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
I. m%Yxid iy fiajh w.ehSu'
II. iqNidOk myiqlï iemhSu'
III. ms<s.ekSu iy j.lSï mejÍu'
IV. mqoa., ixj¾Okhg wjia:d ,nd§u'
V. mqyqKqj ,nd§u'
VI. /lshdfõ iqrËs;Ndjh we;s lr,Su'
VII. ÿla.ekú,sj,g weyqïlka§fï iy tajd úi`§fï úêu;a l%u
Ndú;h'
VIII. úêu;a ld¾hidOk we.hqï yd ta wkqj m%;s,dN msßkeóu'
IX. úksúoNdjfhka yd idOdrK;ajfhka hqla; udkj iïm;a
l<ukdlrK l%shdj,ska mj;ajdf.k hdu'
X. wNHka;ÍlrKh (Internalization) we;s lsÍu - ;ud
ixúOdkhg wh;a mqoa.,hl=h hk ye`.Su we;s lsÍu'
XI. l<ukdldß;ajh úiska iyNd.s;aj l<ukdldrK m%fõYh
fhdod .ekSu'
XII. idOdrK ld¾h mejÍu iy l,ska l,g /lshdj udrelsÍu'
XIII. mqoa.,hd ms<s.kq ,eîug" .re ie,ls,s ,eîug" ;ud
flfrys úYajdih ;nk nj oek.ekSug leue;a;la olajk
fyhska ta .ek ie,ls,u
s ;a ùug wjYH wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍu' (Ego needs)
XIV. ksis wëËKh ;=<ska ld¾h uKav, fufyhùu'

XV. wdl¾YkSh kdhl;ajhla ,nd§u'
^B&' fiajl ÿla.ekú,s ms<snò lghq;= lsÍu'
ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok jevigykla ;=< ld¾h uKav, m%Yak" .eg¨

iy ÿla.ekú,s ms<snò lghq;= läkñka úiòd wjYH m%;sl¾u ,nd§fï
l%u ia:dms; lr,Su jeo.;a ld¾hhls' mqoa.,sl j fyda iuqy jYfhka
bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk úúO iajrEmfha ÿla.ekú,s ms<snò úuid n,d
wjYH m%;sl¾u fh§u l<ukdldß;ajfha meyer yeßh fkdyels
j.lSula o fõ' iuyr ÿla.ekú,s wëËK uÜgfï fyda uOH
l<ukdlrK uÜgfï § úiod.; yels w;r iuyr tajd by<
l<ukdlrKh fj; fhduql< hq;= tajd jkq we;' ;j;a iuyr tajd
iòyd úi`ÿï ,nd.ekSug rdcH ixúOdkhla kï NdKavd.drh fyda rdcH
mßmd,k wud;HdxYhg fhduql< hq;= jkq we;' fulS l=uk uÜgfï
ÿla.ekú,a,la jqjo ta iòyd l<ukdldß;ajfha ËKsl wjOdkh
fhduqlr wjYH úi`ÿï ,nd§ug fhduqùu mqoa., wNsfm%arKh by<
uÜgulska rojd.ekSug WmldÍ jkq we;'
fiajl ÿla.ekú,s iïnkaOfhka lghq;=lsÍu iòyd l<ukdldß;ajhg

Ndú; l< yels Wmdh ud¾.hka lsysmhls' tajd w;r"
(I). udkj iïnkaO;d úêu;a fukau wúêu;a j mj;ajdf.k hdug

wjia:dj ie,iSu'
(II). ÿla.ekú,s bÈßm;a lsÍu iòyd úêu;a fukau wúêu;a wjia:d

ie,iSu'

(III). ÿla.ekú,s iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu iòyd fhda.H
ks,Odßhl=$ks,Odßka y`ÿkajd§u iy ta iòyd Tjqkaf.a ks¾foaY
,nd.ekSu' fï iòyd ld¾h uKav, idudðlhkaf.a ksfhdað;hka o
fhdod .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
(IV). fiajl ixúOdk iu`. ukd iïnkaO;djla mj;ajdf.k hdu'
(V). wdh;kfha wxY" YdLdj, ld¾h uKav,j,g wod< ÿla.ekú,s

iòyd fiajl iyNd.s;ajh ;=<ska úi`ÿï fiùu - fuys§ M,odhs;d
j¾Ok lj fyda ;;a;aj md,k ljj, odhl;ajh ,nd.; yels fõ'

4 jk mßÉfþoh
l%u iy l%shdj,Ska jeäÈhqKq lsÍu yd ir, lsÍu
ixúOdkh úiska fiajdjka iemhSu iòyd fhdod.kq ,nk l%u iy

l%shdj,Ska tys M,odhs;dj iy .=Kd;aul nj mj;ajdf.k hdu iòyd
iDcq odhl;ajhla ,nd foa' oË" m<mqreÿ ld¾h uKav,hla isáh o
Ndú;d lrkq ,nk l%u ld,Sk fkdjk h,a mek .sh tajd kï ta ;=<ska
ld¾h idOkfha j¾Okhla ,nd.ekSu wiSrefõ' fï ksid ixúOdk úiska
fiajd,dNsS i;aldrfha j¾;udk wNsfhda. ch .ekSu iòyd l%u iy
l%shdmámdáka jeäÈhqKq lsÍu yd ir, lsÍu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍu wjYH fõ' fuys§ wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= Wmdh ud¾. lsysmhls'
tkï"
^w&' l%shdmßmdá ÈhqKq lsÍu iy ir, lsÍu'
fuhska woyia lrkqfha ixúOdkfha tla tla wxYj, fiajdjka iemhSu

iòyd Ndú; lrkakd jQ l%shd mßmdá M,odhs;dj yd .=Kd;aul Ndjhg
wjysr;d muqKqjkq ,nkafka kï tajd úêu;a wOHhkhla ;=<ska jeä
ÈhqKq lsÍu fyda ir, lsÍuhs' iuyr úfgl lsishï fiajdjla iemhSu
iòyd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk wdlD;s m;%hla ld,Sk wjYH;djkag wkqj
ixfYdaOkh lsÍu ;=<skau l%shdmßmdáh ixj¾Okhg odhlúh yels fõ'
tfukau lsishï ld¾hhla lsÍfï § fyda fiajdjla iemhSfï § wkq.ukh
lrkq ,nk jev mshjrhka §¾> fyda ixlS¾K jkafka kï ta ;=<ska
ld¾hËu yd iM,odhS fiajdjla iemhSug ndOdldß jk nj fy<sjkafka

kï tjeks l%shdmßmdàka wOHhkh lr jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu yd ir, lsÍu
w;HjYH jkq we;' l%shdmßmdàka jvd;a ld¾hËu lr,Su iòyd
mß.Kl ;dËKh fldf;la ÿrg fhdod.; yels o hkak .ek
l<ukdldß;ajfha úfYaIs; wjOdkh fhduqùu fuys§ jvd;a jeo.;a jkq
we;' l%shd mßmdá ir, fyda jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;=
mshjrhka my; olajd we;'
l%shd mßmdá ir, lsÍfï § iy jeä ÈhqKl

q sÍfï § wkq.ukh l<
hq;= mshjrhka
I. .eg¨ ixlS¾K tfuka u ld¾hËu fiajdjla iemhSug

ndOdldß jk ls%hd mßmdá y`ÿkd.ekSu'
II. l%shdmßmdáfha mshjrhka wOHhkh lrñka .eg¨ mj;skafka
l=uk mshjf¾ o$mshjrj, o hkak mßËd lsÍu'
III. oekgu;a Ndú;fha mj;akd wdlD;s m;%" kS;s" fr.=,dis iu`.
mj;ajdf.k hdhq;= iïnkaO;djka yd wjOdkh fhduq l,
hq;= lreKq ljf¾oehs mÍËd lsÍu'
IV. y`ÿkd.;a .eg¨ ir, lsÍu yd ixj¾Okh lr,Su iòyd
Ndú;d l< hq;= úl,am fidhdne,Su iy w.ehSu'
V. wod< l%shdmßmdáh ir, lsÍu fyda jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu'
VI. fhdað; l%shd mßmdáh ms<snò ld¾h uKav,fha"
l<ukdldß;ajfha iy wjYHkï fiajd,dNSkaf.a woyia
úuiSu' tfukau wjYH wjia:dj, § l<ukdldß;aj
wkque;sh o ,nd.; hq;= h'
VII. ixfYdaê; l%shd mßmdáh ms<snò wod< md¾Yajhka oekqj;a
lsÍu iy Bg wjYH Wmfoia ,nd§u'
VIII. kshñ; Èkhl isg kj mßmdáh l%shd;aul lsÍu'

IX. wfmaË;
s m%;sM, w;alrf.k weoao hkak .ek kshñ;
ld,iSudjla ;=< § miq úmrï lsÍu'
X. idOkSh m%;sM, fmkakqï lrkafka kï th wLKav j
mj;ajdf.k hdu tfia fkdue;s kï kej; l%uh ir, lsÍu
fyda ixj¾Okh lsÍu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu'
oekgu;a Ndú; lrkq ,nk fmdÿ ld¾hh mßmdá ÈhqKq lsÍu fyda ir,
lsÍu .ek hï ixúOdkhla wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka kï tlS mámdàka
y`ÿkajdfok ,o wdh;kh ^rdcH mßmd,k wud;HdxYh$NdKavd.drh
jeks& wdh;khkays wkque;sh o ,nd.ekSu wjYH fõ'
^wd&' ld¾hd, w;afmd;a ieliSu
ixúOdkhla úiska bgq lrkq ,nk rdcldß" ksjeros j" l%udkql+, j iy

ld¾hËu j bgq lr,Sfï wruqKska ld¾hd, w;afmd;a (Office Manual)
ilia lrkq ,nhs' ixúOdkfha fkdfhla wxY" YdLdj, úúO úIhkag
wh;a rdcldß iòyd wod< ld¾h uKav, idudcslhkag Wmfoia
ke;fyd;a u`. fmkaùï ,nd .ekSug ld¾hd, w;afmd;a Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs' tlsfkl úIhkag iïnkaO Wmfoia Ndú;d l< hq;= l%u iy
wdlD;s m;% wdosh o we;=`M j wdrïNfha isg mshjfrka mshjr ld¾h
mßmdáh u`.ska olajk w;r tjeks ld¾h mßmdáka (Procedrers)
talrdYs fldg iuia; ixúOdkh iòydu m< lrkq ,nk Wmfoia ud,dj
ld¾hd, w;afmd; f,i ie,fla' ld¾hd, w;afmd;l my; iòyka oE
wka;¾.; fõ'
I. ixúOdkh ms<snò yeòskaùu'

II. tlsfkl ;k;=rg wod< rdcldß ljf¾ o hkak'

III. tlsfkl jev$rdcldß bgql< hq;= l%u iy úê meyeos,s j
olajd ;sîu'
IV. tlsfkl ld¾hka bgq lsÍfï oS Ndú; l< hq;= wdlD;s m;%
ljf¾ o@ iy tajd Ndú; lrkqfha flfia o@
V. w;afmd; m%ldYhg m;a l< oskh iy ldf.a wkque;shla u;
w;afmd;a ksl=;a lrkafka o hkak'
VI. w;afmd;a Ndú; lsßfï oS wkq.ukh l< hq;= Wmfoia'
ld¾hd,hl ishü rdcldß tl w;afmd;lg we;=<;a lsÍu m%dfhda.sl

fkd fõ' úfYaIfhka ixlS¾K" .eg¨ iy.; ld¾hka id¾:l f,i
bgqlr,Sug u`. fmkaùula f,i fujeks ld¾hd, w;afmd;a ms<sfh, lr
.ekSu jvd;a M,odhS jkq we;' ta ;=<ska ld¾h uKav,hg kj rdcldß
M,odhS j iy .=Kd;aul j bgq lr,Sug yelshdj ,efí' iuyr ixúOdk
ld¾hd, w;afmd;a fjkqjg f;dard.;a l%shdj,Ska iòyd Wmfoia (Process
Manual) fyda rdcldß iòyd Wmfoia (work Manual) muKla ms<sfh,
lrkq ,nhs'
ixúOdkfha ld¾hidOkh by< uÜgulska mj;ajdf.k hdu iòyd

wjYHjkafka l=uk udos,sfha Wmfoia ud,djla o hkak ixúOdk
l<ukdldß;ajh úiska ;SrKh lr ta wkqj wjYH mshjr .; hq;= fõ'
fujeks u`.fmkaùï ;=<ska ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajhg ixúOdk udkj
iïm;a jvd;a m%Yia; f,i Wmfhdackh iòyd yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
^we&' l%u jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
ixúOdkhl lsishï ld¾hhla fyda fiajdjla bgq lr,Sfï § wkq.ukh

lrkq ,nk iuia; l%uh wOHhkh fldg tys mj;akd wvqmdvq" ÿ¾j,;d
bj;a fldg l%uh ixfYdaOkh lsÍu fyda kj l%uhla ia:dms; lr,Su

iòyd fuu Wmdhud¾.h fhdod .efka' fuh l%u wOHhkh (Method
Study) f,i ye`Èkafõ' fuu l%uh l%shd mámdá jeäÈhqKq lr,Sfï
ld¾hhg jvd ixlS¾K fõ' ixúOdk ld,Sk wNsfhda.hkag id¾:l j
uqyqK §u iòyd oekg Ndú; lrk l%u kùklrKhg ,la lr,Su .ek
ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajh ksrka;rfhka u wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
mj;akd l%u jeä ÈhqKq lr,Sfï wjYH;dj ye`Èk.ekSug yelsjkafka
my; wjia:djkays § h'
I. mj;akd l%uh ixlS¾K tfuka u m%udohg ;=vq fokakla ùu'

II. l%uh ms<snò fiajd,dNSkaf.a meñKs,"s fpdaokd t,a, ùu'
III. mj;akd l%uh wêl msßjeh iys; ùu
IV. l%uh ms<snò ld¾h uKav, idudðlhkaf.a ueisú,s iy wvq
Wkkaÿj'
V. ixúOdk ld¾h idOkhg l%uh wys;lr f,i n,md ;sîu'
fujeks fya;=ka ksid mj;akd l%uh wOHhkh lr th ixj¾Okh

lr,Sug wjYH mshjr .ekSu l<ukdldß;ajfha j.lSu fõ' úfYaIfhka
rdcH ixúOdkj, fmdÿfõ Ndú;d lrk l%uhhka wod< wdh;khg
muKla ;ksj u fjkia l< yels fkd fõ' tjka l%uhl yeòsk.kq ,nk
.eg¨ wOHhkh fldg th jeä ÈhqKq lr,Sfï wjYH;dj iy Bg iqÿiq
l%shd ud¾. fhdackd wdÈh wod< mßÈ uyd NdKavd.drhg rdcH mßmd,k
fyda fjk;a wud;HdxY uq,ia:dkhlg fhduq lr,Su ;=<ska tajd jeä ÈhqKq
lr,Sug wjYH lghq;= l< yels fõ'

l%u wOHhkhl mshjrhka
mj;akd l%uh jeä ÈhqKq fldg ld¾h idOkh" fiajl yd fiajd,dNS

;Dma;sh we;s lr,Su yd "msßjeh wju lr,Su hk wruqKq uqÿkam;a
lr.ekSu iòyd Ndú;d lrk l%u wOHhkh mshjrhka lsysmhlska
iukaú; fõ'
I. f;dard .ekSu (Select)
.eg¨ iy.;" wvqmdvq" ÿ¾j,;d" m%udohkaf.ka hq;a
ld¾hËu ld¾hidOkhg ndOdldÍ l%uhla f;dard.; hq;=
fõ'
II. igyka lr.ekSu (Record)
mj;akd l%uh wdrïNfha isg wjidkh olajd mshjfrka
mshjr wod< mqoa.,hkaf.a iy hka;% iq;%j, ld¾hNdrhka o
iu`. igyka lsÍu' l%uh ms<snò meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla
,nd.ekSug fuf,i igyka lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' igyka
lr .ekSu iòyd wka;¾cd;sl j ms<s.ekqK ixfla;
lsysmhla Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs'
^w&' l%shdldß;ajh - Operation
^wd'& mÍËdlsÍu - Inspection
^we'& m%jdykh - Transport
^wE'& D m%udoh - Delay
^b'& .nvdlsÍu - Storage

ixfla; fhdod l%uh igyka lr.ekSfuka th wOHhkh lrkakdg
mj;akd l%uh ms<snò myiqfjka wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels fõ'
III. mÍËd lsÍu (Inspection)
igyka lr.;a l%shdj,s ishqï mÍËdjg ,lalsÍu fuu mshjf¾ §

isÿflf¾' .eg¨" m%udo iy ixfYdaOkhg ,laúh hq;= mshjrhka ljf¾o
hkak y`ÿkd.ekSug fuysoS yelsjkq we;'
IV. ÈhqKq lsÍu (Develop)
mßËdlsÍfuka wk;=rej y`ÿkd.kakd ,o m%Yak iy .eg¨ ksrdlrKh

iòyd kj l%u ljf¾oehs fidhd ne,Su fï hgf;a isÿflf¾' ld,Sk
wjYH;djka iy wNsfhda. fuys§ wjOdkhg fhduql< hq;= fõ' ;dËKsl
fuj,ï Wmfhda.s lr.ekSu ;=<ska o mj;akd l%uh jeäÈhqKq lsÍfï
yelshdj i,ld ne,Su wjYHjkq we;'
V. ia:dms; lsÍu (Establish)
ÈhqKq lrk ,o l%uh ia:dms;lsÍu ke;fyd;a fhdod .ekSu fï hgf;a

isÿflf¾' wod< ld¾h uKav,hg kj l%uh ms<snò oekqj;a lsÍula
fukau wjYH mqyqKqjla o ,nd§fuka miqj kj l%uh ia:dms; lr,Su
wjYH fõ' fï iòyd wkque;shla ,nd.ekSu wjYHjkafka kï ta iòyd
fhda.H n,OdÍkaf.ka tlS wkque;sh ,nd.ekSu o wjYHjkq we;'
VI. mj;ajdf.k hdu (Maintaning)
ia:dms; lrk ,o l%uh úêu;a j mj;ajdf.k hdu ms<snò wjYH úê

úOdk fh§u fuhska wfmaËd flf¾' fuys§ wfmaËs; .eg¨ m%Yakj,g

id¾:l úi`ÿï ,eî ;sfí o hkak ms<snò w.ehSula o (Evaluation)
isÿfldg ;jÿrg;a wjYH fjkialï isÿlr,Sug lghq;= l< hq;= fõ'
wOHhkfha fhfokakd fuu ld¾hh id¾:l lr.ekSu iòyd wod< mßÈ

ld¾h uKav, idudðlhka" l<ukdldß;ajh fukau fiajd,dNSka iu`. o
f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.ekSu wjYH jkq we;' ixúOdkj, M,odhs;d
j¾Ok lj fyda ;;a;ajmd,k lj ia:dms; lr we;akï tajd u`.skao ;u
wxYj,g yd YdLdj,g wod< l%u jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï —l%u wOHhkhla˜
meje;aúh yels fõ' mj;akd l<ukdldß;ajfha wkque;sh we;s j kj
l%u we;slr,Su yd Ndú; lsßu ;=<ska M,odhs;dj j¾Okh lr.; yels
fõ'
^wE&' fiajd,dNS m%{ma;s
fiajd,dNSkaf.a myiqj yd úYajdih Èkd.ekSu iòyd;a ld¾hËu fukau

wNsudkj;a fiajdjla iemhSu ;yjqre lr,Su iòyd;a fhdod.; yels
Yla;su;a M,odhS iy .=Kd;aul fiajd j¾Ok Wmdhud¾.hla f,i
fiajd,dNS m%{ma;sh (Citizen Chater) ye`Èkaúh yels fõ' fiajdjka
iemhSfï § ixúOdkj,g ks;r t,a,jk m%udoh" fkdie,ls,,
a "
WodiSk;ajh" idOdrK;ajh bgqfkdlsÍu" {d;s ix.%yh" wNsu;hka mßÈ
fiajdjka iemhSu" wl%ñl;d" ¥IKh" w,a,ia ,nd.ekSu iy úksúoNdjh
fkdue;slu hk fpdaokdjkaf.ka ksfodiaùug fiajd,dNS m%{ma;sh m%n,
odhl;ajhla ,nd foa' tfukau ;u fiajdjka ,nd.ekSug mq¾jfhka
imqrd,sh hq;= fldkafoais" wjYH;d ljf¾ o hkak m%{ma;sh ;=<
wka;¾.; jk fyhska mokï rys; fpdaokdjkaf.ka yd úfõpkhkaf.ka
je<lSug fiajd,dNshdg o lsishï n,mEula ta ;=<ska t,a, fõ' m%{ma;sh
;=<ska ixúOdk ld¾huKav,hg;a fiajd,dNSkag;a hk fomd¾Yajhgu
ld, l<ukdlrKh l< yelsùu o úfYaI;ajhls'

fiajd,dNS m%{ma;shl uQ,sl wka;¾.;hka
I. wdh;kh úiska imhkq ,nk fiajdjka ljf¾ o hkak

II. fiajdjka ,nd.ekSu iòyd fiajd,dNshd úiska imqrd,sh hq;=
wjYH;d fudkjd o hkak
III. fiajh iemhSu iòyd .;jk ld,h
IV. m%{ma;sh wkqj wdh;kh fiajh iemhSug wfmdfydi;ajk
úg ta iòyd iykhla ,nd.; yels l%ufõ o
fiajd,dNS m%{ma;sh ksis whqre l%shd;aul lr,Sug l<ukdldß;ajh

j.n,d .ekSu ;=<ska ixúOdk M,odhs;dj iy .=Kd;aul fiajdjla
iemhSfï j¾Okhla ksh; jYfhka <`.d lr.; yels fõ' tfuka u
ixúOdkh i;= udkj iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%;sM, ,nd.ekSug o fï ;=<ska
bvlv ,efí' ixúOdkh úiska imhkq ,nk ishü fiajdjka iòyd
m%{ma;s ieliSu ÿIalr ld¾hhla jk fyhska w;HjYH fiajdjka iòyd
muKla ms<sfh, lsÍu jeo.;a jkq we;' fï iïnkaOfhka ksl=;a lr
we;s wxl 5$2008 yd 2008'02'06 Èke;s rdcH mßmd,k pl%f,aLfha
;j`ÿrg;a iòyka ù we;'
^b&' úYsIag Ndú; wdfoaYk ixl,amh$mdol o¾Yl ks¾Kh

(Benchmarking)
ksIamdok fyda fiajdjkaf.a .=Kd;aulnj yd M,odhs;dj j¾Okh iòyd

fnfyúka WmldÍ jk l<ukdlrK fuj,ula f,i —úYsIag Ndú;
wdfoaYk ixl,amh˜ fndfyda ixúOdk úiska fhdod .kq ,nk nj
y`ÿkd.; yels h' ta ;=<ska ixúOdkhlg ;r.ldß;ajhg id¾:l f,i
uqyqK Èh yelsjdla fukau fiajd,dNS i;aldrh o wdl¾IKSh j

mj;ajd.; yels fõ' úYsIag Ndú; wdfoaYkh ;=<ska ;u ixúOdkfhau
wxYhl fyda YdLdjl ke;fyd;a fjk;a ixúOdkhl fyda ld¾hhl"
l%shdj,shl y`ÿkd.;a úYsIag m%;sM, wOHhkh fldg tajd ;u
ixúOdkfha ld¾h idOkh wLKav j¾OkSh ;;a;ajfhka mj;ajdf.k
hdug fhdod .ekSu isÿflf¾' fuf,i úYsIag Ndú; wdfoaYkh
ixúOdkhlg wju msßjehlska" wju mßY%uhlska yd wju ld,hlska
m%Yia; m%;sM, ,nd.ekSug odhl fjhs' tfukau fiajd,dNSkag o M,odhS
.=Kd;aul ksIamdok fyda fiajdjka ,nd.ekSug o yelshdj ,efí'
uef,aishdj úiska y`ÿkajd § we;s fuu ixl,amh fndfyda rgj,a ;u

ixúOdk ld¾h idOkh by< uÜgulska mj;ajdf.k hdug fhdod .kq
,nhs' uef,aishdkq M,odhs;d ixia:dj (Malaysian Productivity
Corperation) úYsIag Ndú; ixl,amh w¾: olajkafka"
— úYsIag Ndú; wdfoaYkh (Benchmarking) hkq ixúOdkh

;=< u fyda fjk;a ixúOdkhl fyda y`ÿkd.efkk úYsIag
Ndú;hka fidhd n,d" wOHhkh lr wdfoaY lr.ksñka
l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk l%udkql+, jQ ;a" wLKav jq;a"
l%shdj,shla ˜f,ihs'
úYsIag Ndú; wdfoaYkh ;=<ska ixúOdkhlg ;u ld¾hNdrh .ek

úu¾IKhg;a" ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug;a bvlv i,id,hs'
wm îxúOdkh& l=ula lrkq ,nkafka o@

wm th flfia lrkq ,nkafka o@
wm fldmuK fyd`Èka th lrkq ,nkafka o@
hkak .ek jegySula ,nd.; yels fõ' tfukau wksl=;a ixúOdk
ms<snòj o wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug fï ;=<ska bvlv ,efí'

Tjqka ^wod< ixúOdkh& l=ula lrkq ,nkafka o@
Tjqka th flfia lrkq ,nkafka o@
Tjqka fldmuK fyd`Èka th bgq lrkq ,nkafka o@
fuf,i wOHhkh ;=<ska iei`§ulg wjia:dj ,efnk w;r jvd;a

jdisodhl" myiq" ld¾hËu l%u Ndú;hg th rel=,la fõ'
úYsIag Ndú; wdfoaYk pl%h
úYsIag Ndú; wdfoaYk ^úNdwd& ixl,amh fhdod .ekSug woyia lrkq

,nk ixúOdkhla úiska ta iòyd wkq.ukh l< hq;= l%shdj,sfha
mshjrhka lsysmhls'
I. úYsIag Ndú; wdfoaYkhg wod< ú.Kkh'
fuys§ i,ld n,kq ,nk lreKq jkafka"
^w&' —úNdwd˜ f;dard.kq ,nkafka l=ula ksid o@ - oekg mekke`.S

we;s l<ukdlrK .eg¨ ljf¾ o@ tajd úi`§u iòyd ksjerÈ
fuj,u f,i —úNdwd˜ ie,lsh yels o@
^wd&' —úNdwd˜ wdrïNlrkqfha ljod isg o@ - ixúOdkh ta iòyd

iqodkulska isákafka o@ wjYH iïm;a ;sfí o@ fuh —úNdwd˜
iòyd fhda.H wjia:dj o@
^we&' wdfoaY lrkq ,nkafka l=ula o@ ixúOdk l%shdj,sfha

id¾:lNdjhg n,mdkq ,nkafka l=uk wdfoaYh ;=<ska o@
tajdfha m%;sM, l=ulaúh yels o@

II. jHdmD;sh wdrïN lsÍu'
^w'&' —úNdwd˜ fha m%;s,dNSka iy iïnkaê; ld¾h uKav,h

y`ÿkd.ekSu'
^wd&' ld¾h uKav, iy ndysr m%;s,dNSka o we;=<;ajkfia jHdmD;s
lKavdhula (Team) ixúOdkh lsÍu'
^we'& jHdmD;s lKavdhug mßËd lsÍu" uek ne,Su l%shdj,s
úYaf,aIKh hk ld¾hhka .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd§u'
III. mj;akd ie,iqï iy ld¾h idOkh úYaf,aIKh
fuys§ f;dard.;a jHdmD;s lKavdhu úiska" l<hq;= ld¾hhka lsysmhls'
^w'& ixúOdkfha oekg Ndú; l%u" l%shdj,Ska' Wmdh ud¾. yd

ie,iqï iudf,dapkh lsÍu'
^wd'& wdfoaY lr.ekSug wfmaË;
s fËa;%fha ke;fyd;a l%shdj,sfha
ld¾h idOkh uek ne,Su yd tajd wdh;kfha ld¾h idOkh
iu`. iei`§u'
^we'& iei`§u ;=<ska úYsIag Ndú; uÜgu y`ÿkd .ekSu'
^wE&' jeä ÈhqKq lsÍï ljf¾ o hkak y`ÿkd.ekSu'
IV. a rejka (Partners) y`ÿkd.ekSu'

—úNdwd˜ fha yjq,l
^w'& —úNdwd˜ iòyd fhda.H ixúOdkhla fyda wNHka;r tallhla
yjq,l
a rejka f,i y`ÿkd.ekSu'
^wd& úYsIag wdo¾Yhka .ek m%ldYhg m;a ù we;s úia;r" jd¾;d" o;a;
yd ie,iqï iudf,dapkh
^we'& úYsIag Ndú;hkag iïnkaê; wdh;k" lKavdhï iy mqoa.,hkaa
iu`. ksrka;r iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ekSu'

^wE'& wod< wxY fyda ixúOdk mÍËd lsÍug hdu iy wjYH o;a;
/ialsÍu'
V. o;a; úYaf,aIKh iy fjkialï y`ÿkd.ekSu'
^w&' wod< ksÍËK yd ióËKj, § ,nd.;a f;dr;=re iudf,dapkh'

^wd&' msßjeh" M,odhs;dj" .=Kd;aul nj iy fiajd,dNSka ldrKd ms<snò
úYaf,aIKh
^we&' kj ld¾h idOk b,lal" fiajd iïu;hka ;SrKh lsÍu'
VI. úYsIag Ndú;hka yd jvd;a m%fhdackj;a jeäÈhqKq lsÍï

y`ÿkd.ekSu'
^w& jHdmD;s lKavdhu y`ÿkd.;a úYsIag Ndú;hka fhdod .ekSug

wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu yd ta ;=<ska jk n,mEu fln`ÿoehs hkak
mßËd lsÍu'
^wd& úYsIag Ndú;hka fhdod .ekSug ke;fyd;a l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH
wkque;sh ,nd.ekSu iy fjki iòyd wjYH ixúOdk wjYH;d
imqrd,Su'
^we& wod< ish¨ md¾Yajhka iu`. ixfoaYk mj;ajd f.k hdug wjYH
lghq;= lsÍu'
VII. úYsIag Ndú;hka m%dfhda.SlrKh
^w'& jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,o úYsIag Ndú;hka m%dfhda.SlrK iòyd ld¾h

uKav,h iy ixúOdkfha wksl=;a md¾Yajhka iïnkaO lr.ekSu'
^wd'& úYsIag m%;sM, ,nd.ekSu iòyd wjYH ld¾h uKav, mqyqKqj yd
l%shd mámdàkaj, wod< ixfYdaOkhka isÿlsÍu'

^we'& ld¾h idOkh uek ne,Su iòyd wjYH mshjr .ekSu iy
wfmaË;
s b,lal imqrd weoao hkak .ek mÍËdlsÍu'
^wE'& ,nd we;s m%.;sh yd ixj¾Okhka ixúOdk jd¾Isl ie,iqïj,
we;=<;a lsÍu iy jeä ÈhqKq lsÍï wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdu'
VIII. jeä ÈhqKq lsÍï w.ehSu
^w'& —úNdwd˜ wfmaË;

s m%;sM, ,nd§ug iu;a ù weoao hkak ms<snò
mÍËd lsÍu' ld¾h idOkh uek n,d w.ehSula l, hq;= fõ'
^wd'& úYsIag Ndú;hkaf.a b,lalld,Sk j ixfYdaOkh lsÍu'
^we'& —úNdwd˜ iòyd f.dvk`.d .;yels kj iïnkaO;djla iy kj
fËa;%hka ljf¾oehs fidhd ne,Su'
úYsIag Ndú; wdfoaYkfha m%;s,dN

úYsIag Ndú;h wdfoaYkh ;=<ska ixúOdkhlg w;alr .; yels
m%;s,dNhka rdYshls' tajd w;r"
I. fiajd,dNS i;aldrh by< M,odhs;djlska yd .=Kd;aul
njlska isÿl< yelsùu'
II. wju ld,hlska" wju msßjehlska yd wju W;aiyhlska
úYsIag m%;sM, <`.d lr .; yelsùu'
III. úYsIag Ndú;hka .ek oekqj;aùu iy fidhd ne,Sug
fm<öu'
IV. ixúOdkhg úêu;a wruqKq iy mrud¾: msysgqjd .;
yelsùu'
V. ld¾h idOk iei`§u iy úYaf,aIKhka iòyd fhda.H ñkqï
o`vq ilid .; yelsùu'
VI. kfjda;amdokhka iòyd Wkkaÿ ldrlhla ùu'
VII. ixúOdkfha ,dNodhS ;;a;ajh j¾Okh ùu'

VIII. ndysr f,dalfha isÿjkafka l=ula o hkak .ek oelsh yelsùu'
úfYaIfhka uef,aishdkq rdcH wxYh wdishdfõ Yla;su;a" uyck

fiajdjka M,odhS j iy .=Kd;aul j imhkq ,nk wdh;k njg m;a
lr.ekSug fuu ixl,amh fnfyúka Wmfhda.S lr f.k we;'
Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH wxYfha ixúOdkj,g o fuu Wmdh ud¾.h ;=<ska úmq,
m%fhdack ,nd.; yels fõ' ukao uyck fiajdjka imhk wdh;khl
f.dvk`.d .;a úYsIag m%;sM, wksl=;a ixúOdk iu`. fnod yod .ekSfï
ndOdjka tlS ixúOdkj,g fkdue;sùuhs'

5 jk mßÉfþoh
ixúOdkh ;=< lKavdhï ixialD;sh ks¾udKh lsÍu
ixúOdkfha M,odhS;dj kxjd,Sfï jevms<sfj<l oS lKavdhï ixialD;sh

we;slr,Su yd th mj;ajdf.k hdu b;du;a jeo.;a ld¾hhla fia
ie,fla' ukao ixúOdkfha úúO ;rd;srï ks,;, ork mqoa.,hkaf.a
ilS%sh odhl;ajh fkdue;sj wdh;ksl M,odhs;d j¾Okhla isÿlr,Su
wiSre fyhsks' —iEu mqoa.,hl= u jákd udkj iïm;ls˜ hk kq;k
ms<s.ekqu wkqj M,odhs;d j¾Okhg wod< úúO woyia" fhdackd" u;
M,odhS f,i ,nd.; yelafla ixúOdkh ;=< lKavdhula f,i
jevlsÍfï mßirhla ks¾udKh ù ;sfí kï muKs' lKavdhï
ixialD;sh ks¾udKh lr,Sfï m%Odk j.lSu mejfrkqfha w.%.K
l<ukdldß;ajh fj; h' fomd¾;fïka;= m%Odkshdf.a Wkkaÿj" ´kElu
iy lemùu lKavdhï ixialD;sh ;u wdh;kh ;=< f.dvke`.Su iòyd
m%n, f,i n,mdkq ,nhs' hïfyhlska wdh;k m%Odkshdf.a WodiSk;ajh
miqnEu fyda fkdi,ld yeÍu hk lreKq u; ixúOdkfha lKavdhï
ixialD;sh fndò ù hdu j<lajd,sh fkdyels h' tu ksid M,odhs;d
jevigyka wdrïN lsÍug iy id¾:l f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug
ixúOdkh ;=< lKavdhula f,i lghq;= lr,Sfï mßirh we;slr,Su
wdh;k m%Odkshdf.a iy uOH uÜgfï l<ukdlrejkaf.a j.lSu fõ'
lKavdhï ixialD;shla f.dvke`.Su iòyd odhl jk idOl
I. kdhl;ajfha iyNd.s;aj l<ukdlrK m%fõY fj; keUqrej'

II. kdhl;ajfha úksúoNdjh" wmËmd;S nj yd hym;a
wdo¾Yh'

III. ld¾huKav,h iïnkaOfhka kdhl;ajfha idOdrK ;SrK
.ekSï'
IV. udkj iïm;a ixj¾Ok jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu'
V. idOrK f,i ld¾h uKav,h w;r rdcldß mejÍu'
VI. ld¾h uKav,h iu`. idlÉPd" /iaùï meje;aùu'
VII. iqNidOk lghq;= Yla;su;a lsÍu'
VIII. udkj iïm;a w.ehSï lghq;='
IX. ld¾h uKav, fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%u iïmdokh'
X. M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj ^;;a;aj lj& ia:dmkh'
by; Wmdhud¾. ;=<ska lKavdhï ixialD;sh jvd;a Yla;su;a lr,Sfï

yelshdj ixúOdkhl kdhl;ajhg ,efnk w;r fuys§ jvd;a u m%n,
idOlh jkafka udkj ys;jd§" iyNd.s l<ukdlrK m%fõYhlska hqla;
jk kdhl;aj p¾hdjhs' kdhl;ajfha lemùu Wkkaÿj iy ´kElu u;
lKavdhula f,i lghq;= lsÍfï mßirh jvd;a Yla;su;a fõ' by;
olajd we;s lKavdhï ixialD;shla we;slr,Sfï Wmdhud¾.hka w;=ßka
id¾:l M,odhs;d ch.%yK ,nd we;s cmdkh" isx.mamr
q ej iy
uef,aishdj hk rgj, úfYaI m%uqL;ajh § we;s Wmdhud¾. folla .ek
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a h'
^w&' ld¾h uKav, fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%uh

(Staff Sugestions Scheme)
wdh;khl úúO ;k;=re ork mqoa.,hkag ;u ixúOdkfha ld¾h

idOkh ke;fyd;a M,odhs;dj j¾Okh iòyd Wmldßjkakd jQ fhdackd
woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj i,id,Su fuys uQ,l
s wruqKhs' fuys§
ld¾huKav, idudðlhd ljr ;rd;srul jqjo jeo.;ajkafka Tyq úiska

bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk woyi fyda fhdackdjhs' fuf,i bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk
fhdackdjka w.ehSug l<ukdlrejka iy f;dard.;a ld¾huKav,
idudðlhkaf.ka iukaú; lñgqjla wdh;k m%Odkshd úiska m;alrkq
,nk w;r tu lñgqfõ ks¾foaYhka yd f;dard.ekSï u; wod< fhdackd
l%shd;aul lrkq ,nhs' wdh;kfha M,odhs;djh by< uÜgug kxjd,Su
iòyd ld¾huKav,h idudðlhkaf.a fhdackd woyia m%dfhda.SlrKhg
l<ukdldß;ajh keUqreùu fuys y`ÿkd.; yels m%n,;u úfYaI;ajhhs'
tfuka u m%Yia; fhdackd bÈßm;a l< whg iy;sl m;% iïudk fukau
uq,H ;Hd.hka msßkeóug o fuu l%u Ndú; rgj, ixúOdk lghq;=
fhdod we;' fuys§ m%Yia; fhdackd f,i ie,flkafka wju ld,hlska"
wju Y%uhlska iy wju msßjehlska m%Yia: uÜgfï ksuejqula fyda
M,odhs;djla ,eìh yels wkaofï fhdackdjka h' fndfyda wdh;kj,
fuh jd¾Islj ;r.ldÍ iajrEmfhka mj;ajkq ,nk fyhska ld¾h
uKav, Wkkaÿj /l.ekSug;a iduqysl j wkHhkaf.a woyia u;
ms<s.ekSug olajk iqNjd§ keUqrej;a ksid lKavdhï ixialD;sh
Yla;su;a lr,Sug fya;= ù we;'
^wd&' M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj$;;a;aj md,k lj

(Productivity Improvement Teams/Quality
Contorl Circle)
ixúOdkj, l<ukdldß;aj ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shg ld¾huKav,

odhl;ajh ,nd.ekSu fuu ljj, m%Odk f;audjhs' iïm%odkql+,
ixúOdkj, iajNdjh jkafka w.%.K iy uOH l<ukdlrejka úúO
uÜgfï ;SrK .kakd w;r bÈß fm< l<ukdldß;ajfha wëËKh
hgf;a iydh ld¾huKav, tlS ;SrK l%shd;aul lrkq ,eîuhs' fï wkqj
y`ÿkd.; yels md¾Yajhka folls' tkï ;SrK .kafkda iy ;SrK

l%shd;aul lrkafkda jYfhks' fï ;;a;ajh ;=< ;SrK id¾:l f,i"
wfmaË;
s wkaoug l%shd;aul lr,Sfï ÿ¾j,;djka u;= fõ' ukao ld¾h
uKav, odhl;ajh ta iòyd il%Sh j u fkd,efnk fyhsks' fuu
.eg¨jg ms<shï f,ihs 1964 j¾Ifha wdpd¾h lfjdare bIsldjdf.a u`.
fmkaùu hgf;a uq,a jrg cmdkfha l¾udka; Yd,d fËa;%fha ;;a;aj
md,k lj we;s lrk ,oafoa' ksIamdok NdKavj, .=Kd;aul nj
(Quality ) by< kxjd,Su iòyd ld¾huKav, idudðlhkaf.a fhdackd
woyia m%dfhda.SlrKhg l<ukdldß;ajh keUqreùu fuys we;s
úfYaI;ajhhs' mqoa.,hd n,.ekaùfï (Empowerment) Wmdh ud¾.hla
jk M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj ;=<ska tu mqoa.,hd ;=< wNsudkhla f.dvkxjd
ixúOdkfha M,odhS l%shdldß;ajhg mQ¾K odhl;ajh ,nd.ekSu lj ;=<
mj;akd o¾Ykh fõ' fuu Ñka;kh miqld,Sk j fiajd imhk rdcH
wxYhg ld¾hdNsj¾Ok lj (Work Improvement Teams) kñka
y`ÿkajdfokq ,enq w;r Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH ixúOdkj,g fuh M,odhs;d
j¾Ok lj (Productivity Improvement Teams) f,iska y`ÿkajd §
we;' ixúOdk ;=< lKavdhï ixialD;sh Yla;su;a lrkq ,nk fuu
iyNd.s;aj l<ukdlrK Wmdh ud¾.h ishü rdcH wdh;khkays
ia:dms; lrk f,i rdcH mßmd,k pl%f,aL wxl 9$97 yd 97'12'02 u`.ska
Wmfoia ,nd§ we;s w;r fï jk úg;a fndfyda rdcH ixúOdkhkays
M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj ^;;a;aj md,k l%u& ia:dms; lr we;' tu
pl%f,aLh 05 jk mßYsIagfhys olajd we;'

M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj ixhq;sh
M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj msysgjkq ,nkafka wdh;kj, tla tla wxY$YdLd

uq,l
s fldgf.k h' WodyrKhla f,i lsishï fomd¾;fïka;=jl fyda
ixúOdkhl ;sfnk ixj¾Ok wxYh" wdh;k wxYh" .sKqï wxYh
jYfhka tla tla wxY iòyd lj msysgkq ,eìh yels h' tu wxYhg
wh;a ks,Odßka fiajlhka ;u ;k;=re ks, uÜgï fkd;ld ljfha
ld¾hhka iòyd úIh noaO j taldrdYs flf¾' bgq lrkq ,nk ld¾hhkag
wkqj ^.sKqï" wdh;k" ixj¾Ok& tu ld¾hhka bgq lrk
wxYfha$YdLdfõ ishü fY%aKsj,g wh;a ld¾h uKav,fhka ljh
iukaú; fõ' ta wkqj ljhl l<ukdlrK iyldr" ixj¾Ok iyldr"
ßheÿre" lksIaG fiajl iy wëËK ks,Odßka wd§ úúO fY%aKsj,g
wh;a ld¾h uKav,h ljfha idudðlhka f,i lghq;= lrkq ,efí'
idudkHfhka wxYfha rdcldß lghq;=j, § tajdg wod< ;SrK .ekSug
iïnkaê; ks,Odßka ljhg we;=<;a fkdùu jvd;a fhda.H fõ' ukao
ljfha idudðl idudðldjkag ks¾ndOl j ljfha lghq;=j,g" idlÉPd
yd woyia oelaùïj,g iyNd.sùu myiq lr,Su iòyd h' tfiajj
q o
lsishï wdh;khl ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shg iïnkaê; ks,Odßhl= o
ljfha idudðlhl= f,i iïnkaOùug leue;a; m<lrkafka kï Tyq Bg
iïnkaO lr.ekSfï lsisÿ ndOdjla fkdue;'
ljhl idudðl ixLHdj 2 -20 w;r fõ kï jvd;a id¾:l f,i

l%shd;aulùug fya;=jla fõ' tla YdLdjl$wxYh ld¾h uKav,h 35 - 40
muKla fõ kï t;ek lj folla fyda ;=kla wjYH;dj wkqj msysgqjd
.; yels h' fï iòyd n,mdkq ,nk oeä kS;s Í;s fkdue;s ksid jvd;a
m%dfhda.sl ;;a;ajhlg wkqj th isÿl< yels fõ'

idudðlhka w;=frka lj kdhl f,i whl= m;alr.; hq;= fõ' fï
iòyd ljfha iEu fokdf.a u fmdÿ tl`.;dj ;=<ska th lr.ekSu jvd;a
fhda.H fõ' kdhlhd ljh iy l<ukdldß;ajh taldnoaO lrk mqrella
jeks h' kdhlh;ajh jßka jr fjkiaúh hq;= w;r" kdhl;ajh ljfha
yeufokdg u jßka jr ,efnk f,i kdhlhd /`§ isák ld,h
idudðl;ajh úiska ;SrKh lr.; hq;= fõ'
ljfha lghq;= f,aLk.;lr ;eîula wjYH jk fyhska ta iòyd o iqÿiq

whl= lj f,alï f,i lj idudðl;ajh ;=<ska m;alr.; hq;= fõ' fuu
;k;=r o wka whg oeÍug wjia:d ie,fik mßÈ lj f,alï /`§ isák
ld,h idudðl;ajh úiska ;SrKh l< hq;= fõ'
M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj ld¾hNdrh
M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj ;u wxYhg wh;a ld¾hNdrh uekúka bgq lr,Su

flfrys fukau ixúOdkfha ld¾hhka M,odhS f,i yd .=Kd;aul j
bgqlr,Sug wod< fhdackd woyia l<ukdldß;ajhg bÈßm;alsÍu
flfrys úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fõ' tajd m%Odk jYfhka my;
iòyka mßÈ fõ'
 ;u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ$ wxYfha$ tallfha jevg ke;fyd;a

ld¾hhkag wod< .eg¨ y`ÿkdf.k mÍËd fldg úYaf,aIKh
fldg úi`ÿï fhdackd l<ukdldß;ajhg bÈßm;alsÍu'
 jeäÈhqKqlsÍï l< yels ld¾hhka" l%shdj,Ska yd l%u y`ÿkdf.k

mßËd fldg jeäoshqKq lsÍfï ud¾. fhdackd fldg l%shd;aul
lsÍug odhlùu'

 ixúOdk ld¾h mßirh" ld¾hËu;dj" fiajd ;;a;ajh" oekqu
yd ksmK
q ;dj" lKavdhï jev" ld¾h idOkh" iïm;a mdúÉÑh"
ld¾h wruqKq" mrud¾: yd b,lal úêl%u yd l%shdud¾. hkdÈh
jeäÈhqKq l< yelafla flfiaoehs idlÉPd fldg wOHhkh lsÍu
yd Bg wod< úi`ÿï fhdackd l<ukdldß;ajh fj; bÈßm;a
lsÍu'
 jeäÈhqKq lsÍïj,g iïnkaê; woyia l%shdjg mßj¾;kh lsÍu

fyda tajd l%shd;aul lsÍu iòyd l<ukdldß;ajhg ks¾foaY
lsÍu'
fï wkqj M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj ixúOdkhl ld¾h idOkh by<

uÜgulska mj;ajdf.k hdug Wmldß jk lKavdhula f,i y`ÿkd.;
yels h' by; iòyka ld¾hhkag wod< woyia" fhdackd ;¾ldkql+,j
idOl u; mokï j l<ukdldß;ajhg uekúka wjfndaO jk whqßka
bÈßm;alsÍu ljfha j.lSu fõ' fï ksid ye`.Sïj,g jy,a j fhdackd
woyia l<ukdldß;ajhg oud .eiSfï lfGdar ffY,sfhka lj
l%shdldrlï fjkia fõ' iyNd.s;aj l<ukdlrK m%fõYhla jk lj
jevms<sfj< ld¾h uKav,h iy l<ukdldß;ajh taldnoaO flfrk
m%n, nkaOkhls'
lj u`.ska idlÉPd fkdl< hq;= lreKq
udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK fËa;%hg wod< tfukau hï kS;s Í;s"

pl%f,aL" fr.=,disj,g wkqj isÿl< hq;= ld¾hhkag wod< .eg¨ m%Yak
lj u`.ska idlÉPd lsÍu m%fhdackj;a fkdjkq we;' tajd w;r my;

fËa;%hkag wod< .eg¨ m%Yak úi`§ug fhdackd woyia bÈßm;a lsÍfuka
je,lsh hq;=fõ'
- m;a lsÍï" Wiia lsÍï" udre lsÍï" fiajfhka my
lsÍï iy úkh md,khg wh;a m%Yak
- jegqma yd f.ùï iïnkaO m%Yak
- fiajd fldkafoais yd kshuhkag wod< m%Yak
fulS fËa;%hkaf.ka mßndysr j ixúOdkhg" ;u wxYhg yd lj

idudðl;ajhg wod<jk fjk;a ´kEu m%Yakhla$.eg¨jla lj ;=<
idlÉPd lr fhda.H m%dfhda.sl úi`ÿï ke;fyd;a fhdackd iu`.
ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajhg bÈßm;a lsÍfï wjldYh M,odhs;d j¾Ok
ljj,g we;'
M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj$;;a;aj md,k lj fuj,ï
M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj fyda ;;a;aj md,k lj ixúOdkhl id¾:l j

l%shd;aul lr,Su iòyd Wmfhda.s lr.kq ,nk l<ukdlrK fuj,ï
lsysmhls' tlS fuj,ï Ndú;fhka m%Yak .eg¨ id¾:l f,i
y`ÿkd.ekSug;a tajdg m%dfhda.sl úi`ÿï fhdackd lr,Su;a lj
idudðlhkag yelshdj ,efí' fuys § myiqfjka fhdod .; yels m%Odk
fuj,ï 4 la idlÉPd flf¾'
I. nqoaê l,ïNkh (Brainstorming)

II. fya;=M, igyk( Cause and Effect Diagram)
III. merfgda úYaf,aIKh (Parato Analysis)
IV. PDCA pl%h

I. nqoaê l,ïNkh (Brainstorming)
wefußldkq cd;sl wef,laia Tiafndaka (Alex Osborn) úiska 1950

oYlfha § y`ÿkajdfok ,o fuu Wmdh ud¾.h mqoa., uki l<Ud
ks¾udKYS,S Ñka;kh u;=lr.ekaug fhdod .efkkakls' úfYaIfhka u
m%Yak .eg¨ iòyd lKavdhul idudðlhka iEu fokdf.a woyia" u;"
fhdackdj,g ie,ls,,
a la olajñka jvd;a m%Yia; úi`ÿï fj; <`.dùug
fuh fnfyúka bjy,a fõ' tu ksid fuu Wmdh ud¾.h ;=<ska ishhg
ishhlska u lKavdhï idudðlhkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh iy odhl;ajh
,nd.; yels fyhska úfõpk" ndOd lsÍï" wju lr.; yels jk w;r
ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajhg o jákd woyia iy fhdackd ,nd.ekSug;a
tajd id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lsÍug;a bvlv ie,fia' ixúOdkfha úúO
;rd;srïj,g wh;a mqoa.,hka ;=< m%Yak .eg¨ iòyd jk ks¾udKYS,S
úi`ÿï wjÈlsÍug wjYH jd;djrkh ks¾udKh jkafka nqoaê
l,ïNkhla ;=<sks' M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj fyda ;;a;aj md,k ljj,
idlÉPd flfrk m%Yak$.eg¨ iïnkaOfhka ish¨ fokdf.a u woyia"
fhdackd ,ndf.k l<ukdldß;ajh fj; iduqysl úi`ÿï bÈßm;a
lr,Sug nqoaê l,ïNkh w;sYhska id¾:l Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i fhdod
.efka' nqoaê l,ïNkfha § wkq.ukh l< hq;= mshjrhka 06 jk
mßYsIagfhys olajd we;'

II. fya;=M, igyk (Cause and Effect Diagramme)
ixúOdk ;=< mj;akd úúO w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajhka fyda .eg¨ "M,hla"

(Effect) fia i,ld Bg iïnkaê; fya;=ka (Causes) wOHhkh fldg
tajdg iduqysl úi`ÿï fiùfï m%fõYhla f,i fya;= M, igyka
úYaf,aIKh ye`Èkaúh yels h' cmka cd;sl wdpd¾h lfjdare bIsldjd
úiska ;;a;aj md,k lj u`.ska .eg¨ iòyd úi`ÿï fiùfï § fhdod.;
yels Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i fuu Ys,m
a l%uh y`ÿkajd § we;s fyhska fuh
bIsldjd igyk (Ishikawa Diagrmme) f,i o yeòskafõ'
ixúOdkj, olakg ,efnk fndfyda .eg¨ iy w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajhkag

iïnkaê; uQ,l
s fya;=ka .ek wjOdkhla fhduq fkdlr u;=má
s ka fmfkk
;;a;ajhkag fkdfyd;a M,hka (Effect) fya;=ka f,i i,ld úi`ÿï
,nd§u id¾:l m%;sl¾uhla fkdjk nj ms<s.;a i;Hhls' fï ksid
.eg¨ $m%Yakj,g ienE fya;+ka (Causes) ljf¾oehs fidhd n,d tajdg
fhda.H ms<shï fh§ug fya;=M, igyka úYaf,aIKh ksis u`. fmkaùula
,nd foa' M,odhs;d j¾Ok fyda ;;a;aj md,k ljj,g ixúOdkfha ;u
wxY" YdLd uqyqK md we;s úúO m%Yak" .eg¨ wOHhkh fldg tajdg uq,a
jQ fya;=ka y`ÿkdf.k tajdg fhda.H úi`ÿï l<ukdldß;ajh fj;
fhduqlr,Sug fya;=M, igyk úYaf,aIKh m%n, odhl;ajhla ,nd foa'
fya;=M, igyka úYaf,aIKfha mshjrhka 03 jk mßYsIagfhys olajd
we;'

III. merfgda úYaf,aIKh (Pareto Analysis)
merfgda úYaf,aIKh ;=<ska m%Yak" .eg¨ úi`§fï § wjOdkhg ,laúh

hq;= lreKq" idOl fyda l%shdud¾. w;=ßka "jeo.;a u" iaj,amh
^Vital few) f;dard.ekSug u`. fmkajk w;r tfia f;dard.;a "jeo.;au
iaj,amh " ;=<ska wod< m%Yakh .eg¨j úi`§fï § t,a, l< yels
;SrKd;aul n,mEu fldf;la o hkak;a meyeÈ,s flf¾' 1906 § b;d,s
cd;sl ú,afm%fvda merfgda (Viperedo Parato) úiska y`ÿkajdÿka fuu
úYaf,aIKh ;=<ska b;d,sfha iuia; Okfhka 80] lau wh;a j ;snqfka
ck.ykfhka 20] la ;rï iq`M msßilg nj fy<s úh' Tyqf.a fuu
úYaf,aIKh ;=<ska fmkajd fok ,oafoa b;d,sfha wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok
l%shdj,sfha § uQ,l
s wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= jkafka úYd, Okhl
ysñldr;ajh ork ck.ykfhka 20] la ;rï iq`M msßi ^Vital few)
fj; njhs' miqld,Sk j fuu ;¾lh wksl=;a úIh fËa;%hkag wod<
m%Yak .eg¨ ksrdlrKh iòyd o fhdod.ekSu werôKs' fuh "80 – 20
kHdh" f,i o we;euqka y`ÿkajhs' ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Okfha §
m%uqL;d fukau wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;= úfYaI fËa;% ke;fyd;a idOl
y`ÿkd.ekSug;a tajdg fhÈh hq;= ms<shï ljf¾ o hkak .ek wjOdkh
fhduqlr,Sug;a fuu úYaf,aIKh ld¾huKav,hg fukau
l<ukdldß;ajhg o tlfia jeo.;a jkq we;' merfgda úYaf,aIKfha §
f;dard.;a úIhg fyda fËa;%hg wod< o;a; lsishï ld,iSudjla ;=<
talrdYS lr tlS o;a; ksis f,i iliafldg jeo.;a u iaj,amh
f;dard.ekSu iòyd igykla ks¾udKh l< yels fõ' merfgda igyk
ks¾udKfha § wkq.ukh l, hq;= mshjrhka 04 jk mßYsIagfhys olajd
we;'

IV. PDCA pl%h
wefußldkq cd;sl tâjâia fvñx (Edwards Deming) úiska y`ÿkajd

fok ,o PDCA pl%h NdKav yd fiajdj, ;;a;ajh iy M,odhs;dj
kxjd,Sfï m%n, Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i wo fndfyda ixúOdk fhdodf.k
we;' fuys§ ixúOdkfha ishü fokdf.a odhl;ajh" lemùu iy
iyNd.s;ajh wjYH jk w;r iyNd.s;aj m%fõYh fuu pl%fha
l%shdldß;ajhg fnfyúka Wmldß fjhs' ;;a;aj md,k lj$M,odhs;d
j¾Ok lj úiska l<ukdldß;ajh fj; NdKav yd fiajdj, ;;a;ajh
ÈhqKq lr,Su iòyd fhdackd bÈßm;a lrk úg PDCA pl%h Wmfhda.S
.kafka kï tajdg jvd;a Yla;su;a mokula ,nd§ug yels fõ'
PDCA pl%h
ie,iqïlrKh
Plan
wjYH mshjr l%shd;aul

.ekSu lsÍu
Action DO
mßËd lsÍu
Check

ie,iqïlrKh (Plan)
ixúOdkh úiska imhkq ,nk NdKav yd fiajdj, j¾;udk ;;a;ajh yd

M,odhs;dj mÍËdfldg tajdfha ÿ¾j,;d wvqmdvq bj;a lr,Sug wjYH
mQ¾j iqodku fuhska woyia flf¾' mj;akd ;;a;ajh fjkia lr,Sug
l=ula" ljod" flfia" isÿl< hq;= o hkak fuu ie,iqug we;=<;a lrhs'
iduqysl j fuu ld¾hfha fhfok úgl ixúOdkfha úúO uÜgï
ksfhdackh lrk ld¾h uKav, idudðlhkaf.a woyia" fhdackd"
ie,ls,,
a g .ksñka iyNd.s;aj m%fõYh ;=< wod< ie,iqï ms<sfh, l<
yels fõ'
l%shd;aul lsÍu (DO)
iduqysl;ajh ;=<ska ilia lrk ,o ie,iqu l%shd;aul lsÍu fuu mshjf¾

§ isÿflf¾' l%shd;aullsÍfï§ o ish¨fokdf.a odhl;ajh lemùu wjYH
fõ' fï iòyd ld¾huKav,h iy l<ukdldß;ajfha iyiïnkaO;dj
b;d jeo.;a' tfukau l%shd;aul lsÍfï § ld¾h uKav,hg ta iòyd
wjYH mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh .ek o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wjYH fõ'
l%shd;aul lsÍfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= ;j;a m%Odk ldrKhla jkafka
.=Kd;aul l<ukdldrKhhs' tkï NdKav yd fiajdj, .=Kd;aul nj
/l.ekSug wjYH úêúOdk ie,eiaùuhs' ixúOdkhl ;;a;aj md,k
lj fyda M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj mj;akd úgl fuu l%shd;aul lsÍu (DO)
jvd;a myiqfjka iy ld¾hËu j l< yels fõ'
mßËd lsÍu (Check)
NdKav yd fiajdj, .=Kd;aulNdjh iy M,odhs;dj w.ehSu fuys

wruqKhs' fhda.H ñkqï o`vq Ndú;d lrñka fuu mßËdj isÿl< yels h'

fuys§ ie,iqïj,g wkqj wfmaË;
s m%;sM, ,eî weoao hkak mÍËd
fldg ÿ¾j,;d" miqnEï fyda j¾Okhka y`ÿkd.; yels h'
wjYH mshjr .ekSu (Action)
mÍËd lsÍfï § y`ÿkd.;a ÿ¾j,;d" wvqmdvq iïmQ¾K lr.ekSu iòyd

wjYH ms<shï fh§u fï hgf;a isÿflf¾' fï iòyd o iyNd.s;aj
l<ukdlrK m%fõYh fhdod.ekSu uy`.= m%;sM, ,nd.ekSug fya;= jk
nj fvñx fmkajd fohs' fuu PDCA pl% Ndú;h u`.ska ixúOdkfha
l<ukdldß;ajhg ld¾h uKav, odhl;ajh id¾:l f,i ,nd.ksñka
;u ksIamdok NdKav fyda fiajdj, .=Kd;aulnj iy M,odhs;dj
j¾Okh lr.ekSug yelshdj ,efí'

6 jk mßÉfþoh
ixúOdk mßirh
M,odhs;d j¾Okh isÿlsÍfï § thg odhl jk m%n, idOlh jkafka

ixúOdkfha fN!;sl mßirhhs' ndysr yd wNHka;r jYfhka fuu
mßirh ke;fyd;a jgmsgdj fiajd,dNSkaf.a fukau ld¾h uKav,h
idudðlhkaf.a o wdl¾IKh ,efnk f,i mj;ajdf.k hdu flfrys
ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajh wjOdkh fhduqlsÍu wjYH fõ' ixúOdkfha
M,odhs;dj iy .=Kd;aul fiajdjka ms<snò uq,l
s j u woyila ye`.Sula
m%ldY jkafka mßirh ;=<ska nj wu;l fkdl< hq;= ldrKhls' fï ksid
ixúOdkfha ndysr yd wNHka;r mßirh l=udkql+, j iy wdl¾IKSh
f,i mj;ajdf.khdfï § wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= lreKq iy
l%shdldrlï my; oelafõ'
ndysr mßirh
fuhska woyia lrkqfha ld¾hd,h wjg mßirhhs' fuu mßirh úêu;aj

mj;ajdf.k hdu iòyd fhÈh hq;= úêúOdk jkafka"
I. ld¾hd,fha kdu mqjrej NdId;%fhka u meyeÈ,s j fmfkk

fia iúlsÍu'
II. fiajd,dNSskaf.a myiqj iòyd f.dvke.s,s msysàu we;=,;a
ndysr ie,eiau m%o¾Ykh lsÍu'
III. ud¾. i,l=Kq wjYHjk úgl tajd olajd ;sîu'
IV. u,amd;a;s ilia lsÍu" ;=re,;d l=udkql+, ie,iqulg wkqj
isgùu'

V. m%Odk msúiqï fodrgqj iy wdrËl l=áh ld¾hd,fha ukd
fmkqug Wmldß jk fia ilia lsÍu'
VI. u.S udre wjYHjkafka kï tajd meyeÈ,s j olajd ;sîu'
VII. fiajd,dNSkaf.a jdyk kej;=ï iòyd wjYH bv myiqlï
ie,iSu' mdmeÈ" h;=remeÈ" fudag¾r: iòyd fjkafjkaj
bvlv fjka lsÍu jvd;a jeo.;a fõ'
VIII. .rdch ;=< kj;d ;nk jdykj, wxl iòyka lr ;sîu'
IX. fiajd,dNSkag /§ isàu iòyd wjYHjkafka kï .sukay,a
bÈlsÍu'
X. ld¾hd,h wjg mßirh le<s li<j,ska f;dr j o¾YkSh
wdldrhg ms<sfh, lsÍu'
fuhg wu;rj ndysr mßirh úêu;a j mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH oE
fudkjd o hkak l<ukdldß;ajhg iy ld¾h uKav,hg iduQysl;ajh
;=<ska y`ÿkd.; yelsjkq we;'
fuhg wu;r j ndysr mßirh úêu;a j mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH oE

fudkjdo hkak l<ukdldß;ajhg iy ld¾h uKav,hg iduQysl;ajh
;=<ska y`ÿkd.; yelsjkq we;'
wNHka;r mßirh
wNHka;r mßirh ixúOdkhlsÍfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq

f,i"
^w'& ms<s.ekSfï ljqkagrh iy wjg mßirh
I. msúiqu wdikakfha u ms<s.ekSfï ljqkagrhla mj;ajdf.k

hdu'

II. fiajd,dNSka ms<s.ekSu iòyd iqÿiq ks,Odßhl= fhoùu'
^ks,Odßkshla kï jvd;a fhda.Hhs&
III. ms<s.ekSï ljqkagrh ;=<ska fiajd,dNSkag wjYH jk
f;dr;=re wdlD;s m;% Wmfoia iy fjk;a wjYH foa ,nd.;
yelsùu'
IV. fiajd,dNSkag wiqka.ekSug wjYH myiqlï ie,iSu'
V. ld¾hd,fha msßh; ie,eiaula iliafldg fiajd,dNSkag
m%o¾Ykh lsßu'
VI. fiajd,dNSkag ;u fiajdjka ,nd.ekSug Wmldß jk mßÈ
wjYH u`.fmkaùï m%o¾Ykh lsÍu'
VII. fiajd,dNSkag wjYH jk wdlD;s m;% iïmq¾KlsÍu fyda
fjk;a ,shlshú,s lghq;= iòyd fïihla iy wdik myiqlï
ie,iSu'
VIII. fiajd,dNSka ;u fiajdj bgqlr.kakd f;la /òS isák
ia:dkfha rEmjdysks" .=jka úÿ,s hka;% fyda mqj;am;a i`.rd
jeks foa u.ska" myiqlï iemhSu'
IX. îug iqÿiq c,h fiajd,dNSka /`§ isák ia:dkfha imhd
;sîu'
X. fiajd,dNSka iòyd ikSmdrCIl myiqlï iemhSsu'
XI. fiajd,dNSka /`§ isák mßirh iqmikakNdjfhka hq;= j
mj;ajdf.k hdu'
XII. fhda.Hhhs yef`.k fjk;a myiqlï iemhSu'
^wd'& YdLd wxY ia:dk.; lsßu
ixúOdkh ;=< tla tla fiajdjka imhk wxY iy YdLd ia:dk.; lsÍu
o úêu;a njlska isÿúh hq;= h' fuys§"

I. fiajd,dNSka ksrka;rfhka meñfKk YdLd$ wxY
f.dvke`.s,f
a ,a m%Odk fodrgqj ióm j ia:dk.; lsÍu'
II. ks¾udKYS,S ld¾hhka$uki fjfyik ld¾hhkag wod< wxY
Yío f>daId iys; mßirfhka neyer j ia:dk.; lsÍu'
III. /iaùï Yd,dj$ iïuka;%k Yd,dj" f,aLkd.drh yd
fNdackd.drh ld¾hd, f.dvke`.s,f
a ,a fl,jrlg jk fia
ia:dk.; lsÍu hk ldrKd flfrys l<ukdldß;ajfha
wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;=hs'
^we'& wxY$YdLd msßh; ie,eiau ks¾udKh
ld¾hd,fha iEu YdLdjla u$wxYhla u ksis msßh; ie,eiaulg (Lay –

Out) wkql+,j ilialsÍu wjYH fõ' fuys§"
I. iEu YdLdjla u msysàu oelafjk ie,eiaula m%o¾Ykh lsßu'

II. ld¾h uKav, idudðlhkaf.a ks< uÜgï ;rd;srïj,g
.e,fmk mßÈ wjYH ìï bvlv fjkalsÍu'
III. YdLdj ;=< ,S nvq WmlrK" ld¾h idOkhg myiqjk
wdldrhg ia:dk.; lsÍu'
IV. ,Snvq WmlrK ld¾hd,fha wNHka;r fmkqug ydkshla
fkdjk fia ixúOdkd;aul j ;eîu'^fïi" mqgq" wdÈh tl u
Èidjlg uqyqK ,d ia:dk.; lsÍu jeks&
V. wNHka;r ud¾. iòyd m%udKj;a bvlv fjka lsÍu'
VI. ks,OdÍkaf.a kï iy ;k;=re m%o¾Ykh lsÍu'
VII. YdLdj ;=< tall wdÈh we;akï tajd y`ÿkd.ekSu iòyd
mqjre m%o¾Ykh lsÍu'

VIII. ì;a;sj, t,a,d we;s PdhdrEm' Èk o¾Yk fyda fjk;a rduq
tlu Wilska t,a,d ;Sîu'ûÜgulska&
IX. wxY" YdLd ;=< ldur fyda mdáIka bÈlrkafka kï
wdf,dalh" jd;dY%h iy wNHka;r ie,eiaug ydks fkdjk
wkaoug tjeks ld¾hhka lsÍu'
X. YdLdfõ$wxYfha fodr cfk,a frÈ l=udkql+,j ilid ;sîu'
XI. wkjYH ,S nvq" WmlrK iy ,smf
s .dkq úêu;a j bj;a lr
;sìu'
XII. wjYH foa l=udkql+, j iy myiqfjka fidhd.; yels mßÈ
;ekam;a lr ;sîu'
XIII. fNdackd.drh" úfõl ldur" jeisls<s ksrka;rfhka Y=oaO
mú;% j ;nd .ekSu'
XIV. ÿyqú,sj,ska f;dr iqmikak wNHka;r mßirhla mj;ajdf.k
hdug iyNd.s;aj m%fõYh ;=<ska ld¾h uKav,fha
odhl;ajh ,nd fhda.H jevms<sfj<la ilia lsÍu'
fiajd ia:dkh ixúOdkh lsÍu
M,odhs .=Kd;aul fiajdjla i,id oSu iòyd fiajd ia:dkh ixúOdkh

lr .ekSu (Work Place Organization) w;HjYH idOlhla fukau
l<ukdldß;ajfha úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqúh hq;= fËa;%hla fia
ie,fla' ;u ixúOdk fiajd" ksIamdok" jHdmdßl ld¾hhkag iïnkaê;
l=uk uÜgfï ixúOdkhla jqj o fiajd,dNS i;aldrh jvd;a wdl¾IKSh
iy ld¾hËu j ,nd§ug fiajd ia:dk ixúOdkh lr.ekSfï
jevms<sfj< m%n, odhl;ajhla ,nd foa' —5S ixl,amh˜ fkdfyd;a
mxpúO ixl,amh (5S Concept) Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda ixúOdk ;u

wNHka;r yd ndysr mßirh úêu;a j yd l=udkql+, j mj;ajdf.k
hdug Wmfhda.s lrf.k we;' fuu ixl,amh Ndú;lsÍu ;=<ska
ixúOdkhlg ,nd.; yels m%;sM, iuQyhls' tajd w;r"
I. ixúOdkfha M,odhs;dj by< uÜgul mj;ajd.; yelsùu'
II. ixúOdkfha fiajdjkaf.a iy ksIamdokhkays .=Kd;aul nj

by< uÜgulska mj;ajd.; yelsùu'
III. ksIamdok yd fiajd msßjeh wju lr.; yelsùu'
IV. NdKav yd fiajd kshñ; fõ,djg iemhsh yelsùu'
V. ld¾h uKav,fha fi!LH iïmkaknj iy iqrËs; nj

wdrËd lr.; yelsùu'
VI. ld¾h uKav,fha /lshd ;Dma;sh by< uÜgulska mj;ajd

.; yelsùu'
VII. ixúOdkfha ld¾h uKav,h ;=< lKavdhï ye`.Su

Yla;su;aa l< yels ùu'
VIII. l<ukdldß;ajh" wëËlhka iy ld¾h uKav,h

iyNd.s;aj l<ukdldr m%fõYhla fj; fhduq lr,sh
yelsùu'
mxpúO ixl,amh m%Odk mshjrhka 5lska iukaú; fõ'
I. iqixyrKh ^f;aÍu& - SEIRI
fiajd ia:dk ;=< ;sfnkakd jQ wkjYH oE l=udkql+, j iy úêu;a j

bj;a lr,Su mxpúO ixl,amfha uQ,l
s mshjr fõ' fuys wruqKq
lsysmhls'

^w&' wkjYH wmøjH bj;alr,Su'
^wd&' bvlv msßueiqïodhS j fhdod.ekSu'
^we&' .nvd f;d. uÜgu wjYH uÜgñka mj;ajdf.k hdu'
^wE&' ld¾h uKav,hg udkisl ;Dma;shla ,ndfok m%ikak mßirhla
ks¾udKh lsÍu'
^b&' wkjYH foa uq,H jákdlulg mßj¾;kh lsÍu'
ixúOdkhl wkjYH oE fukau wmøjH l=udkql+, j bj;a lsÍu

fiajd,dNS i;aldrhg Yla;su;a mokula oeóug fya;=fõ'
II. iqixfhdackh ^ms<sfh, lsÍu& - SEITON
wjYH foa ksis ms<sfj<lg l%udkql+, j ;nd.ekSu iqixfhdackfha

wfmaËdjhs' wkjYH oE bj;a l< miqj b;sßjk —wjYH foa˜ mßYS,khg
myiq jk wdldrfha ;nd.ekSu ;=<ska M,odhs ld¾hËu fiajdjla
iemhqug wjYH miq;,h ks¾udKh fõ' —yeu foalg u ;ekla˜ —yeu foa
u kshñ; ;ekaj,˜ ;sîu iqixfhdackfha uQ,l
s yrhhs' iqixfhdacfha
wruqKq jkafka"
^w&' wjYH foa fidhd.ekSug wkjYH f,i ld,h jehlsÍu wju lsÍu'
^wd&' yeu fohlg u ksis ;ekla y`ÿkd.ekSu iy ta foa ta ;ekaj,
;eîu'
^we&' yels iEu úg u wjYH foa oDIHudk f,i ;nd.ekSu'
iqixfhdackh ;=<ska wdh;khl ld¾h uKav,hg ld, l<ukdlrKh

jvd;a w¾:j;a l< yels fõ'

III. iqmikak;dj ^msßisÿlrKh& - SEISO
fiajd ia:dkfha wNHka;r yd ndysr mßirh is;a.kakdiq`M m%ikak

wdldrfhka mj;ajdf.k hdu fuhska woyia flf¾' ld¾hd,Sh WmlrK"
Ndú; lrkq ,nk hka;% iq;%" f.ìu ÿyqú,sj,ska f;dr j kv;a;= lsÍu
iqmikak;djfha uQ,l
s yrhhs' iqmikak;djfha wruqKq lsysmhls'
^w&' iqmikak fiajd ia:dkh mj;ajdf.k hdu ;=<ska wvqmdvq" m%udo iy

fodaI iy jerÈ wju lr,Su'
^wd&' m%ikak fiajd ia:dkh ld¾h uKav,hg wNsfma%rK idOlhla njg

m;a lr,Su'
^wE&' mú;%;djfhka hq;=j hka;% WmlrK mj;ajdf.k hdu ;=<ska tajd

È.= ld,hla Ndú; lsÍug yels jd;djrKhla ie,iSu'
IV. iqixia:dmkh îïu;lrKh& - SEIKETSU
fiajd ia:dkfha wNHka;r yd ndysr mrsirh ixúOdkd;aul j" úêu;a j

yd by< uÜgulska hq;= j mj;ajdf.k hdu iqixia:dmkfha wruqKhs'
wkjYH oE bj;a lr" wjYH foa ksis ms<sfj<g ;nd.ksñka
iqmikak;djg m;alr .;a;d jQ fiajd ia:dkh wLKav j mj;ajdf.k
hdfï wjYH;dj iqixia:dmkfhka lshefõ' fuys wruqKq f,i "
^w&' fiajd ia:dkfha mßirh by< uÜgulska wLKav j ke;fyd;a

fkdlvjd mj;ajdf.k hdu'
^wd&' imhkq ,nk NdKav yd fiajdjkaf.a M,odhs;dj iy .=Kd;aul nj

wLKav j /l.ekSu'

V. iqixfõokh ^mqyqKqj yd YslaIKh& - SHITSUKE
n,mEulska f;dr j ukd f,i fiajd ia:dkh ixúOdkh lr mj;ajdf.k

hdfï YslaIKh" úkh ld¾h uKav,h ;=< we;slr,Su iòyd wjYH
oekqu iy mqyqKqj ,nd§u iqixfõokhhs' fuys wruqKq jkafka"
^w&' fiajd ia:dkh ixúOdkd;aul j mj;ajdf.k hdu iòyd

ld¾h uKav, lemùu ,nd.ekSu'
^wd&' oekqj;aùu iy wjfndaOh wka wh w;r m;=rejd,ñka mxpúO

ixl,amhg ld¾h uKav, mQ¾K odhl;ajh ,nd.ekSu'
fï wkqj mxpúO ixl,amh wdh;khl l%shd;aul lrkafka kï fiajdj,
fyda ksIamdok NdKavj, .=Kd;aulnj iy M,odhs;dj wksjd¾hfhkau
by< kxjd,sh yels fõ' tfukau ld¾h uKav, /lshd ;Dma;shla by<
uÜgulska mj;ajdf.k hd yelsjdla fukau fiajd,dNS wdl¾IKh o
,nd.ekSug o th m%n, fya;=jla jkq we;'
mxpúO ixl,amh (5S Concept) id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lr,Su

iòyd jQ uQ,sl wjYH;d
I. ixúOdkfha fiajfha kshq;= ish¨ md¾Yajhkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh

,nd.ekSu'
II. by< l<ukdldß;ajfha lemùu - ixúOdk m%Odkshdf.a
lemùu iy u`. fmkaùu b;d wjYH fõ' fuu wdo¾Yh
;=<ska ld¾h uKav, lemùu ,nd.ekSu myiq fõ'

III. m%Odk úOdhlf.a kdhl;ajh - ixúOdkfha m%Odk úOdhl
fuu jevigyk l%shd;aul lr,Sfï kdhl;ajh oeßh hq;=
w;r" th fjk;a whl=g mejÍu o fkdl< hq;= fõ' ixúOdk
m%Odkshdg kdhl;ajh ,nd§u ;=< jevms<sfj, id¾:l
lr.ekSfï moku iliafõ'
IV. ish¨ md¾Yajhkaf.a odhl;ajh - l%shdldß iyfhda.h
ixúOdkfha ish¨ fokdf.kau ,eìh hq;= ùu mxpúO
ixl,amh id¾:l lr.ekSfï m%Odk idOlhls'
V. ;sridr meje;au ms<snò wjOdkh - mxpúO ixl,amh
fkdlvjd mj;ajdf.k hdu iòyd wdh;kfha
l<ukdldß;ajh wjOdkh ksrka;rfhka fhduqúh hq;= fõ'
fï iòyd oekqj;alsÍfï udOHhka tkï" f;dr;=re m;%sld"
w;afmd;a" iïuka;%K" mqyqKq jevuq`M iy Y%jH oDIH udOH
Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka fuu ixl,amfha wLKav meje;au
;yjqre l< hq;= fõ'
VI. m%Odk úOdhlf.a ksÍËKh - mxpúO ixl,amh l%shd;aul
lsÍfï § tu jevigyfka Yla;ska yd ÿ¾j,;d ksÍËKh
iòyd m%Odk úOdhl úiska ;u ixúOdkfha YdLd" wxY
jßkajr ksÍËKh l< hq;= fõ' fuys§ m%.;sh fukau
miq.dó foa o mÍËd fldg wjYH Wmfoia ,ndÈh yels fõ'
VII. m%udKj;a m%;sM, cks;lsÍu - mxpúO ixl,am jevigykg
wdh;kfha yeu fokdu wdl¾IKh lr.ekSug n,mdk
idOlh jkafka ta ;=,k
s a ,nd.kakd m%;sM,hs' tu ksid
m%udKj;a m%;sM, cks; l< yels mßÈ jevigyk l%shd;aul
úh hq;= h'

VIII. taldnoaO m%h;akhla úhhq;= nj - mxpúO ixl,amfha
id¾:l;ajhg n,mdk ;j;a m%n, idOlhla jkafka thg
wdh;kfha yeu fokd u iyNd.slrjd .eksuhs' ta ;=<ska
ixúOdkfha lKavdhu ixialD;sh o Yla;su;a jkq we;'
fï wkqj mxpúO ixl,amh" ixúOdkhl M,odhS iy .=Kd;aul fiajd

ixj¾Okh iòyd uy`.= odhl;ajhla ,ndfok iy myiqfjka
m%dfhda.SlrKh l< yels ir, Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i fhdod .; yels
fõ'

yß; M,odhs;dj ^ Green Productivity)
yß; M,odhs;djfha uQ,sl wruqK jkafka rgl fyda ixúOdkhl

M,odhs;dj jeälr,Su;a iy Bg iu.dó j ta ;=<ska mßirhg n,mdkakd
jQ wys;lr idOl wju lsÍu;a h' ta wkqj yß; M,odhs;djh ixúOdk
ld¾h idOkh jeä oshqKqj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' ta wkqj yß;
M,odhs;dj iuia;" wd¾Ól" idudÔh ixj¾Okhla <`.dlr.ekSfï Wmdh
ud¾.hla fia ie,fla' th udkj osúfha .=Kd;aul nj ;sridr j
mj;ajdf.k hdu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
1992 j¾Ifha f,dal ñysl; iuq`Mfõ ks¾foaYhla u; cmdkfha wdishdkq

M,odhs;d ixúOdkh (Asian Productivity Organization - APO)
úiska 1994 j¾Ifha isg yß; M,odhs;d jevigyk osh;a lrk ,oS' fuys
m%Odk f;audj jkafka wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iy mßir iqrËs;Ndjhhs' th
;sridr ixj¾Okfha wNsfhda. ch .ekSfï m%dfhda.sl ud¾.hla f,i
ie,fla'
yß; M,odhs;dj" fhda.H mßir yd l<ukdlrK fuj,ï" Wmdh ud¾.

iy ;dËKh fhdod .kakd jQ tAldnoaO Ndú;djls' th ixúOdkfha
l%shdldrlï" ksIamdok iy fiajd iòyd wys;lr f,i n,mdk
mßird;aul n,mEñ wju lrñka ixúOdk ld¾hidOkh jeä ÈhqKq
lr,Sug odhl fjhs' mßirh wdrËd lr.ksñka M,odhs;dj kxjd,Sug
odhljk .;sl (Dynomic) Wmdh ud¾.hla jk yß; M,odhs;dj ;=<ska
ixúOdkj,g ;u ksIamdok yd fiajdjka ;=<ska jvd;a jdisodhl iy
id¾:l m%;sM, myiqfjka ,nd .ekSug u`. fmkajkq ,nhs'

tA wkqj ixúOdkj,g mßirh iqrlsñka tl;= l< w.h u; (Value
Added) NdKav yd fiajd iemhsh yels w;r fiajd,dNSkag o .=Kd;aul
yd M,odhS ksIamdok NdKav yd fiajd ,nd.ekSug wjia:dj ie,fia'
yß; M,odhs;dj ;=<ska ,eìh yels m%fhdack
I. ,dNodhs;ajh by< kxjd,sh yelsùu'

II. fi!LH iïmkak nj iy wdrËdj jeä ÈhqKqùu'
III. .=Kd;aul NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu'
IV. mßirh wdrËd lsÍug Wkkaÿ lr,Su'
V. mßirhg wod< kS;Hkql=, wjYH;d imqrd,Su'
VI. ixúOdk m%;srEmh by< ;,hlg m;a ùu'
VII. Ñ;a; ffO¾hh kxjd,Su' ^fiajd odhl $ fiajd,dNS&
VIII. ;sridr ixj¾Okhlg u`.fmkaúu'
yß; M,odhs;d jevigyka l%shd;aullsÍu jÜgñ 3 lska iukaõ; fõ'
I. l<ukdlrK l%u iy mßmdáka
fñ ioyd ISO 14001" mQ¾K M,odhs;d kv;a;= (TPM) mQ¾K .=Kd;aul

l<ukdlrKh (TQM) fhdod .efka'
II. a l%u (Techniques)

yß; M,odhs;d Ys,m
fï ioyd fiajd ia:dkh ixúOdkh lsÍu (House Keeping) 5S, iñm;a

wmf;a hdu wdrËd lr .ekSu" (Resource Conservation) ksIamdok

NdKav jeä ÈhqKqlsßu (Product Improvement) l%shdj,sh
m%;sixúOdkh (Process Modification) wm øjH l<ukdlrKh
(Waste Management) ie,eiqï fjkia lr,Su (Design Change)
wdÈh fhdod .efka'
III. yß; M,Þhs;d fuj,ñ (Tools)
fï iòyd msßh; ie,iqï m%;sixúOdkh" mdol o¾Yl ks¾Kh

(Benchmarking) md,k igyka (Control Chart) iyd mÍËd
lsÍfñ ,ehsia;=j (Check List) wdÈh fhdod .efka'
ixúOdkhl l<ukdldÍ;ajh ;u ixúOdkfha yß; M,odhs;d jev

igyka l%shd;aul lsÍfï § by; iòyka jÜgïj, ixl,khla fyda
fhda.H uÜgula f;dard f.k l%shd;aullsÍu ;=<ska id¾:l m%;sM,
fk<d.; yels jkq we;'
yß; M,odhs;dj" M,odhs;d j¾Okh iy ;sridr ixj¾Okh

iu`. jQ iïnkaO;dj
mßir M,odhs;d
wdrËdldÍnj j¾Okh
GP
yß;
M,odhs;dj
;sridr ixj¾Okh wLKav jeä ÈhqKqlsÍï

7 jk mßÉfþoh
M,Þhs;dj uekSu
ixúOdkhl M,odhs;d j¾Okh fyda miq.dónj oek.; yels jkafka

ksis l%ufõohla Ndú; lr th uek ne,Su (Measure Productivity)
;=<sks' tA wkqj M,odhs;dj mj;ajd f.k hdu ioyd fhda.H m%;sl¾u
.ek l<ukdldß;ajhg wjOdkh fhduql< yels fõ' l<ukdlrK
úfYaI{hl= jk mSg¾ vl¾ (Peter Druker) M,Þhs;dj uek ne,Sfï
jeo.;alu olajd we;af;a fufia h'
—M,odhs;d wruqKqj,ska f;dr j jHmdrhlg fyda ixõOdkhlg ksis

u`.fmkaúula fkd,efnk w;r M,odhs;dj uekSulska f;dr j th ksis
md,khlska hq;= j mj;ajd .; fkdyel sh'˜ fï ksid M,odhs;dj h uek
ne,Su ms<snòj ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajfha úfYaI wjOdkh fhduqùu
w;HjYH h'
ixúOdkhl M,odhs;dj uekSu m%Odk mshjr 3 lska iukaú; fõ
I mshjr
ksuejqï .Kkh lsßu
II mshjr
ishü fhojqï y`ÿkd.ekSu iy tAjd .Kkh lsßu
III mshjr
ksuejqñ fhojqïj,ska fn`§u'

fï ;=<ska ixúOdkhl M,odhs;dj flfia o hkak wkqmd;hla f,i
yÿkd.; yels fõ' ksoiqka f,i lsishï ixúOdkhl ksujqïj, uq¾;
jákdlu remsh,a ,Ë 10 hehs is;uq' fuu ksuejqu ,eîug fhdojk ,o
ish¨ fhojqï j, uq¾; jákdlu remsh,a ,Ë 2 ù kï ixúOdkfha
M,odhs;dj 1'5 la f,i y`ÿkd.; yels h'
ksujqï = ,Ë 10
fhojqï = ,Ë 2 = 5
ksujqï fhojqïj,ska fn§fuka ,efnk m%;sM,h tlg jvd jeäkñ thska

w¾: .ekafjkafka ixúOdkfha M,odhs;dj fhojqïj,g wkqmd;slj
iEySsug m;a úh yels uÜgul mj;sk njhs' tu uÜgu ;j ;j;a
j¾Okh lr .ekSfï Wmdhud¾. fj; tA wkqj l<ukdldß;ajhg
wjOdkhg fhduq l< yels fõ' tfia u ,efnk m%;sM,h tlg jvd
wvqkñ thska ye`.fjkafka ixúOdkfha M,odhs;dj iEySug m;a úh
yels uÜgï fkdmj;sk njhs' fñ wjia:dfõ§ M,odhs;dj j¾Okh
lr.ekSfñ Wmdh ud¾. fj; wksjd¾fhka u fhduq úh hq;= fõ'
M,odhs;dj uekSu iòyd ksuejqï .Kkh lsÍu
M,odhs;dj uekSu iòyd ksuejqï .KkhlsÍu uÜgï lsysmhl §

isÿflf¾'
^w& id¾j uÜgu/cd;sl uÜgu (Macro level)
^wd Ëqø uÜgu/wdh;ksl uÜgu (Micro level)
fuyS§ M,odhs;dj cd;sl uÜgñka uekSu o ke;fyd;a wdh;ksl

uÜgñka uekSu o hkak ;SrKh l< hq;= fõ' ksuejqu m%Odk l%u ;=kla
weiqfrka .Kkh lrkq ,nhs

(a). o< foaYh
S ksIamdokh u;
(Gross Domestic Product – GDP)
lsishï rgl l¾udka; wxYh" lDIs l¾udka; wxYh iy fjk;aa ishü

wxYj, ksujqï tl;=j o< foaYSh ksIamdokh (GDP) f,i ie,fla'
id¾j uÜgfï uekSsul § fuu l%uh Wmfhda.S lrkq ,nhs tA ;=<ska rgl
M,odhs;dj .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yelshdjla ,efí'
(b.) tl;= l< w.h u;

(Value Added)
fuu l%uh úfYaIfhka wdh;ksl uÜgfï M,odhs;dj uekSu i|yd

ksujqï .Kkh lrkq ,nk Wmdh ud¾.hla fia ie,fla' tl;= l< w.h
hkafkka woyia lrkqfha"
wdh;khl uq`M úl=Kqï fyj;a uq`M wdodhfuka tlS wdodhu ,nd.ekSu

i|yd Ndú; lrk ,o"
I. wuqøjH i|yd jeh l< msßjeh'

II. Ndú; lrk ,o iïm;a i|yd jq msßjeh iy
III. Y%uhg f.jk ,o jegqma
hk ish¨ idOlj,g wka;¾.; uq`M msßjeh wvqlsÍfukaa ,efnk

m%;sM,hhs' fjk;a f,ilska mejiqjfyd;a NdKavhl fyda fiajdjlg
“ mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ,” yd tlS NdKav fyda fiajd iòyd “ksIamdol
wuqøjH" fiajl jegqma iy fjk;a idOl i|yd f.jk ñ,” w;r we;s —

fjki˜ tl;= l< w.h fõ' fuh iólrKh wdY%fhka ±lajj
q fyd;a
my; ±lafjk mßÈ fõ' fuu l%uh “wvq lsÍfï l%uh” f,i o
ye`Èkafõ'
tl;= l< w.h = uq``M úl=Kqï - wdh;kh ñ,g .;a ishü øjH yd
fiajdj, jákdlu
tl;= l< w.h uek ne,Sfï § Ndú; lrk wks;a l%uh “tl;= lsÍfï
l%uh” f,i ye`Èkafõ'
tl;= l< w.h = jegqma + ,dNh + wh nÿ iy fmd<S + Ëhùï
tl;= l< w.h u; ksuejqï uekSfï § ixúOdkhl úúO me;slvj,ska

ksuejqug ,eî we;s odhl;ajh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels fõ'
tfuka u tAjd wvq jeälsÍï iy md,khlsÍu ;=<ska M,odhs;dj by<
uÜgulska mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajhg wjOdkh
fhduq l< yels fõ'
(e) ksIamdok Odß;dj u;

(Volume Produced)
ixúOdk úiska ksIamdok lrk ,o NdKav fyda imhkq ,nk ,o fiajd

mokï lrf.k iuia; ksIamdok Odß;dj .Kkh lsÍï fï hgf;a
isÿflf¾' fuysoS ksuejqu iòyd fhda.H jkakd jQ fN!;sl tall
ixLHd;aul o;a;" lsf,da" fgdka " ,Sg¾ jeks tall fhdod .efka' fï
wkqj .Kkh lrk ,o iuia; ksIamdok Odß;djg fmdÿ w.hla oSu
iòyd “ ñ, idOlh” (Price Index) fhdod .ksñka úúO
ksIamdokhkaf.a yd fiajdjkaf.a w.h iïu; ;;a;ajhlg f.k tkq

,nhs' fuu ksuejqï .Kkh ;=<ska o ixúOdkfha M,odhs;dj h ms<snò
wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug l<ukdldß;ajhg yelshdj ,efí'
wdh;ksl wjYH;dj h u; by; iòyka l%u w;=ßka jvd;a fhda.H

l%uhla f;dard.; yels h'
fhojqï uekSu$ .Kkh lsÍu
ksuejqï ,nd.ekSu iòyd Ndú; lrk ,o uQ,H" udkj" fN!;sl"

;dËKsl wdoS iïm;a fhojqï f,i ie,fla' fuu iïm;a o id¾j yd
iqËau jYfhka .Kkh l< yels fõ'
fmdÿfõ Ndú; lrk fhojqï .Kkh lsÍfï l%u lsysmhls'
^w&' Y%uh ûdkj iïm;a& - fuysoS fiajl ixLHdj iy jevlrk ,o

meh .Kk ie,ls,,
a g .efka' Y%uh ;=< úúO;ajhka^/lshd jYfhka&
olakg ,efnk fyhska iudk nr ;eîula iòyd “jegqma idOlh”
Wmfhda.s lr.ekSu fuysoS isÿflf¾' ixúOdkfha udkj iïm; iòyd
ork ,o iuia; msßjeh fuys§ .Kkh lsÍu wjYH fõ'
^wd&' m%d.aOkh - ia:djr j;alïj, tkï f.dvke`.s,"s hka;% iq;%"

WmlrK iy f;d. wdosfhys jákdlu m%d.aOkh f,i i,lkq ,nhs' ta
iòyd ixúOdkh jeh lr we;s uqo,a m%udKh .Kkh lsÍfuka m%d.aOk
msßjeh y`ÿkd.; yels fõ'
fuf,i ishü fhojqï .Kkh lr tAjd ksujqïj,ska fn¥ úg mq¾K

M,odhs;d o¾Ylhla ^ Total Factor Productivity) ,nd .; yels fõ.

tA ;=<ska rgl" ixúOdkhl M,odhs;dfõ iajNdjh fln÷ o hkak .ek
wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels h' fï ;=<ska M,odhs;dfú miqnEï fyda
j¾Okhka y÷kd.; yels w;r wjYH m%;sl¾u fh§ug o uÕ fmkaùula
lrkq ,nhs.
md¾Yaùh M,odhs;dj ( Partial Productivity)
tlsfkl fËa;%hkag wod< M,odhs;dj md¾Yaùh M,odhs;dj f,i

ie,fla. fuys§ f;dard.;a fËa;%h fhojqula f,i f.k th iuia;
ksuejqfuka fn§fuka md¾Yaùh M,odhs;dj .Kkh l< yelsh' ksoiqkla
f,i Y%u M,odhs;dj iy m%d.aOk M,Þhs;dj .Kkh lrk wdldrh
±laúh yels h'
Y%u M,Þhs;dj = ksuejqu

(Manpower Productivity) Y%uh
m%d.aOk M,Þhs;dj =ksuejqu(Capital

Productivity) m%d.aOkh
Y%u M,odhs;dj ;=<ska fhdok ,o Y%uhg wkqj ,nd.;a ksuejqï

m%udKfha wkqmd;h fmkakqï lrhs' fulS o¾Ylh ;=<ska ixúOdkfha
udkj iïm;aj, ld¾hËu;dj Tjqkaf.a wdl,am yd l=i,;d uÜgu
ms,ì
s Uq lrhs' tfuka u fN!;sl m%d.aOk fhojqï " ;dËKsl l%u
Wmdhkaf.a uÜgu ms<snò woyila ,ndfohs' tfukau fN!;sl" m%d.aOk
fhojqï" ;dËKsl l%fudamdhkaf.a uÜgu ms<snò woyila ,ndfohs' Y%u
M,odhs;d o¾Ylh wfkl=;a iïm;a o iM,j;a f,i fhoùugo u`.
fmkajkq ,nhs '

m%d.aOk M,odhs;dj ;=<ska y÷kd.; yelafla wdfhdackh lrk ,o
m%d.aOk m%udKhg wkqj ,nd.;a ksujqï m%udKfha wkqmd;hhs' m%d.aOk
fhojqï jvd;a ld¾hËu iy iM,j;a f,i fhoùug fuu o¾Ylh u.
fmkaùula lrhs
fuf,i ixúOdkhl úúO fËa;%hkaf.a M,odhs;dj uek ne,sh yels

w;r tlS md¾Yaùh M,odhs;dj ;=<ska ixúOdkhl tla tla md¾Yajhkaf.a
ke;fyd;a fËa;%hkaf.a M,odhs;djfha ÿ¾j,;d miqnEï fukau
j¾Okhka wdÈh .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels fú' th M,odhs;d
j¾Okh iòyd fhÈh hq;= m%;sl¾u ljf¾ o hkak .ek
l<ukdldß;ajhg ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu ioyd ksis u`. fmkaùula
lrkq ,nhs.
M,odhs;d w.ehSu ( Evaluation of Productivity)
rgla fyda ixúOdkhla M,odhs;dj iñnkaOfhka w;am;a lr .;a
ch.%yK ,nd we;s m%.;sh fyda miqnEï ms<snò wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu
iòyd;a wvqmdvq ÿ¾j,;d m%;sidOkhg fhduqùu i|yd;a M,odhs;d
m%;sM, w.ehSulg ,lalsÍu wjYH fõ' tfuka u M,Þhs;d w.ehSu ;=<ska
ixúOdkhl fyda rgla ;j;a ixúOdkhka iuÕ fyda wksl=;a rgj,a
iuÕ ixikaokh lr ne,Sug o yels fõ' M,odhs;d w.ehsu ioyd
fmdÿfú Ndú; lrk l%u 2 ls'
I. M,odhs;d uÜgu (Productivity Level)

II. M,odhs;d j¾Okh (Productivity Growth)

M,odhs;d uÜgu ^ Productivity Level)
M,odhs;d uÜgu y`ÿkd.; yelafla “ksuejqï” fiajl ixLHdfjka

fn§fuks' fuysòS ksujqï uQ,Huh w.hlska fyda m%udK;aul f,i
.Kkh lsÍu isÿflf¾' fuf,i ksuejqï .Kkh rgl fyda tys
wd¾Ólfha tla wxYhla ^ l¾udka; fyda lDIsl¾uh jeks & l¾udka;hla
ke;fyd;a ixúOdkhla jYfhka wjYH;dj wkqj isÿl< yels h. tfia
.Kkh lrk ,o ksujqu wod< fËa;%hkag iïnkaê; fiajl ixLHdfjka
fn§fuka M,odhs;d uÜgu fidhd .; yels h.
ksoiqkla f,i 2009 §"
A kue;s f;a l¾udka;Yd,dfõ uq`M ksuejqu = remsh,a 175,00,000

yd
uq`M fiajl ixLHdj 250 hehs is;uq'
fï wkqj A l¾udka;Yd,dfõ M,odhs;d uÜgu

remsh,a 175,00,000 =70,000
250
B kue;s f;a l¾udka; Yd,dfú uq`M ksuejqu remsh,a = 180"00"000 yd uq`M
fiajl ixLHdj 240 hehs is;uq'
ta wkqj B l¾udka;Yd,dfõ M,odhs;d uÜgu

remsh,a 180"00"000 = 75000
240

fñ wkqj B l¾udka;Yd,dfú M,odhs;d uÜgu A l¾udka;Yd,dfú
uÜgug jvd jeä h. fuu ixikaokh ;=<ska A l¾udka;Yd,djg
M,odhs;d uÜgu jeä lr.ekSfñ úúO Wmdh ud¾. .ek wjOdkh fhduq
l< yels jkq we;' cd;Hka;r uÜgfï § rgl M,odhs;d uÜgu wksl=;a
rgj,a iu. iiòd ne,Sug ;u rg w;alrf.k isák ia:dkh tfuka u
;u rfÜ M,odhs;dj j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka .; hq;= l%shdud¾. .ek;a
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug;a bv i,id,hs'
M,Þhs;d j¾Okh ( Productivity Growth)
M,odhs;d j¾Okh hkqfjka ye`Èkafjkafka ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=<

M,odhs;d uÜgfï we;s jQ fjkihs' fjki olajkafka m%;sYhla f,i
fyhska th idfmaË M,odhs;d j¾Okh (Relative Productivity
Growth) f,i y`ÿkajhs'
by; WÞyrKh wkqj,
B kue;s f;a l¾udka;Yd,dfõ 2009 j¾Ifha re'75000 la jQ M,odhs;d

uÜgu 2010 j¾Ifha § re'78000 la ù hehs is;uq' túg tu
l¾udka;Yd,dfõ M,odhs;d j¾Okh jkafka"
2009 M,odhs;d uÜgu = 75000

2010 M,odhs;d uÜgu = 78000
M,Þhs;d uÜgfï fjki = re' 78000-75000 = 3000
idfmaË M,od=hs;d j¾Okh = 3000‹ 100 = 4%

75000

M,odhs;d j¾Okh ;=<ska lsishï ld, mßÉfþohla ;=<§ rgla
ixúOdkhla" l¾udka;hla ,nd we;s m%.;sh fyda miqnEï y÷kd.; yels
h'
M,Þhs;dj w.ehSfï § M,odhs;d uÜgu iy M,odhs;d j¾Okhka hk

fol u w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' M,odhs;d j¾Ok Wmdhud¾. ie,iqï
lsÍfï § M,odhs;d uÜgu iy M,odhs;d j¾Okh by< w.hlska hq;=j
mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH úêúOdk fh§u ms<snòj ixúOdk
l<ukdldß;ajh wjOdkh fhduql< hq;= fõ'
fiAjd,dNS ;Dma;sh uekSu

(Measuring Customer Satisfaction)
ixúOdkhla úiska imhkq ,nk ksuejqï ^NdKav yd fiajd& ;=<ska

fiajd,dNSka ;Dma;su;a jkafka o hkak ms<snò l<ukdldß;ajh ksrka;r
wjOdkhlska miqùu wjYH fõ' ukao fiajd,dNSka ;Dma;su;a fkdjkafka
kï th tlS ixúOdkfha wLKav meje;aug wys;lr f,i n,mdk
fyhsks' fï ksid iEu ixúOdkhla úiska u ;u fiajd,dNSka ;Dma;su;a
jk wkaofï ksuejqï ,ndoSu flfrys wksjd¾hfhka u fhduqúh hq;= fõ'
ixúOdkj,g ;u fiajd,dNSkaf.a ;Dma;sh l=uk wdldrhlska hqla; o
hkak .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu iòyd th uek ne,Sulg yiql< hq;=
h' fufia uek ne,Su ;=<ska fy<sjk f;dr;=re u; fiajd,dNs i;aldrfha
ÿ¾j,;d" wvqmdvq imqrd.ekaug fukau tjeks miqnEï fkdue;af;a kï
th jvd;a Yla;su;a j yd wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdug úêúOdk fhosh
yels fõ' úfYaIfhka rdcH ixúOdkhkag ksIamdok fyda fm!oa.,sl
wxYfha ixúOdk fuka fiajd,dNS ;Dma;sh uek ne,Su iòyd fhdod

.kakd Wmdh ud¾. ish,a, fhosh fkdyels jqj;a fmdÿfõ Ndú; l<
yels ñkqï l%u lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
I. meñKs,s yd fhdackd l%uh

fï ;=<ska ksYaÑ; ld,iSudjla ;=< ,eî we;s meñKs,s fyda
fhdackd u.ska iudf,dapkfhka fiajd,dNS ;Dma;sh .ek
wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels fõ' fï iòyd —fhdackd iy
meñKs,s˜ fmÜá Ndú; flf¾'
II. fiajd,dNS m%;spdr olajd tjkq ,nk meñKs,s iy m%Yxid ,sms
úu¾Ykh
fiajdjka ,nd.;a miqj ta ms<snò ;Dma;su;a jk fiajd,dNshd
;u m%Yxidj o w;Dma;su;a mqoa.,hd úfõpk fyda meñKs,s o
bosßm;a lrkq we;' fï iòyd ;emE, fyda úoaHq;a udOHhka
Ndú; l< yels fõ' fufia ,efnk f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh
;=<ska fiajd,dNS ;Dma;sh uek ne,sh yels fõ'
III. uqyqKg uqyqK ,d flfrk ixjdo

fuysoS wod< fiajdjkaf.a iajNdjh ms<snò jdÑlj úuiSu
isÿlrkq ,nhs' tfia jdÑl m%;spdr tla /ia lr w.ehSu
;=<ska o fiajd,dNS ;Dma;sh uek ne,Sug ms<sjk'
IV. fiajd,dNS ;Dma;sh ms<snò ióËK

ixúOdkh úiska imhkq ,nk fiajdj, Yla;ska" ÿ¾j,;d
wvqmdvq wdosh ms<snò fiajd,dNSkaf.a woyia oek.ekSu iòyd
ms<sfh, flreK m%Yakdj,shla wdOdrfhka fulS ióËKh
isÿ l< yels h' fuu ióËKh ld¾hd,hg meñfKk
fiajd,dNSkaf.a m%;spdr ,nd.ekSu ;=<ska fyda ióËK
lKavdhï fiajd,dNSka fj; f.dia m%;spdr ,nd.ekSu ;=<ska

fyda isÿl< yels h' fuysoS fiajd,dNshdg ;u woyia ksoyia
j oelaúh yels ksid fuu l%uh jvd;a id¾:l Wmdh
ud¾.hla fia ie,fla'
V. fkdúêu;a iïnkaO;d
ks< uÜgï" ;rd;srï fkd;ld mj;ajkq ,nk fkdúêu;a
iïnkaO;d weiqfrka wNHka;r yd ndysr fiajd,dNSskaf.a
;Dma;sh uek ne,Sug l<ukdldß;ajhg wjldY ,efí'
iuyr wjia:dj, oS úêu;a l%uj,ska fy<sfkdjk fiajd,dNS
;Dma;sh ms<snò f;dr;=re fï l%uh u`.ska ,nd .; yels jkq
we;'

8 jk mßÉfþoh
M,odhs;dfõ ;sridr;ajh
ixúOdkhla úiska i;=gqodhl uÜgulg kxjd.kq ,enQ M,odhs;dj

wLKav j ÈhqKq lr.ksñka mj;ajdf.k hdu ms<snòj l<ukdldß;ajfha
ksrka;r wjOdkh fhduqùu w;HjYH h' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a tu
ixúOdkfha M,odhs;dj ySk ù ÿ¾j, ;;a;ajhg m;aùu j,lajd .;
fkdyelsjkq we;' fï ksid fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fndfyda ixúOdk ,dNodhS
;;a;ajhka ;=< M,odhs;d j¾Okh wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdu flfrys
úfYaI Wkkaÿjla olajk nj y`ÿkd.; yels h' tfy;a rdcH wxYfha
ixúOdk fndfyda úg ,dNodhs;ajfhka f;dr j fiajd iemhqug lem ù
we;s neúka j¾Okh lr.kq ,enQ M,odhs;dj wLKav j mj;ajdf.k
hdfï Wkkaÿj iy lemùfï W!k;djhka mj;sk nj y`ÿkd.; yels
fõ' úfYaIfhka rdcH ixúOdkj, M,odhs;dj wLKav j¾Okhlska hq;= j
mj;ajdf.k hdug n,mdk m%Odk .eg¨ lsysmhla y`ÿkd.; yels h'
tajd kï"
I. ixúOdk kdhl;aj Wkkaÿj ysSkùu
M,odhs;dj wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdfï Wkkaÿj
kdhl;ajfhka .s,y
s qK úg th iuia; ixúOdkhlgu
wys;lr f,i n,mEu fkdje,elaúh yels fõ' wdxYsl
l<ukdlrejkaf.a fyda ld¾h uKav, idudðlhkaf.a
Wkkaÿj ´kElu ;snQ muKska ixúOdk M,odhs;dj wLKav j
mj;ajdf.k hd yels fkd fõ' iuyr l<ukdlrejka
lemùfuka ixúOdk M,odhs;dj by< uÜgulg m;afldg
M,odhs;d ch.%yK mjd w;alr.;a miqj" —oeka ish,a,
iïmQ¾K hehs˜ is;d ksy`vùu o y`ÿkd.; yels ÿ¾j,;djls'

II. fojk fm< kdhl;ajhla ìys fkdlsÍu
rdcH wxYfha fndfyda ixúOdkj, M,odhs;djfha j¾Okhg
kdhl;aj idOlh ;SrKd;aul f,i n,mdkq ,nhs' kdhlhd
jgd ld¾h uKav,h f.dkq fjñka Tyqf.a Wmfoia yd u`.
fmkaùï u; M,odhs;d j¾Ok jevms<sfj<j,a l%shd;aul ùu
y`ÿkd.; yels h' ish,a, kdhlhd jgd flakaø.; ùu ksid
Tyqf.ka miqj fyda ;udf.a wëËKh hgf;a fojk fm<
kdhlhl=f.ka ixúOdkfha M,odhs;d jevigykaj,g
kdhl;ajh ,ndÈh hq;af;a flfia o hkak ms<snò wjOdkhla
fhduqùu fndfyda úg y`ÿkd.; fkdyels ;rï h' úY%du
.ekSï" ia:dkudreùï hk fya;+ka u; kdhl;ajh fjkiajk
úg fojk fm<w kdhlhl=g wjYH fmryqrejla fkd,eîfï
fya;+fjka M,odhs;dj wvmk ù hdu j,lajd .; fkdyels
h'
III. kdhl;aj fjkiaùï

úfYaIfhka rdcH wxYfha fndfyda ixúOdk ia:dk udreùï
iys; fiajdjkaf.ka iukaú; jk fyhska fuf,i fjkiaùï
o M,odhs;djg wys;lr f,i n,mdk nj y`ÿkd.; yels h'
kj kdhl;ajhg m;ajQ ;eke;a;d tf;la f.dv k`.d we;s
M,odhs;d j¾Okhka bÈßhg f.k hdu ms<snò Wkkaÿjla"
wjYH;djla fkdue;af;a kï th o M,odhs;d j¾Okhg
wys;lr f,i n,mdkq ,nhs'
IV. ld¾h uKav,hg m%;s,dN ,efnk l%u ilia fkdùu
w;am;a lr.;a by< uÜgu wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdu
iòyd ld¾h uKav,fha lemùu" Wkkaÿj w;sYhska jeo.;a
fõ' fulS odhl;ajh wLKav j ,nd.ekSu iòyd Tjqka

wNsfm%arKh lsÍfï úêu;a l%fudamdhka ilia ù fkd;sîu o
;sridr M,odhs;d ixj¾Okhg ndOdldÍ fjhs'
fuu W!k;djka iy ÿ¾j,;d bj;a fldg ;sridr M,odhs;d

ixj¾Okhla iòyd fhda.H rduqjla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu wjYH jkq
we;' fï iòyd jq fhdað; rduqj my; wx.j,ska iukaú; fõ'
 w.%.KH l<ukdldß;aj lemùu

by< M,odhs;djla m%j¾Okh iy ueÈy;aùu'
,nd.ekSu iòyd
Promotion  ixúOdk jHqyh wjYH mßÈ ilia
fhda.H mokula lr .ekSu'
oeóu'
 oekqj;a lsÍu ;=<ska M,odhs;dj
ms<snò ld¾h uKav,hg
wjfndaOhla ,nd§u'
by< uÜgfï M,odhs;djfhka hq;= jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu ie,iqï lsÍu P

ixúOdkhla njg m;aùu' Improvement l%shd;aul lsÍu D
mßËd lsÍu C
wjYH mshjr .ekSu A
by< M,odhs;djla ròjd ;sridrnj M,odhs;dj ueKSu'

.ekSu' Sustenance m%;s,dN fnod .ekSu
ie,iqï m%;sfYdaOkh

m%j¾Okh (Promotion)
M,odhs;dj j¾Okfha § ixúOdkfha by< l<ukdldß;ajfha lemùu

iy ueÈy;aùu w;sYhska jeo.;a idOlhls' tfuka u M,odhs;dj
uekúka yiqrjd .ekSug fhda.H ixúOdk jHqyhla o f.dvk`.d .ekSu
wjYH fõ' M,odhs;dj ms<snò ixúOdkfha ish¨ udkj iïm;a oekqj;a
lr,Sug o w;HjYH uQ,l
s wjYH;djls' fï ;=<ska ixúOdkfha M,odhs;d
m%j¾Okh iòyd ukd wä;d,ula oud.; yels jkq we;'
jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu

Improvement
fuys§ PDCA pl%h fhdod .ekSu wjYH fõ' ta wkqj"
I. ie,iqï lsÍu - Plan - mj;akd M,odhs;dj wOHhkh lr

th j¾Okh iòyd Wmdh ud¾. ieliSu'
II. l%shd;aul lsÍu - Do – ilialr .;a ie,iqï l%shd;aul

lsÍfï §"
^w'& ld¾h uKav, iy l<ukdldß;ajh iu`. ukd iïnkaO;djla

f.dvke`.Su'
^wd&' ld¾h uKav, mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh .ek wjYH úê úOdk fh§u'
^we&' ixúOdkfha ish¨ ld¾hhkag .=Kd;aul l<ukdlrKhla wdfoaY
lsÍu'
^b&' ;;a;aj md,k lj$ M,odhs;d j¾Ok lj odhl lr.ekSu hk
lreKq ms<snòj l<ukdldß;ajfha wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;= h'

III. mßËdlsÍu (Check)
fuys§ ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajh M,odhs;dj w.ehSu ms<snòj wjOdkh

fhduql< hq;= fõ' iuia; ixúOdkfha M,odhs;dj" fomd¾;fïka;=" wxY
jYfhka M,odhs;dj w.ehSulg (Evaluate) ,la fldg j¾Okhka"
miqnEï y`ÿkd.; hq;= h'
IV. wjYH lghq;=lsÍu (Action)
w.ehSu ;=<ska y`ÿkd.kq ,enqfha j¾OkSh ;;a;ajhla kï th by<

uÜgulska ;jÿrg;a mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH lghq;= l< hq;= h'
ÿ¾j,;d yd miqnEï y`ÿkd.kq ,enqfha kï tajd bj;a fldg M,odhs;d
j¾Okh we;slr,Sug wjYH mshjr .; hq;= fõ'
;sridr;ajh (Sustenance)
M,odhs;dj wLKav j by< uÜgulska mj;ajdf.k hdu ms<snòj

ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajh iEu úg u wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=
ldrKhls' kdhl;ajfha fjkiaùï ksid fyda Wkkaÿ ySkùu ksid fyda
M,odhs;dj miqnEïj,g ,laúh yels fyhska fufia wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
iy Bg wjYH m%;sl¾u fh§u ;sridr;ajh iòyd w;HjYH fõ' fuys§
ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajh úiska bgq l< hq;= ld¾hhka lsysmhls'

I. M,odhs;dj uekSfï l%u
(Productivity Mesurment System)
M,odhs;dj uekSu yd Bg iïnkaê; úúO me;slv ms<snò ukd

wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels fõ' m%d.aOk M,odhs;dj" Y%u M,odhs;dj" n,
iïm;a M,odhs;dj" øjH M,odhs;dj jYfhka úúO fËa;%hkaf.a
M,odhs;dj uek ne,Sug yd Bg wod< m%;sl¾u fj; fhduqùug w;sYhska
jeo.;a fõ'
II. m%udKd;aul j uekSu (Quantitative Mesurement)
ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla ;=< § ,nd.;a ksuejqï m%udKh flf;la o hkak

.Kkh lsÍu o M,odhs;dj wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH fõ'
fuf,i m%udKd;aul j uek n,d iEySug m;aúh yels m%udKhla o
hkak ms<snò mÍËdldÍ úh yels h' ksujqu miq.sh j¾Ij,g idfmaË
j fjkia ù we;af;a flfia o@ miqnEï fyda j¾OkSh ;;a;ajhka fmkakqï
lrhs o@ jYfhka y`ÿkdf.k wjYH m%;sl¾u fh§ug l<ukdldß;ajhg
yelshdj ,efí' ksoiqkla f,i m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,hl j¾Ihla ;=<
ksl=;a lrk ,o n,m;% ixLHdj u; wod< wxYfha M,odhs;dj flfia o
hkak .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels fõ'
III. .=Kd;aul w.ehSu ( Qualitative Assessment)
ixúOdkhla úiska imhkq ,nk ksIamdok NdKav fyda fiajdjkaf.a

.=Kd;aul nj w.ehSu o ;srir M,odhs;djla mj;ajdf.k hdug bjy,a
fõ' fï iòyd l<ukdldß;ajhg fhÈh yels Wmdh ud¾.hka fndfyda
h' .=Kd;aul l<ukdlrK tall msysgqùu" fiajd,dNSkaf.a
m%;spdr^jdÑl$,sÅ;& ,nd.ekSu" iïu; m%ñ;Skag wkql+, j

ksIamdok$fiajd iemhqu isÿlrk njg j.n,d .ekSu' ld¾h uKav,
.=Kd;aul ksuejqï ,nd§ug Wkkaÿ lrùu tjeks Wmdh ud¾. lsysmhls'
IV. M,odhs;d m%;s,dN fnod .ekSfï l%ufõohla we;s lsÍu

(Productivity Gain sharing Plan)
by< M,odhs;djla ,nd.ekSug odhljk ld¾h uKav,hg tlS lemùu

iòyd m%;s,dNhla ,efnk l%u ms<snò l<ukdldß;ajh wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;= fõ' fuys§ uQ,Huh m%;s,dN fyda fiajdfõ Wiiaùï" ms<s.ekSï
jeks Wmdh ud¾. m%;s,dN fnod.ekSfï l%uhg iïnkaO lr,Sug
yelsjkq we;'
V. l%shd;aul ie,iqï m%udKj;a ld,hla ;=< § m%;sfYdaOkh

lsÍu
M,odhs;d j¾Ok wruqKq iòyd ms<sfh, lrkq ,nk l%shd;aul ie,iqï

ksYaÑ; ld,hla f.jqq miqj w.ehSulg ,la fldg wjYH m%;sfYdaOkhka
isÿlr hdj;a ld,Sk l< hq;= fõ'
ixúOdkfha M,odhs;dj wLKav j¾Okhlska hq;= j mj;ajdf.k hdu

iòyd by; iòyka Wmdh ud¾.hka w;=ßka fhda.H l%u fhdod.ekSu
ms<snòj l<ukdldß;ajfha wjOdkh fhduqùu jeo.;a jkq we;'

mßYsIagh
msgq wxl
01' M,odhs;d iïudk wh`ÿïm;%h iïmq¾KlsÍu iòyd jQ

w;aje,'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 95 - 97
02' nqoaê l,ïNkfha § wkq.ukh l< hq;= mshjrhka''''' 97 - 100
03' fya;=M, igyka úYaf,aIKfha mshjrhka'''''''''' 100 - 103
04' merfgda úYaf,aIKfha mshjrhka''''''' 104 - 109

mßYsIagh 1
M,odhs;d iïudk wh`ÿïm;%h iïmQ¾K lsÍu iòyd jQ w;aje,
fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh M,odhs;d iïudk iòyd fhduqjk rdcH

wxYfha ixúOdk úiska bosßm;a l< hq;= wh`ÿïm;%h iïmq¾KlsÍu msKsi
wjYH uQ,l
s u`. fmkaùula o jkq we;' wh`ÿïm;%hg we;=<;a l, hq;=
w;HjYH f;dr;=rej,g wod< úIh lreKq fuys idlÉPd lr we;s w;r
mßYS,k myiqj iòyd Bg wod< msgq wxl fuys my; olajd we;'
tfukau fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh wh`ÿïm;%fha iòyka ish¨ lreKq
yd úIhkag wod< mßmQ¾K Wmfoia ud,djla fkdjk nj o i,lkak'
wh`ÿïm;%fha iòyka ud;Dld ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfha msgq wxl
01' kdhl;ajh
I. kdhl;aj odhl;ajh 02
II. oelau 02 - 03
III. fufyjr 03 - 04
IV. w.hka 04
V. wruqKQ 04 -05
VI. b,lal 05
VII. Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqu 06
VIII. Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqï l%shdj,sfha mshjrhka 07 - 09
IX. l%shd;aul ie,iqu 09 - 10

02' n,odhlhka
2'1 mßirh 34
I. ndysr yd wNHka;r mßirh 34 - 35
II. mxpúO (5S) ixl,amh 37 - 38
III. fiajd,dNSkaf.a myiqj yd úYajdih Èkd.ekSfï
ls%hdud¾. - fiajd,dNS m%{ma;sh 22
2'2 ld¾h uKav,h
I. /lshd úia;rh 12 - 13
II. ld¾h idOk w.ehqu 14
III. ld¾hd, w;afmd;a$l%shdj,s ix.%y
(Work Manual/Process Manual) 19 - 20
IV. ld¾h uKav,fha woyia ,nd .ekSfï l%ufõo
(Staff Suggestion) 27
V. fiajl ÿla.ekú,s 16-17

VI. ld¾h uKav, yelshdjka" oË;djka yd ks¾udKYs,s;ajh
y`ÿkd .ekSu
2'3 udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh
I. ld¾h uKav, mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh 15

II. fiajl wNsfm%arKh 15 - 16
III. fiajlhska úiska M,odhs;dj by< kexùu iòyd Ndú; lrk
l%ufõo" kHdhka yd ñkqï ovq
IV. wdh;kfha l%shd;aul jk lj
V. yß; M,odhs;dj 40 - 41

3' l%shdj,s jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu'
I. l%shdj,Ska iy fiajd,dNSka iòyd imhk fiajdjka jeä ÈhqKq

lsÍu
l%shdj,Ska ir, lsßu
II. w.h tl;= lsÍu (Value Added)
4' fiajd,dNS ;Dma;sh uekSu iòyd Ndú; lrk o¾Yl

mßYsIagh 2
nqoaê l,ïNkfha mshjrhka
I. lj $ lKavdhï kdhlhdf.a uÕ fmkaùu u; nqoaê

l,ïNkh i|yd fhda.H úIhlaa" ud;Dldjla fyda .eg`Mjla
f;dard.ekSu'
II. idlÉPdjg iïnkaO jk iEu mqoa.,hl=g u úIh" ud;Dldj

fyda .eg¨j meyeÈ,s j wjfndaO lr .ekSu wjYH fõ'
fuys§ lj kdhl tA .ek meyeÈ,slsÍula l< hq;= fõ'
III. wk;=rej iEu mqoa.,hl=g u wjia:djla ,efnk mßÈ

m%ia;=; úIh fyda .eg¨j .ek tla jdrhl § tla woyi$
fhdackdj ne.ska bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,efí' wod<
idudðlhd iqÞkï fkdue;s kï B<Õ ;eke;a;dg tu
wjia:dj ,ndÈh hq;= h'
IV. lKavdhï kdhlhd úiska bÈßm;a jk ish¨ woyia tA

wdldrfhka u wkHhkag fmfkk fia igyka l< hq;= h' ^fï
ksid kej; kej; tl u lreKq bÈßm;aùu j,lajd .;
yels fõ'&
V. kdhlhdg o ;u woyia bÈßm;alsÍug wjia:djla ,efí'

VI. ¶ú,ïNS;¶ (While Ideas) woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug kdhlhd
úiska idudðlhka úiska Wkkaÿ l< hq;= h'
VII. nqoaê l,ïNkh ieisfha § bÈßm;a jk woyia úfõpkh

lsÍfuka je,lS isàu iEu idudðlhl=f.au j.lSuls'
VIII. úúO woyia bÈßm;ajk úg lKavdula f,i iskdiSu yd

i;=gqùu hym;a jqj o tf,i iskdiSug ,lal< hq;af;a
woyfia we;s ydiHcklNdjhg ñi bÈßm;a l< mqoa.,hdg
fkd fõ'
IX. lKavdhfï idudðlhka m%ia;=; .eg¨j fyda úIh ms<sn|j

¶;jÿrg;a woyia fyda úi÷ï bÈßm;a lsÍug fkdue;s h'˜
hk iSudj olajd jg lsysmhlska nqoaê l,ïNkh l, yels
fõ'
X. ieish wjidkfha È nqoaê l,ïnkfha § bÈßm;a jQ woyia

tldnoaOlsÍu yd jeä ÈhqKqlsÍu iòyd kej;;a iduqysl j
idldÉcd fldg wjika ks.ukhg t<ôh hq;= h'
XI. f;dard.;a jeo.;a u úi`ÿï fhdackd m%dfhda.SslrKh iòyd

l<ukdldß;ajh fj; fhduq lsÍu'
nqoaê l,ïNkh iòyd WÑ; ud;Dld

 ir, yd myiqfjka y`ÿkd.; yels m%Yak .eg¨
 wjYH ±kqu yd o;a; myiqfjka imhd .; yels m%Yak
.eg¨¨

 tl m%Yakhla ksid fjk;a w;=re m%Yak rdYshla -we;s l,
yels m%Yak
 kj;u úIh ka
nqoaê l,ïNkh iòyd WÑ; fkdjk ud;Dld
 ms<s;=re b;d wvq .Kkla we;s m%Yak

 úiòSu i|yd by< ks, n,hla wjYH m%Yak
 úiòSu i|yd jD;a;Sh fyda ;dËKsl úfYaI ±kqula wjYH
m%Yak

mßYsIagh 3
fya;=M, igyka úYaf,aIKfha mshjrhka
I mshjr
fya;=M, úYaf,aIKh iòyd fhdod .kakd m%Yakh$.eg¨j fyda w¾nqoldÍ

;;a;ajh meyeÈ,sj y`ÿkd.ekSu - th úYaf,aIK myiqj iòyd igyka
lr.; hq;= h' WodyrKhla f,i ixúOdkhla úiska imhkq ,nk
“fiajdjka iemhSfï m%udoh” M,hla" m%;sM,hla ke;fyd;a m%Yakhla
f,i y`ÿkd.; yels h' th fufia igyka lr.; yels fõ'
fiajdjka iemhSfï m%udoh
II mshjr
fuu mshjf¾ § by; y`ÿkd.;a" M,hg ke;fyd;a .eg¨jg n,mEï

t,a,lrkq ,nk m%Odk;u uq,hka (Source) ljf¾oehs y`ÿkd.; hq;=
fõ' uq,hka fndfyduhla u y`ÿkd.; yels jqjo wjOdkh fhduq úh
hq;af;a m%Odk uQ,hka fj; muKs' fuu uQ,hkag wfkl=;a ish¨ fya;= iy
wkqfya;=ka iïnkaO ksid;a úYaf,aIK myiqj iòyd;a fuf,i m%Odk
uQ,hka y`ÿkd.ekSu m%udKj;a fõ'

WodyrK
l%u iy úê ld¾h uKav,h
fiajdjka
iemhSfï m%udoh
kdhl;ajh wNsfm%arK l%u
fï wkqj —fiajd iemhSfï m%udoh˜ kue;s M,hg n,mdk m%Odk uQ,hka

f,i kdhl;ajh" wNsfm%arK l%u" ld¾h uKav,h" l%u iy úê
y`ÿkdf.k we;' fulS uQ,hka fiajd iemhSfï m%udohg m%Odk jYfhka
n,mdk idOl f,i fuys§ i,ld we;' úYaf,aIKfha § wjYH kï
fjk;a wdldrhl uQ,hka o y`ÿkd.; yels fõ' WodyrKhla f,i
ixúOdk mßirh" foaYmd,k n,mEï jYfhka úúO uQ,hka y`ÿkd.;
yelsjkq we;'
III mshjr
fuu mshjf¾ § m%Odk uQ,hkag iïnkaê; fya;+ka (Causes) ljf¾oehs

y`ÿkd.efka' fï iòyd lKavdhï idudðlhkaf.a odhl;ajh jvd;a
jeo.;a fõ' by; WodyrKhg wkqj —fiajd iemhSfï m%udoh˜ n,mdk
fya;+ka fufia y`ÿkd.; yels jkq we;'

IV mshjr
fuf;la y`ÿkd.kakd ,o fya;=j,g iïnkaê; Wm fya;=ka (Sub – Sub

Causes) y`ÿkd.ekSu fuu mshjf¾ oS isÿlrhs' WodyrKhla f,i III
mshjr hgf;a —ld¾h uKav,h˜ hk uQ,hg iïnkaê; j y`ÿkd.;a —
iDkd;aul wdl,am” j,g n,mdk Wm fya;=jla f,i —ld¾hhka ms<snò
ksis wjfndaOhla fkdue;slu˜ y`ÿkd.; yelsjkq we;' ;jÿrg;a i,ld
ne,Sfï § Bg iïnkaê; Wmfya;=jla f,i —ksis mqyqKqjla ,nd fkd;sîu˜
hkak y`ÿkd.; yelsjkq we;' fuf,i m%Odk uQ,hkag iïnkaê;
fya;=ka - Wm fya;=ka yels ;rï ÿrg úuidne,Su id¾:l úi`ÿï fj;
<.dùug Wmldß jkq we;' b;d l=vd fya;=j olajd úldYkh jkakg
yelsjkafka kï úYaf,aIKh id¾:l fõ' —ksis mqyqKqjla ,nd fkd;sîu˜
hk fya;=j —fiajdjka iemhSfï m%udoh˜ g n,mdk fya;=jla f,i
úYaf,aIKhl § y`ÿkd.efkk úg ta iòyd fhda.H mqyqKqjla ,nd§u
iòyd fhdackdjla bÈßm;a l< yels fõ'
fujeks úYaf,aIKhla u; ;u fhdackd woyia lKavdhu úiska bÈßm;a

lrk úgl wod< .eg¨j id¾:l f,i úi`§ug wjYH ;¾ldkql+, u`.
fmkaùu ta ;=<ska l<ukdldß;ajhg ,efí'

mßYsIagh 4
merfgda igyk ks¾udKh lsßfï mshjrhka
I mshjr
o;a; /ialsÍu - merfgda úYaf,aIKh fhdod.ekSu woyia lrk

ldrKhg fyda úIhg wod< o;a; tla/ia lr.ekSu wdrïNl mshjrhs'
fuys§ lsishï ksYaÑ; ld,iSudjla iòyd muKla ûdi 6 la fyda
j¾Ihla jeks& o;a; /ialr.ekSu wjYH fõ' WodyrKhla f,i
M,odhs;d j¾Okh iòyd ixúOdkhl iïm;a kdia;sh" fiajd,dNS
meñKs,"s ixúOdk l%shdj,sfha wld¾hËu;dj jeks úIh fËa;%hkag
wod< o;a; tla/ia lr.; yels fõ' meñKs,s yd fhdackd fmÜá u`.ska
m%Yakdj,shla fyda ióËKhla jeks l%u u.ska o;a; tla /ialr.;
yelsjkq we;'
II mshjr
o;a; j¾. lsÍu iy f;dr;=re tla/ia lr.ekSu iòyd wdfõËK

m;%hlg (Tally Sheet) ilia lr .ekSu'
o;a; l%udkql+, j tla /ialr.ekSug Ndú; lrk wdlD;s m;%h fï

kñka ye`Èkafõ'
ksoiqkla f,i m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,hl ;nd we;s fhdackd yd
meñKs,s fmÜáhg udi 03 l ld,hl § fiajd,dNSkaf.ka ,enqK meñKs,s

j¾. fldg f;dr;=re igyka lr.ekSug ilia lrkq ,nk wdfõËK
m;%hl wdlD;s my; iòyka mßÈ fõ'
wdfõËK m;%h
meñKs,af,a meñKs,s j¾.h meñKs,s ixLHj uq`M meñKs,s

ixfla; wËrh
tl;=j
III mshjr
o;a;" f;dr;=re wdfõËK m;%hg we;=<;a lsÍu B<`. mshjrhhs' tla

tla j¾.h ^fË;%h& hgf;a ,nd.;a f;dr;=re wdfõËK m;%hg
we;=<;a lsÍu fï hgf;a isÿflf¾' by; WodyrKhg wkqj m%dfoaYSsh
f,alï ld¾hd,fha fhdackd yd meñKs,s fmÜáfha wka;¾.; j ;snQ
meñKs,s 131 my; oelafjk mßÈ wdfõËK m;%hg we;=<;a l< yels
fõ'

meñKs,af,a meñKs,s j¾.h meñKs,s ixLHdj uq`M tl;=j
ixfla;h
A tjk ,sms iòyd //// //// 37
m%;spdr ////
fkdoelaùu //// //// ////
////
//
D ,s
h ú,s yd //// //// 20
,smfs .dkq wia:dk ////
.;ùu ////
B ks , OdÍka //// //// 17
wldreKsl ùu ////
//
C w,a,ia wfmaËdj //// //// 25
////
//// ////
G wdikfha /`§ //// //// 10
fkdisàu
F idjoH f;dr;=re //// // 07
iemhSu
G ;SrK .ekSfï //// //// //// 15
m%udoh
IV mshjr
wfõËK m;%fha igyka lr.;a f;dr;=re ;=<ska merfgda igyk

ks¾udKh lsßu iòyd j.=jla ilia lr.ekSu fuu mshjf¾ § isÿflf¾'
fuys§ —jeäu˜ meñKs,s ixLHdfõ isg —wvqu˜ w.hla .kakd meñKs,s

ixLHdj olajd igyka lr .ekSu wjYH fõ' meñKs,s ixLHdj j.=fõ
olajkq ,nkafka
—ixLHd;h˜ f,isks'
meñKs,af,a ixLHd;h iuqÉÑ; m%;sY;h iuqÉÑ;

ixfla;h ixLHdkh m%;sY;h
A 37 37 29 29
D 25 62 19 48
B 20 82 15 63
C 17 99 13 76
G 15 114 11 87
E 10 124 08 95
F 07 131 05 100
V mshjr
merfgda igyk ks¾udKh lsÍu fuu mshjf¾ § isÿflf¾' w`Èkq ,nk

m%ia:drh ;sria iy isria wË my; w.hka oelaùug fhdod .efka'
^w&' ;sria wËh u`.ska idOl .eg¨ fyda m%Yak oelafjk ixfla;
wËr igyka lrk w;r"
^wd&' m%ia;drfha jï isria odrfha Wmßu iuqÉÑ; ixLHdkh o ol=Kq

isria odrfha m%;sY;h ^0]- 100]& o i,l=Kq flf¾'
wk;=rej ;Sre igyk yd iuqÉÑ; f¾Ldj we`§fuka merfgda igyk

iïmQ¾K flf¾'

merfgda igyk
fuf,i ks¾udKh lrk ,o merfgda igyk mÍËdlsÍfuka jeäu

wjOdkhla fhduql< hq;= meñKs,,
a fyda meñKs,s ljf¾ o hkak;a tajd
úi`§u ;=<ska iuia; .eg¨j,ska fldmuK m%udKhlska îshhg .Kkla&
úi`Èh yels o hkak;a y`ÿkd.; yels fõ' by; WodyrKhg wkqj —
,smj
s ,g m%;spdr fkdoelaùu˜ iy —w,a,ia wfmaËdj ˜ hk meñKs,s
folg wjYH m%;sl¾u fh§fuka iuia; .eg¨fõ 48] la úi`§ug
yelshdjla we;s nj y`ÿkd.; yels h' ,smf
s .dkq wia:dk .;ùu hk
.eg¨j úi`§ug" tkï m%Yak 03 la muKla úi`§ug wjYH mshjr .kq
,nkafka kï ta ;=<ska iuia; .eg¨fõ 63] la úi`§ug yelshdj we;s
nj fmfka'

fujeks úYaf,aIKhla ;=<ska lKavdhfï idudðlhka ;u fhdackd iy
woyia l<ukdldß;ajh fj; bosßm;a lrk úg ta ;=<ska jvd;a ksjeros
tfukau ;¾ldkql+, ks.ukhkag t<öug yelshdj ,efí'

mßYSs,khka
01. Productivity Concepts & Value Added Mesurments

National Productivity Board, Singapore.
02. Productivity Concepts & Practices

D.S. Thoradeniya
03. The ABC of QCC

National Productivity Board, Singapore.
04. Value Added Productivity Measurment & its Practical

Application
Japan productivity Centre for Socio – Economic
Development

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1 jk mßÉfþoh

ixúOdk M,odhs;dj iy tys wjYH;dj

ksuejqï f,i ksIamdok NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ,ndfoñka

fuu iólrKh ;=<ska ,efnk m%;sM,h l<ukdldß;ajhg fukau

ixúOdkhla" fiajdjka yd ksIamdok NdKav ld¾hËuj;a" iM,odhsj;a

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 1

ixúOdkhl M,odhs;dj j¾Okh lr,Su jql,s wxY lsysmhl

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 2

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Okfhays ,d kdhl;ajh w;sYhska u ;SrKd;aul

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 3

ixúOdk l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn`o wkd.; isyskh oelau f,i y`ÿkd.;

I. yr ixl,am (Core Ideology)

ixúOdkh mj;skafka l=ula i`oyd o hkak olajkqfha —yr ixl,amh˜

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 4

fuf,i oelaúh yels fõ' —ÿ.SNdjfhka f;dr f,dalhla˜

(A World without poverty)

II. uyck;djf.a mßmd,k wjYH;djka bgqlrk rdcH

wdh;khla f,i m`vqjiakqjr kef`.kysr m%dfoaYsh f,alï

ld¾hd,fha oelau m%ldYh fufia h'

—;sridr ixj¾Okh ;=<ska wdo¾Yu;a m%dfoaYsSh f,alï

III. cd;sl M,odhs;d f,alï ld¾hd,fha oelau m%ldYh fufia h'

"—2016 jk úg wdishdfõ úYsIag;u M,odhs;d m%j¾Ok

1(2' fufyjr (Mission )

ixúOdkhla ta yd iudk fjk;a ixúOdkhlska fjkalr oelafjk

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 5

iM,j;a fufyjr m%ldYhl wka;¾.; úhhq;= Wmudkhka (Criterias)

I. wm lrkqfha l=ula o@ wm th l< hq;af;a l=ula ksid o@ iy

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 6

I. —rcfha m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+, j fiajd ie,iSu" iïm;a

II. "Y%S ,xldfõ M,odhs;dj m%j¾Okh lsÍfuka cd;Hka;r

III. rdcH m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+, j fiajd iemhSu" iïm;a

1(3' w.hka ^Values)

w.hka ke;fyd;a jákdlï f,i ie,flkafka ixúOdkh ;u ld¾hhka

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 7

I. —mqfrda.dñhd f,i" wka wh wkqukh fkd lrñka" tfy;a

ixúOdkhla úiska <`.d lr.ekSug wfmaËd lrkakd jQ m%Odk ld¾hhka

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 8

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 9

ixúOdkhlg iydh ld¾huKav,fha (Support Service) odhl;ajh

ixúOdk l<ukdldß;ajh" ixúOdkfha úúO uÜgï ksfhdackh lrk

fï wkqj ixúOdkhl l%shdldrlï bgqlr,Su ;=<ska b,lal idOkhg

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 10

ixúOdkhla úiska mßirhg wkq.; fjñka yd iSñ; iïm;a ld¾hËu

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 11

Wmdhud¾.sl ie,iqï l%shdj,sh my; i`oyka m%Odk mshjrhkaf.ka

I. oelau iy fufyjr ia:dms; lsÍu

I. ixúOdk oelau fufyjr ia:dms; lsÍu - (Define the

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 12

fuhska woyia lrkqfha ixúOdkh úiska È.=ld,Sk j <`.d

III. mßir úYaf,aIKh (Environment Analysis)

WmdhYS,s wruqKq idOkh lr.; hq;=jkafka mßirh ;=<

^w'& — Yÿw;˜ úYaf,aIKh (SWOT Analysis)

wruqKq idOkh i`oyd ixúOdkfha wNHka;rfha mj;akd Yla;Ska

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 13

^wd'& —tmsiafg,a˜ úYaf,aIKh (EPISTEL Analysis)

fuu mdßißl idOl ixúOdkhg flfia n,mdkq ,nkafka o hkak yd

IV. Wmdhud¾. ;SrKh ^f;dard.ekSu& (Decide Strategies)

by; úYaf,aIKhka isÿlsÍfuka wk;=rej ixúOdkfha ld¾h idOkh

fuys§ ixúOdk oelau iy fufyjr .ek úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrñka

ixúOdk M,odhs;d j¾Ok ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh - rdcH wxYh Page 14

V. ie,iqu ieliSu$ixj¾Okh (Develop the Plan)

;SrKh lrkakd jq Wmdhud¾. ;=<ska ixúOdk wruqKq fukau fufyjr