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Sizing Ingredients Assignment
Sizing Ingredients Assignment
other material, especially papers and textiles, as a protecting filler or glaze. Sizing is used in
papermaking and textile manufacturing to change the absorption and wear characteristics of
those materials; it is used as a surface preparation for gilding; and it is used by painters and
artists to prepare paper and textile surfaces for some art techniques.
Sizing also refers to the process of including or applying the substance
Papermaking
Sizing is used during paper manufacture in order to reduce the paper's tendency when dry to
absorb liquid, with the goal of allowing inks and paints to remain on the surface of the paper, and
to dry there rather than be absorbed into the paper. This provides a more consistent, economical,
and precise printing, painting, and writing surface. This is achieved by curbing the paper fibers'
tendency to absorb liquids by capillary action. In addition, sizing affects abrasiveness,
creasibility, finish, printability, smoothness, and surface bond strength and decreases surface
porosity and fuzzing.
There are three categories of papers with respect to sizing: unsized (water-leaf), weak sized
(slack sized), and strong sized (hard sized). Waterleaf has low water resistance and includes
absorbent papers for blotting. Slack sized paper is somewhat absorbent and includes newsprint,
while hard sized papers have the highest water resistance, such as coated fine papers and liquid
packaging board.
There are two types of sizing: internal sizing, sometimes also called engine sizing, and surface
sizing (tub sizing). Internal sizing is applied to almost all papers and especially to all those that
are machine made, while surface sizing is added for the highest grade bond, ledger, and writing
papers.
[edit] Surface sizing
Surface sizing solutions consists of mainly modified starches or sometime other hydrocolloid as
gelatine and a surface sizing agent such as AKD or acrylic co-polymers. Surface sizing agents
are amphipathic molecules, having both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-
repelling) ends. The sizing agent covers the cellulose and forms a film, with the hydrophilic tail
facing the fiber and the hydrophobic tail facing outwards. This creates a water-repellent
situation. Sizing improves the surface strength, printability, and water resistance of the paper
surface. In the sizing solution, optical brightening agents (OBA) may also be added to improve
the opacity and whiteness of the paper surface.
[edit] Internal sizing
Main article: Wet strength
Internal sizing chemicals used in papermaking at the wet end are ASA, AKD and rosin. By
making the paper web more hydrophobic, the sizing agents influence dewatering and retention of
fillers and fibers in the paper sheet. Next to paper quality, internal sizing agents' main effect is on
runability of the paper machine.
[edit] Preservation Related Issues
As the process of sizing had and has the intent of making the paper suitable for printing, it would
seem slightly ironic that some processes of sizing would make printing paper a problem for the
continued existence of that paper and those who would preserve them. Sizing processes started
early on in the paper making processes, with historians citing that items, such as starch, were
early sizing agents used on paper.[1] Dard Hunter in Papermaking through Eighteen Centuries
corroborates this by writing, “The Chinese used starch as a size for paper as early as A.D. 768
and its use continued until the fourteenth century when animal glue was substituted.” [2] In the
early modern paper mills in Europe, which produced paper for printing and other uses, the sizing
agent of choice was gelatin, as Susan Swartzburg writes in Preserving Library Materials':
“Various substances have been used for sizing through the ages, from gypsum to animal gelatin.”
[3]
Hunter describes the process of sizing in these paper mills in the following:
The drying completed, the old papermakers dipped their paper into an animal size that had been made
from the parings of hides, which they procured from the parchment-makers. It was necessary to size that
paper so that it would be impervious to ink, but sizing was more needed in writing than in printing papers.
Many books of the fifteenth century were printed upon paper that had not been sized, this extra treatment
not being essential for a type impression. The sizing was accomplished by a worker holding a number of
sheets by the aid of two wooden sticks, and dipping the paper into the warm gelatinous liquid. The sheets
were then pressed to extract the superfluous gelatine. This crude method of sizing the paper was
extremely wasteful as many sheets were torn and bruised beyond use. The sizing room of the early paper
mills, was, for this reason, known as the ‘slaughter-house.’[4]
With the advent of the mass production of paper, the type of size used for paper production also
changed. As Swartzburg writes, “By 1850 rosin size had come into use. Unfortunately, it
produces a chemical action that hastens the decomposition of even the finest papers.” [5] In the
field of library preservation it is known “that acid hydrolysis of cellulose and related carbo-
hydrates [sic] is one of the key factors responsible for the degradation of paper during ageing.” [6]
Some recent professional work has focused on the specific in the degradation involved in the
deterioration of paper that has had a rosin sizing process, and what amount of rosin affects the
deterioration process,[7] in addition to work on developing permanent paper and sizing agents that
will not eventually destroy the paper.[8] An issue on the periphery to the preservation of paper
and sizing, is washing, which is described by V. Daniels and J. Kosek as, “The removal of
discolouration ... in water is principally effected by the dissolution of water-soluble material; this
is usually done by immersing paper in water.”[9] In such a process, surface level items applied to
the paper, such as size in early paper making processes as seen above, have the possibility of
being removed from the paper, which might have some item specific interest in a special
collections library. With later processes in paper making being more akin to “engine sizing,” as
H. Hardman and E. J. Cole describe it, “Engine sizing, with is part of the manufacturing process,
has the ingredients added to the furnish or stock prior to sheet formation,”[10] the concern for the
removal of size is less, and as such, most literature focuses on the more pressing issue of
preserving acidic papers and similar issues.
[edit] Gilding
Sizing is applied to surfaces before gilding in order to remove small surface imperfections that
would otherwise be highlighted by the very thin metal used.
[edit] Textile warp sizing
Sizing of the warp yarn is essential to reduce breakage of the yarn and thus production stops on
the weaving machine. On the weaving machine, the warp yarns are subjected to several types of
actions i.e. cyclic strain, flexing, abrasion at various loom parts and inter yarn friction.
With sizing the strength - abrasion resistance - of the yarn will improve and the hairiness of yarn
will decrease. The degree of improvement of strength depends on adhesion force between fiber
and size, size penetration as well as encapsulation of yarn. Different types of water soluble
polymers called textile sizing agents/chemicals such as modified starch, polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), acrylates are used to protect the yarn. Also wax is
added to reduce the abrasiveness of the warp yarns. The type of yarn material e.g. cotton,
polyester,linen,... the thickness of the yarn, type of weaving machinery will determine the sizing
recipe.
The sizing liquor is applied on warp yarn with a warp sizing machine. After the weaving process
the fabric is desized (washed).
[edit] See also
• Preservation (library and archival science)
• Acid-free paper
• Textile manufacturing
Reference:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizing
AVEBE is a global provider of potato starch based chemicals for the textile industry. We
create modified starches for warp yarn sizing.
AVEBE markets a wide range of starch based products and chemicals that are widely used in the
textile industry. With our worldwide network of sales representatives we are able to meet our
customers' specific needs.
Dedication to the textile industry
Our starch derivatives are used in warp yarn sizing. AVEBE's target is to optimise customer’s
production by combining high-quality ingredients with a thorough know-how of the
manufacturing process. Our application specialists can give you the optimum advice.
Advocating an integral approach
Whether seeking ways to improve quality, cut costs, or reduce environmental impact, we always
focus on manufacturing processes as a whole.
Potato starch derivatives from AVEBE
The characteristics of AVEBE’s sizing agents are: purity, constant quality and short cooking
time (20 minutes). Because of this characteristics our product are used worldwide for many
years.
reference
http://www.avebe.com/textile/
SIZING
Our comprehensive range of sizing chemicals contains various types of chemical compounds such as
polycerylate, specific wax emulsion, specific anionic surfactant etc. Largely used in sizing industries, these
sizing additives are manufactured in both anionic and nonionic nature. They can be availed from us at
affordable rates.
Send Enquiry
TEXTILE
We are one amongst the reliable names engaged in manufacturing and supplying an all-encompassing range
of textile chemicals, which are used in textile industries for multipurposes. Precisely developed from
polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol phosphate ester and other chemicals,
these textile softening agents are used for synthetic fabric, cotton blended fabrics etc.
Mercerising Agent.
Highly effective Wetting
& Penetrating Agent to
RHINOL Special blend of Pale Yellow
Anionic improve & accelerate
MW alcohol sulphates liquid
caustic soda steeping in
soda cellulose
manufacturing.
Mercerising Agent.
Highly effective Wetting
& Penetrating Agent to
RHINOL Alkyl Sulphate Pale Yellow
Anionic improve & accelerate
MW 50 Speciality liquid
caustic soda steeping in
soda cellulose
manufacturing.
Clear colourless
RHINOL Special blend of Hydrogen Peroxide
Anionic transparent
OPS 15 phosphates stabilizers
liquid
Clear colourless
RHINOL Special blend of Hydrogen Peroxide
Anionic transparent
OPS 50 phosphates stabilizers
liquid
Penetrating Agent,
Improving Coloured
RHINOL EL Polyoxyethylene Yellow Colored
Nonionic Yield Of Disperse Dye
40 Veg. Oil Ether Liquid
In Thermo Fixation
Process.
Quaternary
Yellowish Thick Stripping assistant for
RHINOL VS Ammonium Cationic
Paste Vat and Azo pigments
Compound
Specialty softener
stable to hard water &
RHINOL Blend of fatty acid pale yellow
Nonionic cottons, cellulosics and
NIS esters emulsion
their blends with
polyester
RHINOL RC Clear Pale Antistatic Coning Oil For
- -
52 Yellow Liquid Synthetic Yarns
Nitrogen
Colourless to Fixing Agent For the
Containing
RAMIGEN Cationic Faintly Yellow Improvement of wet
Condensation
Clear Liquid fastness of dyeing
Product
Stabilising Diazo
RHINOL Polyethanoxy Pale Yellow
Nonionic Solution And For
CHA Ether Liquid
Soaping Operation
Emulsifier for
preparation of
RHINOL HC Polyethanoxy Pale Yellow
Nonionic thickening agent used
30 Ether Liquid
in the preparation of
printing pastes.
Anoionic Agent
REOWET 3x Based on Sod Salt Pale Yellow Rapid Wetting, Re
Anionic
5x of Sulfosuccinic liquid Wetting Agent
Ester
Polyoxyethylene Colorless To
RHINOL RC Wetting cum scouring
Glycol Alkyl Phenol Nonionic Pale yellow
120 agent
Ether 100% liquid
Scouring Agent
Sodium Dodecyl Pale Yellow
RHINOL 25 Anionic Penetrating Agent Resin
Benzene Sulfonate Liquid
Dispersant
Pale Yellow
RHINOL Polyoxyethylene Emulsifying agent for
Liquid to
Emulsifier Glycol Alkyl Phenol Nonionic formulation of pigment
Creamish Soft
100% Ether pastes
Paste
Pasety Liquid
RHINOL ES Polyoxyethylene Nonionic Softening
Nonionic Depending on
42 Veg Oil Ether agent
temp
Send Enquiry
Reference
http://www.radiantchemicals.com/sizin
g.html
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Textiles
Austrade Inc. offers a broad range of starches that are widely used in the textile industry.
Our starch derivatives and dextrins are used in several textile applications such as weaving,
sizing, printing thickeners and finishing. They include native, hot and cold water soluble
starches and starch ethers. Contact us for more information or specific requests.
Reference
http://www.austradeinc.c
om/textiles.html
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