generic loads,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 8, no. 2, pp.

697-703, Power Quality Compensation Using

Apr. 1993.
Copyright Statement: ISSN 0282-1724/00/$10.00  2000 IEEE.
Manuscript received 28 April 2000. This paper is published herein in its
entirety.
2001 Cigré International Symposium
on Gas and Electricity Networks:
Complementarity or Competition
3-6 December 2001, Iguaçu, Brazil
Cigré and the International Gas Union (IGU), in cooperation
with the Brazilian National Committee of Cigré, Cigré Study Com-
mittee (SC) 37 on Power System Planning and Development, SC
38 on Power System Analysis and Techniques, and SC 39 on
Power System Operation and Control are organizing an Interna-
tional Symposium on Gas and Electricity Networks: Comple-
mentarity or Competition. The conference will take place in
Iguaçu, Brazil, 3-6 December 2001.
The electricity supply industry in each country has to adapt it-
self to a rapidly changing world: new institutional arrangements
are evolving almost everywhere, concern about the impact of its
activities on the environment is increasing, and technical
changes are taking place at a fast pace. The gas supply industry
is also undergoing dramatic changes with a very high growth in
demand and the opening of markets. With the increase in the use
of gas for power generation and the growing number of compa-
nies offering services in both the gas and electricity fields, the
question of complementarity and competition between gas and
electricity networks could shape the future of energy companies.
The objectives of the symposium are to:
● Gather information in order to establish the current state of
the art on the following topics: comparison of gas utiliza-
tion for producing electric energy with other types of pri-
mary energy; optimal location of the generating units using
gas (comparison between gas transport and electricity
transmission); comparison between large units and decen-
tralized solutions, taking into account generation technolo-
gies as well as gas and electricity networks; and
cooperation between gas and power utilities.
● Outline the perspectives from the next 10-20 years concerning
Universal Power Quality Conditioning System
Dušan Graovac, Vladimir Katic, Alfred Rufer
Author Affiliation: Institute for Power, Electronics and Telecom-
munications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Novi
Sad, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia.
Abstract: The aim of this letter is to present a universal power qual-
ity conditioning system (UPQS) named after unified power quality
conditioner (UPQC), which is extended by adding a shunt active filter
at the load side. Its main purpose is to compensate for supply voltage
and load current imperfections, such as sags, swells, interruptions, im-
balance, flicker, harmonics, reactive currents, and current unbalance.
Converter and control analysis is presented together with results show-
ing the UPQS modes of operation.
Introduction: Power electronics loads inject harmonic currents in
the ac system and increase overall reactive power demanded by the
equivalent load. On the other hand, development in the digital electron-
ics/communications and in process control have increased the number
of sensitive loads that require ideal sinusoidal supply voltages for their
proper operation [1]. The load/supply and supply/load influence is
listed in Figure 1. In order for power quality to meet limits proposed by
standards it is necessary to include some sort of compensation. Modern
solutions for active power factor correction can be found [2] in forms of
active rectification (active wave shaping) or active filtering. Such solu-
tions are suited for elimination of negative load influence to the supply
network. If there are supply voltage imperfections, none of them can
provide proper compensation. In last few years solutions based on flex-
ible ac transmission systems (FACTS) have appeared. FACTS convert-
ers have been modified to serve in distribution networks and through a
modification of a unified power flow controller (UPFC). Unified power
quality conditioners (UPQC) were presented during 1998 [3].
Topology of UPQS: As known, elimination of supply voltage im-
perfections can be done using a series filter [4]. Also, the series filter
can compensate load current harmonics in the case of voltage-type har-
monic producing loads (capacitively loaded diode rectifier). If such a
solution is implemented, voltage regulation demands dc bus capacitor
charging. If a diode rectifier is used for charging, then only voltage sags
can be compensated. If a voltage swell compensation is desired, then an
active rectifier should be used, leading to solution known as UPQC [5].

the development of gas and electricity transmission networks.

Technical, organizational, economic, and regulatory matters
will be considered. Figure 1. Power quality issues in a typical industrial installation
The conference is directed towards managers, technical people,
and financial experts who are involved in electricity generation and
transmission, as well as gas production and transportation. Partici-
pants may be involved in planning the construction of new plants,
managing assets or operating facilities in the energy market. Partic-
ipation of members from regulatory agencies is foreseen along with
managers from national and international organizations involved in
energy policy and planning. A large participation of new and pro-
spective investors in the power sector is awaited.
Registration forms and the symposium program will be sent out
by the Cigré National Committees in June 2001. All correspondence
should be sent to the symposium secretariat, Cigré, 21 rue d’Artois,
F 75008 Paris, +33 (0)1 53 89 12 90, fax +33 (0)1 53 89 12 99,
e-mail sales-meetings@cigre.org or registrations@cigre.org.

Figure 2. UPQS

58 0272-1724/00/$10.00©2000 IEEE IEEE Power Engineering Review, December 2000

Figure 3. Supply, diode bridge+capacitance load and Figure 4. Supply voltages: Usa = Usanom+5h+f; Figure 5. Supply voltages: Usa = Usanom + 5h + f;
parallel filter current with parallel filter alone and Usb=Usbnom+5h+f; Usc=Uscnom-30%+5h+f and Usb = Usbnom + 10% + 5h + f; Usc = Uscnom-30% +
with UPQC load voltage 5h + f and load voltage

This conditioner needs passive filter banks for elimination of the load  u0  ua 
harmonics. It is a very good solution, but there is still a small inherent   2  
danger of passive filter resonance and problems of the series filter com- ud  = T ⋅ ub .
3  
pensating harmonics of current type load (inductively loaded thyristor uq   uc 
rectifier) still remain. Also, such a system has a limited power factor (1)
compensation capability [6]. Therefore, we propose a modified system
as presented in Figure 2. The active rectifier and parallel filter have The transformation matrix T, and its inverse, are
three-phase voltage source topology, while the series filter has
three-phase four-wire topology.  1 1 1 
The universal power quality conditioning system (UPQS) consists  2 2 2 
of: T =  cos ϑ

(
cos ϑ − 2 π 3 ) (
cos ϑ − 4π 3 

)
( ) ( )
● active rectifier (AR) for real power transfer to/from common dc
− sin ϑ − sin ϑ − 2 π 3 − sin ϑ − 4π 3 
bus and dc bus voltage control  
● series filter (SF) that suppresses supply voltage harmonics, t

ϑ = ϑ 0 + ∫ ωtdt
transp.

flicker, voltage sags and swells, unbalance, and forces diode rec- = T −1 and
tifier type harmonics to flow into the parallel filter 0
(2)
● parallel filter (PF) that eliminates load current harmonics and
compensates load power factor. where θ is the instantaneous supply voltage angle, derived from the
To the left of the Figure 2 there is a distorted power supply containing synchronization circuitry. Currents in rotating frame (either I lh , I sh ,
a significant amount of harmonics, flicker, unbalance, voltage drops, and etc.) can be decomposed in the dc (50Hz) and ac (harmonic,
possible over/under-voltages. The load consists of a parallel connection subharmonic, or interharmonic) component
of harmonic producing load (thyristor and diode rectifier) and a sensitive
load, demanding a harmonic-free voltage at its input. ~ ~
Derivation of Reference Signals: Control schemes for both paral- id = id + id and iq = iq + iq
lel and series active filtering usually use the instantaneous reactive (3)
power theory (pq theory) [7] for reference signals determination. Al-
though this theory presents a very powerful tool, its implementation is where id corresponds to the reactive and iq to the active power compo-
quite involved, since it requires a large number of analog multipliers, nent. The ac and dc components can be extracted by the means of filter-
dividers, filters, etc. Developments in DSP technology, its mathemati- ing:
cal speed together with fast A/D conversion and different dedicated
~ ~
hardware (space vector modulators, fast digital PWM signal genera- id ( z) = HPF ( z)id ( z) and iq ( z) = HPF ( z)iq ( z)
tors), enables the minimization of control hardware and thus the use of (4)
the synchronously rotating frame (dq) control. dq domain quantities of
any voltage and current, shown in Figure 2, are given by following
equations: ~ ~
id ( z) = id ( z) − id ( z) and iq ( z) = iq ( z) − iq ( z).
(5)
i0  ia 
  2   The advantage of a dq domain control lies in easy filtering, since the
id  = T ⋅ ib
3   50 Hz components are transferred into dc quantities and all harmonic
iq  ic  components are ac quantities and therefore no bandpass filtering is nec-
essary. So, HPF(z) is a high-pass digital filter transfer function that can
be obtained by the digitalization of its well-known first-order analog
and counterpart HPF(s):

IEEE Power Engineering Review, December 2000 59

 HPF ( z) = HPF ( s ) s = 2 1 − z −1 ucompd ( s ) ( udnom ( s ) − ud ( s )) 
  
( ) 
T 1 + z −1

ucompq ( s ) =  uqnom ( s ) − uq ( s ) .
=
s  ucomp 0 ( s )  ( u0 nom ( s ) − u0 ( s )) 
s + ωc s=
2 1 − z −1
T 1 + z −1

2(1 − z−1 ) The nominal d, q, and 0 voltage are precalculated from the ideal
= . voltage supply waveform and are equal to: Udnom = 0, U0 nom = 0, and
( 2 + ω cT ) − ( 2 − ω cT ) z −1
(6) Uqnom = 380.
Results: The complete system (converters, control circuitry, supply,
T is the sampling period that for proper filtering has to be at least load) have been simulated using SIMULINK toolbox from MATLAB
T < T h / 4, where T h is the period of the highest harmonic component 4.2. The UPQS and its control system have been tested at different
to be eliminated ( T h = 1 / f h ). For instance, if a highest harmonic is 21, load/supply imperfections. Results presented in Figure 3 shows load
then T should approximately be 1 ms. Based on these considerations, compensation, while Figures 4 and 5 show voltage regulation charac-
reference currents for parallel filter can be calculated as in the left-hand teristics. From Figure 3 it can be seen that UPQC can easily eliminate
side of (7) if only harmonics are to be eliminated, or as in the right-hand current type load harmonics and perform a unity PF operation. By ex-
side of (7) if the power factor has to be corrected together with the har- amining Figure 4 it can be noted that parallel filter alone can not com-
monic elimination: pensate for high level harmonics produced by voltage type load, while
UPQC can.
  Abbreviations with Figures 4 and 5 are: Usa, Usb, Usc—supply volt-
i *pfa  cos ϑ − sin ϑ
2  i~lhd  ages; Usa,b,cnom—nominal value of the supply voltage; 5h—existence of
* 
i pfb  = 3
(
cos ϑ − 2 π 3 ) (
− sin ϑ − 2 π 3 )
 ⋅ ~ 
 ilhq 
the 5th voltage harmonic at the level of 10% of first harmonic; f—exis-

( ) ( )
tence of the voltage flicker at frequency = 8 Hz and level of 4% of the
i *pfc  4π − sin ϑ − 4π 3
 cos ϑ − 3  first harmonic; Usx(x=a,b,c)±y%—voltage in the phase x has the magni-
tude variation of ±y%.
i *pfa   cos ϑ − sin ϑ  Conclusion: This letter presented a universal power quality condi-
2  ilhd + i~lhd 
* 
i pfb  = 3
(
cos ϑ − 2 π 3 ) (
− sin ϑ − 2 π 3 )
⋅  ~
  ilhq 
.
tioning system, which is a combination of UPQC and shunt active filter
at the load side. It can compensate sags, swells, interruptions, unbal-
i *pfc  ( 4π
 cos ϑ − 3 ) (
− sin ϑ − 4π
3 )
 (7)
ance, flicker, harmonics, reactive currents, and current unbalance. The
active rectifier control system keeps constant dc bus voltage necessary
for proper operation of the filters. Series filter provides sinusoidal load
The reference voltages for the series active filter can be determined voltages, and parallel filter compensates power factor of nonlinear
based on same procedure, starting from (8): loads. The converter power level and price is somewhat higher than in



conventional systems, but the compensation characteristics are supe-
U sf = K ⋅ G ⋅ I Sh + Ucomp rior. Both power level and price can be diminished if the reactive power
(8)
compensation or voltage regulation is not desired. Control system for
where Usf is the series filter voltage vector, ISh are harmonic supply cur- the UPQS have been developed using dq domain, thus enabling the
rents vectors, and Ucomp is the compensation voltage vector needed to re- easy filtering and flexible control implementation.
move supply voltage imperfections. Again, if only harmonic References
compensation is required, reference voltages are as in left-hand side of [1] D. Sabin and A. Sundaram, “Quality enhances reliability,” IEEE
(9), but if voltage compensation is required, then reference voltages are Spectrum, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 34-41, Feb. 1996.
as in the right-hand side of (9): [2] M. Rastogi, R. Naik, and N. Mohan, “A comparative evaluation
of harmonic reduction techniques in three phase utility interface of
~ power electronic loads,” in IEEE - IAS Annual Meeting, Toronto, Can-
u*sfa  ishd 
2 −1 ~  ada), Oct. 1993, pp. 971-978.
 * 
usfb  = K 3
T ⋅ ishq  [3] H. Akagi, “New trends in active filters for power conditioning,”
 u*sfc   i0  IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1312-1322, Nov./Dec.
  1996.
[4] F.Z. Peng, “Application issues of active power filters,” IEEE Ind.
~
u*sfa  ishd  ucompa  Applicat. Magazine, pp. 21-30, Sept./Oct. 1998.
 *  2 −1 ~    [5] H. Fujita and H. Akagi, “Unified power quality conditioner: The
usfb  = K 3
T ⋅ ishq  + ucompb .
integration of series and shunt active filter,” IEEE Trans. Power Elec-
 u*sfc   i0   ucompc 
  (9)
tron., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 315-322, March 1998.
[6] J.W. Dixon, G. Venegas, and L.A. Moran, “A series active filter
based on a sinusoidal current-controlled voltage-source inverter,” IEEE
The voltage compensation factor is presented in (10):
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 612-620, Oct. 1998.
[7] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa, and A. Nabae, “Instantaneous reactive
ucompa  ucompd  power compensators comprising switching devices without energy
  2 −1  
ucompb  = T ⋅ ucompq  storage components,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-20, no. 3, pp.
3 625-630, May/June 1984.
 ucompc   ucomp0 
(10) Copyright Statement: ISSN 0282-1724/00/$10.00  2000 IEEE.
Manuscript received 3 April 2000. This paper is published herein in its
where entirety.

60 IEEE Power Engineering Review, December 2000